Reinhold Moritsevich Glière |

Reinhold Gliere

ʻO Gliere. Prelude (hoʻokani ʻia e T. Beecham)

ʻOliʻoli! ʻEhiku mau rosa o koʻu Peresia, ʻEhiku mau odalisques o koʻu kīhāpai, ʻEhiku haku o Musikia, Ua lilo ʻoe i ʻehiku mau pō. ʻO Vyach. ʻO Ivanov

I ka wā i hana ai ka Great October Socialist Revolution, ʻo Gliere, he haku mele kaulana, kumu, a me ke alakaʻi i kēlā manawa, ua komo koke ʻo ia i ka hana o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka moʻomeheu mele Soviet. He ʻelele ʻōpio o ke kula Lūkini o nā haku mele, he haumāna o S. Taneyev, A. Arensky, M. Ippolitov-Ivanov, me kāna mau hana versatile, ua hana ʻo ia i kahi pilina ola ma waena o nā mele Soviet a me nā kuʻuna waiwai a me ka ʻike kiʻi o ka wā i hala. . "ʻAʻole wau i pili i kekahi pōʻai a kula paha," i kākau ai ʻo Glier e pili ana iā ia iho, akā ua hoʻomanaʻo kāna hana i nā inoa o M. Glinka, A. Borodin, A. Glazunov ma muli o ka like o ka ʻike o ka honua. ʻike ʻia ka mālamalama i Glier , harmonious, holoʻokoʻa. "Ke manaʻo nei au he hewa ka haʻi ʻana i koʻu mau naʻau puʻuwai i ke mele," wahi a ka mea haku mele.

He laulā a he ʻokoʻa ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina o Gliere: 5 opera, 6 ballets, 3 symphonies, 4 instrumental concerto, mele no ka hui keleawe, no ka orkestra o nā mea kani, nā hui keʻena, nā ʻāpana mea kani, nā haku piano a me nā leo no nā keiki, nā mele no ke keaka. a me ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

E hoʻomaka ana e aʻo i nā mele e kū'ē i ka makemake o kona mau mākua, ua hōʻoia ʻo Reinhold ma ka hana ikaika i ke kuleana o kāna kiʻi punahele a ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o ke aʻo ʻana ma ke kula mele ʻo Kiev ma 1894 ua komo ʻo ia i ka Moscow Conservatory i ka papa violin, a laila haku. "… ʻAʻohe mea i hana ikaika loa i loko o ka lumi papa noʻu e like me Gliere," i kākau ai ʻo Taneyev iā Arensky. ʻAʻole wale ma ka lumi papa. Ua aʻo ʻo Gliere i nā hana a nā mea kākau Lūkini, nā puke e pili ana i ke akeakamai, ka noʻonoʻo, ka mōʻaukala, a ua hoihoi i nā ʻike ʻepekema. ʻAʻole ʻoluʻolu i ka papa, ua aʻo ʻo ia i nā mele kahiko ma kāna iho, hele i nā ahiahi mele, kahi i hui ai ʻo S. Rachmaninov, A. Goldenweiser a me nā kiʻi ʻē aʻe o nā mele Lūkini. "Ua hānau ʻia au ma Kyiv, ma Moscow ua ʻike au i ka mālamalama ʻuhane a me ka mālamalama o ka puʻuwai ..." i kākau ai ʻo Gliere e pili ana i kēia manawa o kona ola.

ʻAʻole i haʻalele kēlā hana hoʻoluhi i ka manawa no ka leʻaleʻa, ʻaʻole hoʻi i hoʻoikaika ʻo Gliere no lākou. "Ua like au me kekahi ʻano pahū ... ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke ʻohi i kahi i loko o kahi hale ʻaina, hale ʻaina, ʻai ʻai ʻai ..." Minamina ʻo ia i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka manawa ma ia ʻano leʻaleʻa, ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻoikaika ke kanaka no ka maikaʻi, i loaʻa iā ia. hana paʻakikī, a no laila pono ʻoe "e paʻakikī a lilo i kila. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo Glier he "pahū". He puʻuwai ʻoluʻolu, he ʻuhane mele, he ʻuhane mele.

Ua puka 'o Gliere mai ka Conservatoire i ka makahiki 1900 me ka Medal Gula, 'o ia ka mea i kākau i kekahi mau mele mele a me ka First Symphony. I nā makahiki ma hope mai, kākau nui ʻo ia a ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka hopena koʻikoʻi loa ʻo ka Third Symphony "Ilya Muromets" (1911), kahi i kākau ai ʻo L. Stokowski i ka mea kākau: "Manaʻo wau me kēia symphony ua hana ʻoe i monument i ka moʻomeheu Slavic - nā mele e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika o ka Lūkini. kanaka." Ma hope koke iho o kona puka 'ana mai ka conservatory, ua ho'omaka 'o Gliere e a'o. Mai ka makahiki 1900, ua aʻo ʻo ia i kahi papa o ka lokahi a me ka encyclopedia (ʻo ia ka inoa o ka papa lōʻihi i ka nānā ʻana i nā palapala, e komo pū ana me ka polyphony a me ka mōʻaukala mele) ma ke kula mele o nā kaikuahine Gnessin; i nā mahina kauwela o 1902 a me 1903. hoʻomākaukau ʻo Seryozha Prokofiev no ke komo ʻana i ka conservatory, aʻo ʻia me N. Myaskovsky.

I ka makahiki 1913, ua kono 'ia 'o Gliere ma ke 'ano he polopeka o ka haku mele ma ka Kyiv Conservatory, a he makahiki ma hope mai ua lilo 'o ia i alaka'i. Ua aʻo ʻia nā haku mele Ukrainian kaulana ʻo L. Revutsky, B. Lyatoshinsky ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi. Ua hoʻokō ʻo Glner i nā mea hoʻokani pila e like me F. Blumenfeld, G. Neuhaus, B. Yavorsky e hana ma ka conservatory. Ma waho aʻe o ke aʻo ʻana me nā mea haku mele, ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i kahi haumāna orchestra, alakaʻi i ka opera, orchestral, keʻena papa, komo i nā ʻaha mele o ka RMS, hoʻonohonoho i nā huakaʻi o nā mea hoʻokani koʻikoʻi he nui ma Kyiv - S. Koussevitzky, J. Heifets, S. Rachmaninov, S. . Prokofiev, A. Grechaninov . I ka makahiki 1920, ua neʻe ʻo Gliere i Moscow, kahi a hiki i 1941 i aʻo ai i kahi papa haku mele ma ka Conservatory o Moscow. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻo ia i nā mea haku mele a me nā mea haku mele Soviet, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo AN Aleksandrov, B. Aleksandrov, A. Davidenko, L. Knipper, A. Khachaturian… ʻaʻohe mea āu e nīnau ai, ua lilo ʻo ia i haumāna no Glier - pololei a i ʻole moʻopuna.

ma Moscow i ka makahiki 20. Ua wehe ʻia nā hana hoʻonaʻauao lehulehu a Glier. Ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā ʻahamele lehulehu, mālama i ka kolone o nā keiki, kahi āna i aʻo ai i nā haumāna e hīmeni i ka hīmeni, hoʻokani i nā hana me lākou, a i ʻole i haʻi wale i nā moʻolelo moʻolelo, improvising ma ka piano. I ka manawa like, no kekahi mau makahiki, ua alakaʻi ʻo Gliere i nā poʻe hīmeni haumāna ma ke Kulanui Communist of the Working People of the East, nāna i lawe mai iā ia i nā manaʻo he nui ma ke ʻano he haku mele.

ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana o Gliere i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mele ʻoihana ma nā repubalika Soviet—Ukraine, Azerbaijan, a me Uzbekistan—he mea nui loa. Mai kona wā kamaliʻi mai, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka hoihoi i nā mele ʻōiwi o nā lāhui like ʻole: "ʻo kēia mau kiʻi a me nā leo noʻu ke ala maoli o ka hōʻike ʻana i koʻu mau manaʻo a me koʻu mau manaʻo." ʻO ka mea mua loa ʻo ia kona kamaʻāina me nā mele Ukrainian, āna i aʻo ai no nā makahiki he nui. ʻO ka hopena o kēia ka pena symphonic The Cossacks (1921), ka symphonic poem Zapovit (1941), ka ballet Taras Bulba (1952).

I ka makahiki 1923, ua loaʻa iā Gliere kahi kono mai ka People's Commissariat of Education of the AzSSR e hele mai i Baku a kākau i kahi opera ma kahi kumuhana aupuni. ʻO ka hopena hoʻomohala o kēia huakaʻi ʻo ia ka opera "Shahsenem", i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka Azerbaijan Opera and Ballet Theatre ma 1927. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i ka moʻolelo o Uzbek i ka wā o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā makahiki he ʻumi o Uzbek art ma Tashkent alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka overture "Ferghana Holiday. ” (1940) a me ka hui pū ʻana me T. Sadykov operas “Leyli and Majnun” (1940) a me “Gyulsara” (1949). Ma ka hana ʻana i kēia mau hana, ua ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o Gliere i ka pono e mālama i ke ʻano o nā kuʻuna aupuni, e ʻimi i nā ala e hoʻohui ai iā lākou. Ua hoʻokomoʻia kēia manaʻo i loko o ka "Solemn Overture" (1937), i kūkuluʻia ma luna o nā mele mele Lūkini, Ukrainian, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, ma nā hoʻolaha "On Slavic Folk Themes" a me "Friendship of Peoples" (1941).

He mea nui ka pono o Gliere i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka ballet Soviet. ʻO kahi hanana koʻikoʻi i ka hana Soviet ʻo ia ka ballet "Red Poppy". ("Puaʻulaʻula"), i hoʻokumuʻia ma ka Bolshoi Theatre i ka makahiki 1927. ʻO ia ka ballet Soviet mua ma kahi kumuhana hou, e haʻi ana e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka Soviet a me ka poʻe Kina. ʻO kekahi hana koʻikoʻi ma kēia ʻano ʻo ia ka ballet "The Bronze Horseman" e pili ana i ka mele a A. Pushkin, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1949 ma Leningrad. ʻO ka "Hymn to the Great City", ka mea i hoʻopau i kēia ballet, ua lilo i mea kaulana loa.

Ma ka hapa lua o na 30s. Ua huli mua ʻo Gliere i ke ʻano o ka concerto. I loko o kāna concerto no ka harp (1938), no cello (1946), no ka horn (1951), ua wehewehe nui ʻia nā mea hiki ke mele o ka soloist a i ka manawa like ke mālama ʻia ka virtuosity a me ka hauʻoli hauʻoli i loko o ke ʻano. Akā ʻo ka haku mele ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia ka Concerto no ka leo (coloratura soprano) a me ka orchestra (1943) – ʻo ka hana ʻoiaʻiʻo loa a ka mea haku mele. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana ʻahamele ma ke ʻano maʻamau no Gliere, nāna i hāʻawi ikaika i nā ʻaha mele ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi a me ka piano. Ua hoʻomau ʻia nā hana a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola ʻana (ʻo ka hope he 24 mau lā ma mua o kona make ʻana), ʻoiai ua makemake ʻo Glier e huakaʻi i nā kihi mamao loa o ka ʻāina, me ka ʻike ʻana he misionari hoʻonaʻauao koʻikoʻi kēia. “… Pono ka haku mele e aʻo a hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā, e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona mākaukau, e hoʻomohala a hoʻonui i kona ʻike honua, e hele i mua a i mua. ʻO kēia mau ʻōlelo a Glier i kākau ai i ka pau ʻana o kāna ʻoihana. Ua alakaʻi lākou i kona ola.

O. Averyanova

Nā haku mele:

kahawai – opera-oratorio Earth and Sky (ma hope o J. Byron, 1900), Shahsenem (1923-25, staged 1927 in Russian, Baku; 2nd edition 1934, in Azerbaijani, Azerbaijani Opera Theatre and ballet, Baku), Leyli and Majnun (based ma ka poem na A. Navoi, ka mea kākau hoa T. Sadykov, 1940, Uzbek Opera and Ballet Theatre, Tashkent), Gyulsara (co-author T. Sadykov, staged 1949, ibid), Rachel (after H. Maupassant, hope version 1947, nā mea pena kiʻi o ka Opera and Dramatic Theatre i kapa ʻia ma hope o K. Stanislavsky, Moscow); keaka mele — Gulsara (text by K. Yashen and M. Mukhamedov, mele i haku ʻia e T. Jalilov, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e T. Sadykov, i hoʻoponopono ʻia e G., post. 1936, Tashkent); baleta – Chrysis (1912, International Theatre, Moscow), Cleopatra (Egyptian Nights, after AS Pushkin, 1926, Musical Studio of the Art Theatre, Moscow), Red Poppy (mai 1957 – Red Flower, post. 1927, Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow; 2nd ed., post. 1949, Leningrad Opera and Ballet Theatre), Comedians (Dughter of the People, based on the play "Fuente Ovehuna" by Lope de Vega, 1931, Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow; 2nd ed. under the title Daughter of Castile, 1955, Stanislavsky a me Nemirovich-Danchenko Musical Theatre, Moscow), The Bronze Horseman (ma muli o ka mele a AS Pushkin, 1949, Leningrad Opera and Ballet Theatre; USSR State Pr., 1950), Taras Bulba (ma muli o ka puke moʻolelo. na NV Gogol, op. 1951-52); cantata Hoonani i ka Soviet Army (1953); no ka hookani pila - 3 symphonies (1899-1900; 2nd - 1907; 3rd - Ilya Muromets, 1909-11); symphonic poems - Sirens (1908; Glinkinskaya pr., 1908), Zapovit (i ka hoʻomanaʻo iā TG Shevchenko, 1939-41); nā hoʻolaha - Hoʻolaha nui (Ma ka 20th anniversary of October, 1937), Fergana holiday (1940), Overture on Slavic folk themes (1941), Friendship of people (1941), Victory (1944-45); hōʻailona. he kiʻi o nā Cossacks (1921); nā ʻahamele me ka hoʻokani pila – no ka harp (1938), no ka leo (1943; State Prospect of the USSR, 1946), no wlc. (1947), no horn (1951); no ka bana keleawe - Ma ka lā hoʻomaha o ka Comintern (fantasy, 1924), Malaki o ka Red Army (1924), 25 mau makahiki o ka Red Army (overture, 1943); no ka orc. nar. mea paahana — Fantasy Symphony (1943); keena mea kani orc. hana ʻana – 3 sextets (1898, 1904, 1905 – Glinkinskaya pr., 1905); 4 quartets (1899, 1905, 1928, 1946 - No 4, USSR State Pr., 1948); no ka piano - 150 pāʻani, me. 12 pāʻani paʻakikī a nā keiki (1907), 24 pāʻani ʻano no ka ʻōpio (4 puke, 1908), 8 pāʻani maʻalahi (1909), etc.; no ka violin, incl. 12 duets no 2 skr. (1909); no cello - ʻoi aku ma mua o 70 mau pāʻani, incl. 12 lau mai kahi album (1910); nā mele a me nā mele – OK. 150; mele no nā hana keaka a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni.