Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka |
Michael Glinka
He hana nui ko kakou! E hoʻomohala i kou ʻano ponoʻī a hoʻopaʻa i kahi ala hou no nā mele opera Lūkini. M. Glinka
Ua kūpono ʻo Glinka ... i nā pono o ka manawa a me ke ʻano kumu o kona poʻe kānaka a hiki i ka nui o ka hana āna i hoʻomaka ai i ulu a ulu i ka manawa pōkole loa a hāʻawi i nā hua i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ko kākou ʻāina makua i nā kenekulia āpau o kāna mōʻaukala. ola. V. Stasov
Ma ke kanaka o M. Glinka, ka moʻomeheu mele Lūkini no ka manawa mua i hoʻopuka i kahi haku mele o ka manaʻo honua. Ma muli o nā kuʻuna kahiko o ka poʻe Lūkini a me nā mele ʻoihana, nā hoʻokō a me ka ʻike o ka hana ʻEulopa, ua hoʻopau ʻo Glinka i ke kaʻina hana o ke kula aupuni o nā mea haku mele, i lanakila i ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO kekahi o nā wahi alakaʻi i ka moʻomeheu ʻEulopa, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea haku mele mele mua o Rūsia. Ma kāna hana, ua hōʻike ʻo Glinka i nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo holomua o ka manawa. Hoʻokomo ʻia kāna mau hana i ka manaʻo aloha ʻāina, ka manaʻoʻiʻo i ka lehulehu. E like me A. Pushkin, hīmeni ʻo Glinka i ka nani o ke ola, ka lanakila o ke kumu, ka maikaʻi, ka pono. Ua hana ʻo ia i kahi kiʻi i ʻoluʻolu a nani hoʻi ʻaʻole e luhi i ka mahalo ʻana iā ia, e ʻike i nā mea maikaʻi loa i loko.
He aha ke ʻano o ka haku mele? Ua kākau ʻo Glinka e pili ana i kēia ma kāna "Nā memo" - kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o nā palapala memo. Ua kapa ʻo ia i nā mele Lūkini ʻo nā manaʻo nui o ka wā kamaliʻi (ʻo ia ke "kumu mua i hoʻomaka ai au e hoʻomohala i nā mele poʻomanaʻo Lūkini"), a me ka serf orchestra a ka ʻanakala, kahi āna i "aloha nui ai." I kona wā kamaliʻi, hoʻokani ʻo Glinka i ka ʻohe a me ka violin i loko, a i kona ulu ʻana, alakaʻi ʻo ia. Ua hoʻopiha ʻo "The liveliest poetic delight" i kona ʻuhane me ke kani ʻana o nā bele a me nā mele pule. Ua kiʻi maikaʻi ʻo Young Glinka, makemake nui i ka huakaʻi, ua ʻike ʻia e kona noʻonoʻo wikiwiki a me ka noʻonoʻo waiwai. ʻElua mau hanana mōʻaukala nui nā mea nui loa o kāna moʻolelo no ka mea haku mele e hiki mai ana: ke Kaua Patriotic o 1812 a me ke kipi ʻana o Decembrist i 1825. Ua hoʻoholo lākou i ka manaʻo nui o uXNUMXbuXNUMXbcreativity impulses") a me nā manaʻo politika. Wahi a kekahi hoaaloha o kona wā ʻōpio ʻo N. Markevich, "ʻAʻole aloha ʻo Mikhailo Glinka ... i kekahi Bourbons."
ʻO kahi hopena maikaʻi iā Glinka, ʻo ia kona noho ʻana ma ke Kula Hānai Aliʻi o St. Petersburg (1817-22), kaulana no kāna mau kumu noʻonoʻo holomua. ʻO V. Küchelbecker kāna kumu ma ke kula hānai, ʻo ia ka Decembrist e hiki mai ana. Ua hala nā ʻōpio i loko o kahi lewa o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa politika a me ka moʻolelo me nā hoaaloha, a ʻo kekahi o ka poʻe kokoke iā Glinka ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana o ke kipi Decembrist kekahi o ka poʻe i lawe pio ʻia i Siberia. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha i nīnau ʻia ʻo Glinka e pili ana i kona pilina me nā "kipi".
I loko o ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo a me ka hana noʻeau o ka mea haku mele e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻokani nui ka palapala Lūkini me kona hoihoi i ka mōʻaukala, ka hana ʻana, a me ke ola o ka poʻe; kamaʻilio pololei me A. Pushkin, V. Zhukovsky, A. Delvig, A. Griboyedov, V. Odoevsky, A. Mitskevich. ʻOkoʻa nō hoʻi ka ʻike mele. Ua aʻo ʻo Glinka i nā haʻawina piano (mai J. Field, a laila mai S. Mayer), aʻo i ka hīmeni a hoʻokani i ka violin. Ua hele pinepineʻo ia i nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, hele i nā ahiahi mele, hoʻokani mele i nā lima 4 me nā kaikunāne Vielgorsky, A. Varlamov, hoʻomaka e haku i nā mele aloha, nā mea kani. I ka makahiki 1825, ua puka mai kekahi o na haku mele o ka leo leo leo Lūkini - ke aloha "Mai hoowalewale" i na pauku o E. Baratynsky.
Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā manaʻo ʻoniʻoni he nui iā Glinka ma ka huakaʻi: kahi huakaʻi i ka Caucasus (1823), kahi noho ma Italia, Austria, Kelemānia (1830-34). He kanaka ʻōpio ʻoluʻolu, ʻoluʻolu, hoihoi, nāna i hoʻohui i ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka pololei me ka noʻonoʻo poetic, ua maʻalahi ʻo ia i hoaaloha. Ma Italia, ua kokoke loa o Glinka ia V. Bellini, G. Donizetti, halawai me F. Mendelssohn, a mahope iho e puka mai ana o G. Berlioz, J. Meyerbeer, S. Moniuszko iwaena o kona mau hoaloha. Me ka makemake nui i nā manaʻo like ʻole, ua aʻo ʻo Glinka me ke koʻikoʻi a me ka noiʻi, ua hoʻopau i kāna hoʻonaʻauao mele ma Berlin me ka mea loea kaulana ʻo Z. Dehn.
Ma ʻaneʻi, mamao loa mai kona ʻāina hānau, ua ʻike piha ʻo Glinka i kona hopena maoli. "ʻO ka manaʻo o nā mele aupuni ... ua maʻalahi a maʻalahi, ua ala ka manaʻo e hana i kahi opera Lūkini." Ua hoʻokō ʻia kēia kumumanaʻo i kona hoʻi ʻana i St. Petersburg: i ka makahiki 1836, ua hoʻopau ʻia ke keaka ʻo Ivan Susanin. ʻO kāna kumumanaʻo, i alakaʻi ʻia e Zhukovsky, i hiki ke hoʻokomo i ka manaʻo o kahi mele ma ka inoa o ka hoʻopakele ʻana i ka ʻāina makuahine, kahi mea hoihoi loa iā Glinka. He mea hou kēia: i loko o nā mele ʻEulopa a me Lūkini, ʻaʻohe meʻe aloha ʻāina e like me Susanin, nona ke kiʻi e hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o ke ʻano lāhui.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka manaʻo heroic e Glinka ma nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano o ka ʻāina, e pili ana i nā kuʻuna waiwai loa o ka haku mele ʻana o Rūsia, ʻo Rūsia ʻoihana choral art, i hui pū ʻia me nā kānāwai o nā mele opera ʻEulopa, me nā kumu o ka hoʻomohala symphonic.
ʻO ka mua o ka opera ma Nowemapa 27, 1836 i ʻike ʻia e nā poʻe alakaʻi o ka moʻomeheu Lūkini he hanana koʻikoʻi. "Me ka opera a Glinka, aia ... he mea hou i loko o Art, a hoʻomaka kahi manawa hou i kona mōʻaukala - ka manawa o nā mele Lūkini," kākau ʻo Odoevsky. Ua mahalo nui ʻia ka opera e nā Lūkini, ma hope mai nā mea kākau a me nā mea hoʻohewa. Ua kākau ʻo Pushkin, ka mea i hele i ka mua, i kahi quatrain:
Ke hoʻolohe nei i kēia nūhou Envy, pōʻeleʻele ʻia e ka ʻino, E nahu, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā Glinka ke paʻa i ka lepo.
Ua hoʻoikaika ka lanakila i ka haku mele. Ma hope koke iho o ka ho'omaka mua o Susanin, ho'omaka ka hana ma ka opera Ruslan a me Lyudmila (ma muli o ka mana'o o ka poem Pushkin). Eia naʻe, nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole: kahi male kūleʻa i pau i ka hemo ʻana; ʻO ke aloha kiʻekiʻe loa - ka lawelawe ma ka Aha Choir, i lawe nui i ka ikaika; ʻO ka make pōʻino o Pushkin i kahi duel, nāna i hoʻopau i nā hoʻolālā no ka hana hui ma ka hana - ʻaʻole makemake kēia mau mea i ke kaʻina hana. Hoʻopilikia i ka pilikia o ka home. No kekahi manawa, noho pū ʻo Glinka me ka mea pāʻani ʻo N. Kukolnik i loko o kahi ʻano leʻaleʻa a me ka hauʻoli o ka puppet "brotherhood" - nā mea pena, nā haku mele, nā mea i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia mai ka hana. ʻOiai naʻe, ua holomua ka hana, a ua ʻike ʻia nā hana ʻē aʻe - nā romances e pili ana i nā mele a Pushkin, ka pōʻai leo "Farewell to Petersburg" (ma ke kahua ʻo Kukolnik), ka mana mua o "Fantasy Waltz", mele no ke keaka a Kukolnik " Prince Kholmsky”.
ʻO nā hana a Glinka ma ke ʻano he mele a me ke kumu leo mai ka manawa like. Kākau ʻo ia i "Etudes for the Voice", "Exercises to Improve the Voice", "School of Singing". Ma waena o kāna mau haumāna ʻo S. Gulak-Artemovsky, D. Leonova a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka mua o "Ruslan a me Lyudmila" ma Nowemapa 27, 1842 i lawe mai iā Glinka i nā manaʻo paʻakikī. ʻO ka lehulehu aristocratic, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka ʻohana imperial, i hālāwai me ka opera me ka huhū. A ma waena o nā kākoʻo o Glinka, ua māhele ʻia nā manaʻo. ʻO nā kumu o ka manaʻo paʻakikī i ka opera aia i loko o ka manaʻo hohonu o ka hana, kahi i hoʻomaka ai ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni fairy-tale-epic, i ʻike mua ʻole ʻia e ʻEulopa, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā ʻano mele-figurative spheres i loko o kahi interweaving epic. , lyrical, hikina, fantastic. ʻO Glinka "i mele i ka mele a Pushkin ma ke ʻano epic" (B. Asafiev), a me ka wehe ʻole ʻana o nā hanana e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā kiʻi kala i hoʻoikaika ʻia e nā ʻōlelo a Pushkin: "Nā hana o nā lā i hala, nā moʻolelo o ka wā kahiko." Ma ke ʻano he hoʻomohala ʻana i nā manaʻo pili loa o Pushkin, ua ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe o ka opera ma ka opera. ʻO nā mele Sunny, e hīmeni ana i ke aloha o ke ola, ka manaʻoʻiʻo i ka lanakila o ka maikaʻi ma luna o ka hewa, e kani ana i ka mea kaulana "E ola ka lā, e hūnā ka pouli!", A ʻo ke ʻano ʻoniʻoni aupuni o ka opera, me he mea lā, e ulu aʻe mai loko mai. nā laina o ka prologue; "Aia kahi ʻuhane Lūkini, aia kahi ʻala o Rusia." Ua lilo ʻo Glinka i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana ma waho o Paris (1844-45) a ma Sepania (1845-47), ua aʻo kūikawā ʻo ia i ka Spanish ma mua o ka huakaʻi. Ma Paris, ua mālama ʻia kahi ʻaha mele o nā hana a Glinka me ka lanakila nui, kahi āna i kākau ai: “… I ka haku mele mua o Rusia, nāna i hoʻolauna i ka lehulehu o Parisa i kona inoa a me kāna mau hana i kākau ʻia ma Rusia a no Rusia“. Ua hoʻoikaika nā manaʻo Paniolo iā Glinka e hana i ʻelua ʻāpana symphonic: "Jota of Aragon" (1845) a me "Memories of a Summer Night in Madrid" (1848-51). I ka manawa like me lākou, i ka makahiki 1848, uaʻikeʻia ka "Kamarinskaya" kaulana - he mea noʻonoʻo ma nā kumuhana o nā mele Lūkiniʻelua. ʻO nā mele symphonic Lūkini mai kēia mau hana, e like me "i hōʻike ʻia i nā connoisseurs a me ka lehulehu."
No nā makahiki heʻumi hope loa o kona olaʻana, ua noho likeʻo Glinka ma Rusia (Novospasskoye, St. Petersburg, Smolensk) a ma waho (Warsaw, Paris, Berlin). ʻO ka lewa o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa puʻupuʻu mau loa he hopena kaumaha iā ia. ʻO kahi pōʻai liʻiliʻi wale nō o nā mea mahalo ʻoiaʻiʻo i kākoʻo iā ia i kēia mau makahiki. Aia ma waena o lākou ʻo A. Dargomyzhsky, nona ka pilina i hoʻomaka i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i ka opera Ivan Susanin; V. Stasov, A. Serov,'ōpio M. Balakirev. Ke emi nei ka hana hoʻomohala a Glinka, akā ʻo nā ʻano hou o nā kiʻi Lūkini e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ke "kula kūlohelohe" ʻaʻole ia i hala a hoʻoholo i ke kuhikuhi o nā ʻimi noʻeau hou. Hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana ma ka symphony papahana "Taras Bulba" a me ka opera-drama "Two-wife" (e like me A. Shakhovsky, ʻaʻole i pau). I ka manawa like, ua ulu ka hoihoi i ka polyphonic art o ka Renaissance, ka manaʻo o uXNUMXbuXNUMXbka hiki ke hoʻohui i ka "Western Fugue me ʻōlelo o kā mākou mele na paa o ka mare ku i ke kanawai. Ua alakaʻi hou kēia iā Glinka i ka makahiki 1856 i Berlin a i Z. Den. Ua hoʻomaka kahi hana hou i kāna moʻolelo pilikino, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopau ... ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā Glinka ka manawa e hoʻokō ai i nā mea i hoʻolālā ʻia. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kona mau manaʻo i ka hana a nā haku mele Lūkini o nā hanauna ma hope, nāna i kākau i kā lākou hae kiʻi i ka inoa o ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i nā mele Lūkini.
O. Averyanova
