Rodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin |

ʻO Rodion Shchedrin

E, e lilo i kahu, ho'ōla, mele no mākou! Mai haʻalele iā mākou! e ala pinepine i ko kakou mau uhane kalepa! ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi me kou mau leo ​​ma ko mākou mau naʻau moe! E hoʻohaunaele, e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou a kipaku aku iā lākou, ʻoiai he manawa pōkole wale nō kēia egoism weliweli weliweli e hoʻāʻo nei e lawe i ko kākou honua! N. Gogol. Mai ka ʻatikala "Sculpture, pena a me nā mele"

I ka pūnāwai o 1984, i loko o kekahi o nā'ahamele o ka II International Music Festival ma Moscow, ua ho'okani'ia ka mua o "Self-portrait" - nā ho'ololi no kahi symphony orchestra nui na R. Shchedrin. ʻO ka haku mele hou o ka mea hoʻokani pila, ka mea i hala i ka paepae o kona lā hānau he kanalima, ua puhi i kekahi me ka ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka manaʻo, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe i hauʻoli me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke kumuhana, ka manaʻo hope loa o nā manaʻo e pili ana i kona hopena ponoʻī. He ʻoiaʻiʻo ka ʻōlelo ʻia: "ʻo ka mea pena ka luna kānāwai kiʻekiʻe." I loko o kēia māhele hoʻokahi, e like me ka nui a me ka ʻike i kahi symphony, ʻike ʻia ka honua o ko mākou manawa ma o ka prism o ke ʻano o ka mea pena, i hōʻike ʻia ma kahi kokoke, a ma o ia mea i ʻike ʻia i kāna versatility a me nā kū'ē - i ka hana. a me meditative states, i ka noonoo ana, lyrical self-deepening, i na manawa jubilation a tragic explosions i piha i ka kanalua. No ka "Kiʻi pilikino", a he mea maʻamau, huki ʻia nā kaula mai nā hana he nui i kākau mua ʻia e Shchedrin. Me he mea lā mai ka maka manu, ʻike ʻia kona ala noʻonoʻo a me ke kanaka - mai ka wā kahiko a hiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO ke ala o "darling of fate"? A i ʻole “martyr”? I kā mākou hihia, hewa ke ʻōlelo ʻole i kekahi a i ʻole kekahi. Ua kokoke loa i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e ʻōlelo: ke ala o ka wiwo ʻole "mai ke kanaka mua" ...

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Shchedrin i loko o ka ʻohana mea hoʻokani pila. ʻO ka makuakāne, ʻo Konstantin Mikhailovich, he kumu aʻo mele kaulana. Hoʻokani mau ʻia ke mele ma ka hale o nā Shchedrins. ʻO ia ka hana mele ola ʻo ia ka ʻāina hānau i hoʻokumu mālie i nā kuko a me nā ʻono o ka mea haku mele e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka haʻaheo o ka ʻohana ka piano trio, kahi i komo ai ʻo Konstantin Mikhailovich a me kona mau kaikunāne. ʻO nā makahiki o ka'ōpiopio i hui pū me kahi ho'āʻo nui i hāʻule ma luna o nā poʻohiwi o ka poʻe Soviet a pau. ʻElua ʻelua holo ʻana o ke keiki i mua a ʻelua hoʻi i hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ka hale o kona mau mākua. Ma hope aku e hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Shchedrin i ke kaua ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻeha o ka mea i loaʻa iā ia e kani i kāna mele - ma ka Second Symphony (1965), nā papa mele i nā mele a A. Tvardovsky - i ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i kahi kaikunāne i hoʻi ʻole mai. mai ke kaua (1968), ma "Poetoria" (ma St. A. Voznesensky, 1968) - he concerto kumu no ka haku mele, i ukali pu ia me ka leo wahine, ka hui himeni hui a me ka symphony orchestra ...

I ka makahiki 1945, ua hoʻonoho ʻia kahi ʻōpio he ʻumikūmālua makahiki i ke kula ʻo Choir i wehe koke ʻia - ʻo lākou i kēia manawa. AV Sveshnikova. Ma waho aʻe o ke aʻo ʻana i nā aʻoaʻo kumu, ʻo ka hīmeni paha ka hana nui o nā haumāna o ke kula. He mau makahiki ma hope mai, ʻōlelo ʻo Shchedrin: “Ua ʻike au i nā manawa mua o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i koʻu ola i ka wā e hīmeni ana i ka hui hīmeni. A ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kaʻu mau haku mele mua kekahi no ka papa mele…” ʻO ka hana aʻe ʻo ka Moscow Conservatory, kahi i aʻo like ai ʻo Shchedrin ma nā kumu ʻelua - i haku ʻia me Y. Shaporin a ma ka papa piano me Y. Flier. He makahiki ma mua o ka puka ʻana, kākau ʻo ia i kāna Concerto Piano Mua (1954). Ua hoihoi ʻia kēia opus mua me kona ʻano kumu a me ke ʻano o ka manaʻo. Ua ʻaʻa ka mea kākau he iwakāluakūmālua mau makahiki e hoʻokomo i nā motif ditty 2 i loko o ka ʻāpana concert-pop - ʻo Siberian "Balalaika is buzzing" a me ka "Semyonovna" kaulana, hoʻomohala maikaʻi iā lākou i kahi ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole. He mea ʻokoʻa ka hihia: ʻaʻole i kani wale ka ʻaha mele mua a Shchedrin i ka papahana o ka plenum a nā haku mele e hiki mai ana, akā ua lilo ia i kumu no ke komo ʻana i kahi haumāna makahiki 4 ... i ka Union of Composers. Ma hope o ka pale ʻana i kāna diploma i ʻelua mau mea kūikawā, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ka mea hoʻokani pila iā ia iho i ke kula puka.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāna huakaʻi, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Shchedrin i nā wahi like ʻole. ʻO kēia ka ballet na P. Ershov The Little Humpbacked Horse (1955) and the First Symphony (1958), the Chamber Suite for 20 violins, harp, accordion and 2 double basses (1961) and the opera Not Only Love (1961), he satirical resort cantata "Bureaucratiada" (1963) a me Concerto no ka orchestra "Naughty ditties" (1963), mele no nā hana keaka a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni. ʻO ka huakaʻi hauʻoli mai ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni "Vysota" i lilo koke i mea kūʻai maikaʻi maikaʻi loa… ʻO ka opera i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka moʻolelo a S. Antonov "ʻAnakē Lusha" kū i kēia moʻo, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hopena. I ka huli ʻana i ka mōʻaukala, i wela ʻia e ka pōʻino, i nā kiʻi o nā wahine mahiʻai maʻalahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka mehameha, ʻo ka mea haku mele, e like me kāna haʻi ʻana, ua noʻonoʻo ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana i kahi opera "ʻoluʻolu", e kū'ē i nā "hana nui me nā mea hoʻonui nui". i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a laila, i ka makahiki 60 mua. , hae, etc. I kēia lā, ʻaʻole hiki ke mihi i kona manawa ʻaʻole i mahalo ʻia ka opera a ʻaʻole i hoʻomaopopo ʻia e nā ʻoihana. Hoʻokahi wale nō ʻaoʻao o ka hoʻohewa ʻana - ʻakaʻaka, hoʻohenehene. Akā ʻo ka mea nui, ʻo ka opera Not Only Love ka mea ʻoi loa a ʻo ia paha ka hiʻohiʻona mua i nā mele Soviet o ka hanana i loaʻa i ka wehewehe metaphorical o "prose village". ʻAe, ʻo ke ala ma mua o ka manawa he ʻoi mau.

I ka makahiki 1966, e hoʻomaka ka haku mele i kāna hana keaka lua. A ʻo kēia hana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hana ʻana i kāna libretto ponoʻī (ma ʻaneʻi ua hōʻike ʻia ka makana palapala a Shchedrin), he ʻumi makahiki. ʻO "Dead Souls", nā kiʻi opera ma hope o N. Gogol - ʻo ia ke ʻano o kēia manaʻo nui. A mahalo ʻole ʻia e ke kaiāulu mele ma ke ʻano he mea hou. ʻO ka makemake o ka mea haku mele e "heluhelu i ka moʻolelo mele a Gogol ma o ke mele, e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka lāhui me nā mele, a e hoʻoikaika i ka hōʻike ʻole ʻana, ola a me ka maʻalahi o kā mākou ʻōlelo ʻōiwi me nā mele" i hoʻokomo ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole ma waena o ka honua weliweli o ka honua. nā mea kūʻai aku i nā ʻuhane make, ʻo kēia mau Chichikovs a pau, Sobeviches, Plyushkins, pahu, manilovs, nāna i hahau ʻino i ka opera, a me ka honua o "nā ʻuhane ola", ola kanaka. ʻO kekahi o nā kumuhana o ka opera e pili ana i ka kikokikona o ka mele hoʻokahi "ʻAʻole keʻokeʻo ʻo Snow", i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa e ka mea kākau ma ka mele. Ke hilinaʻi nei i nā ʻano opera i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka mōʻaukala, noʻonoʻo wiwo ʻole ʻo Shchedrin iā lākou, hoʻololi iā lākou ma kahi kumu ʻokoʻa, ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli. Hāʻawi ʻia ke kuleana e hana hou e nā waiwai kumu o ke kanaka o ka mea pena, i hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia ma ka ʻike hohonu o nā kuʻuna o ka poʻe waiwai a kūʻokoʻa i kāna mau hoʻokō o ka moʻomeheu kūloko, ma ke koko, ke komo ʻana o nā ʻohana i nā kiʻi kanaka - kāna poetics, nā melo, nā ʻano like ʻole. "Hoʻopuka ka poʻe kiʻi i ka makemake e hana hou i kona ʻala like ʻole, e "hoʻopili" me kāna waiwai, e hōʻike i nā manaʻo i hiki ʻole ke hoʻokumu ʻia i nā huaʻōlelo," wahi a ka mea haku mele. A ma luna o nā mea a pau, kāna mele.

ʻO kēia kaʻina hana o ka "hana hou ʻana i ka poʻe" i hoʻonui mālie i kāna hana - mai ka hoʻonaninani nani o ka moʻolelo i ka ballet mua "The Little Humpbacked Horse" a i ka papale kani ʻoniʻoni o Mischievous Chastushkas, ka ʻōnaehana koʻikoʻi o "Rings" (1968) , ho'āla hou i ka maʻalahi a me ka nui o nā oli Znamenny; mai ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke mele o ke ʻano kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, he kiʻi ikaika o ke ʻano nui o ka opera "Not Only Love" i kahi moʻolelo lyrical e pili ana i ke aloha o nā poʻe maʻamau no Ilyich, e pili ana i kā lākou ʻano pilikino i "ka honua o ka honua. nā kānaka a pau i hala ma ka honua" i loko o ka oratorio "Lenin in the Heart folk" (1969) -ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa, keʻae nei mākou i ka manaʻo o M. Tarakanov," keʻano mele o ka Leninist theme, iʻikeʻia ma ka pō. o ka 100 makahiki o ka hanau ana o ke alakai. Mai ka piko o ka hana ʻana i ke kiʻi o Rūsia, ʻo ia nō ka opera "Dead Souls", i hoʻokumu ʻia e B. Pokrovsky i ka makahiki 1977 ma ke kahua o ka Bolshoi Theatre, ua hoʻolei ʻia ka pahu i "The Sealed Angel" - mele mele ma 9. ʻāpana e like me N. Leskov (1988). E like me ka mea a ka mea haku mele i kākau ai ma ka annotation, ua hoihoi ʻia ʻo ia e ka moʻolelo o ka mea pena kiʻi kiʻi ʻo Sevastyan, "ka mea i paʻi i kahi kiʻi kupanaha kahiko i hoʻohaumia ʻia e ka mana o kēia ao, ʻo ka mea mua, ka manaʻo o ka hiki ʻole o ka nani o ka nani. ka mana kupua a hoʻokiʻekiʻe o ke akamai. ʻO "The Captured Angel", a me hoʻokahi makahiki ma mua i hana ʻia no ka symphony orchestra "Stikhira" (1987), e pili ana i ka mele Znamenny, ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 1000 o ka bapetizo ʻana o Rusia.

Ua hoʻomau ka mele a Leskov i kekahi mau manaʻo mua a me nā aloha o Shchedrin, me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kāna kumu kumu: “… ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke hoʻomaopopo i kā mākou poʻe haku mele e huli ana i ka unuhi palapala. Loaʻa iā mākou ka waiwai ʻole - nā palapala i kākau ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Lūkini. Ma kēia pūʻulu, hāʻawi ʻia kahi wahi kūikawā iā Pushkin ("kekahi o koʻu mau akua") - ma waho aʻe o nā papa mele ʻelua, i ka makahiki 1981 ua hana ʻia nā mele mele "The Execution of Pugachev" ma ka moʻolelo prose mai ka "History of ka Pugachev Rebellion" a me "Strophes o "Eugene Onegin"".

Mahalo i nā hana mele e pili ana iā Chekhov - "The Seagull" (1979) a me "Lady with a Dog" (1985), a me nā hiʻohiʻona lyrical i kākau mua ʻia e pili ana i ka moʻolelo a L. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" (1971), ka ʻO ka hale kiʻi o nā mea i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ke kahua ballet i hoʻonui nui ʻia i nā heroine Lūkini. ʻO Maya Plisetskaya ka mea kākau ʻoiaʻiʻo o kēia mau mea haku mele o kēia wā, he balerina koʻikoʻi o ko kākou wā. ʻO kēia kaiaulu - noʻonoʻo a me ke kanaka - ua ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 mau makahiki. ʻO kēlā me kēia mele a Shchedrin e haʻi e pili ana, ʻo kēlā me kēia o kāna haku mele ke kuleana o ka ʻimi ikaika a hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona o kahi ʻano hiʻona. Manaʻo ka mea haku mele i ka puʻupuʻu o ka manawa, me ka ʻike makaʻala i ka dynamics o ke ola o kēia mau lā. ʻIke ʻo ia i ka honua i ka leo, hopu a paʻa i nā kiʻi noʻeau i kahi mea kikoʻī a me ka panorama holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kēia paha ke kumu o kāna kumu kumu i ke ʻano o ka montage, kahi e hiki ai ke wehewehe i nā ʻokoʻa o nā kiʻi a me nā ʻano manaʻo? Ma muli o kēia ʻano ikaika, hoʻoikaika ʻo Shchedrin i ka conciseness, conciseness ("e hoʻokomo i ka ʻike code i ka mea hoʻolohe") o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka mea, no ka pilina pili ma waena o kāna mau ʻāpana me ka ʻole o nā loulou pili. No laila, ʻo ka Second Symphony kahi pōʻai o 25 preludes, ua kūkulu ʻia ka ballet "The Seagull" ma ke kumu like; ʻO ka ʻEkolu Piano Concerto, e like me ka nui o nā hana ʻē aʻe, aia kahi kumumanaʻo a me kahi ʻano o kāna mau hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole. Hōʻike ʻia ka polyphony ola o ka honua a puni i ka manaʻo o ka mea haku mele no ka polyphony - ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā mea mele, ke ʻano o ke kākau ʻana, a me ke ʻano noʻonoʻo. "ʻO ka polyphony ke ʻano o ke ola, no ko mākou ola, ua lilo ke ola hou i polyphonic." Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia manaʻo o ka haku mele. ʻOiai ʻo ia e hana ana ma Dead Souls, ua hana ʻo ia i nā ballets Carmen Suite a me Anna Karenina, ke Kolu Piano Concerto, ka Polyphonic Notebook o iwakāluakūmālima preludes, ka lua o ka lua o 24 preludes a fugues, Poetoria, a me nā haku mele ʻē aʻe. hele pū ʻia me nā hana a Shchedrin ma ke kahua ʻaha mele ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani o kāna mau mele ponoʻī - he pianist, a mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 80. a ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani ʻokena, ua hui pū ʻia kāna hana me nā hana lehulehu ikaika.

Ke lanakila mau nei ke ala o Shchedrin ma ke ʻano he haku mele; i kēlā me kēia lā, paʻakikī ka lanakila ʻana i nā mea, i loko o nā lima paʻa o ka haku e lilo i mau laina mele; ka lanakila ʻana i ka inertia, a me ke ʻano o ka manaʻo o ka mea hoʻolohe; hope loa, lanakila ʻana iā ʻoe iho, ʻoi aku ka pololei, e hana hou i ka mea i ʻike mua ʻia, loaʻa, hoʻāʻo ʻia. Pehea e hoʻomanaʻo ʻole ai ma aneʻi ʻo V. Mayakovsky, ka mea i ʻōlelo mua e pili ana i nā mea pāʻani chess: "ʻAʻole hiki ke hana hou ʻia ka neʻe ʻoi loa i kahi kūlana i kahi pāʻani ma hope. ʻO ka manaʻo ʻole wale o ka neʻe ʻana i ka ʻenemi.

I ka wā i hoʻolauna mua ʻia ai ka poʻe hoʻolohe o Moscow i The Musical Offering (1983), ʻo ka pane ʻana i ke mele hou a Shchedrin ua like ia me kahi pōkā. ʻAʻole i emi ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa no ka manawa lōʻihi. ʻO ka haku mele, i kāna hana, e ʻimi ana i ka ʻōlelo pōkole loa, ka ʻōlelo aphoristic ("telegraphic style"), me he mea lā ua neʻe koke ʻo ia i kahi ʻano kiʻi ʻē aʻe. ʻO kāna haku mele hoʻokahi no ka okana, 3 ohe, 3 bassoons a me 3 trombones ka lōʻihi… ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 mau hola. ʻO ia, e like me ka manaʻo o ka mea kākau, he kamaʻilio wale nō. ʻAʻole hoʻi he kamaʻilio haunaele i loaʻa iā mākou i kekahi manawa, ʻaʻole hoʻolohe kekahi i kekahi, me ka wikiwiki e hōʻike i ko mākou manaʻo pilikino, akā he kamaʻilio i hiki i nā mea a pau ke haʻi e pili ana i ko lākou kaumaha, hauʻoli, pilikia, hōʻike ... "Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei au me ka wikiwiki o ko kakou ola, he mea nui loa keia. Kū a noʻonoʻo. E hoʻomanaʻo kākou ua kākau ʻia ka "Musical Offering" ma ka pō o ka 300th anniversary o ka hānau ʻana o JS Bach (ʻo ka "Echo Sonata" no ka violin solo - 1984 i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i kēia lā).

Ua hoʻololi anei ka haku mele i kāna mau loina hana? Akā, ma ka ʻokoʻa: me kāna mau makahiki he nui o ka ʻike ma nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano ʻano, ua hoʻonui ʻo ia i kāna mea i lanakila ai. ʻOiai i kona mau makahiki ʻōpio, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻimi e kāhāhā, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻaʻahu i nā lole o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, "ʻaʻole ʻo ia i holo a puni nā kahua me ka ʻeke ma hope o nā kaʻaahi haʻalele, akā ua hoʻomohala ʻia ma ke ala ... ua waiho ʻia e nā genetics, nā makemake, nā makemake a me nā makemake ʻole. Ma ke ala, ma hope o ka "Musical Offering" ka nui o ka manawa lohi, ka manawa o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, ma ke mele a Shchedrin i hoʻonui nui ʻia. Akā, ʻaʻohe wahi hakahaka i loko. E like me ka wā ma mua, hoʻokumu ia i kahi kahua o ka manaʻo kiʻekiʻe a me ke ʻano o ka naʻau no ka ʻike. A pane i ka radiation ikaika o ka manawa. I kēia mau lā, hopohopo nā mea pena kiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka ʻoihana maoli, kahi hiʻohiʻona i ka leʻaleʻa, ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, a me ka hiki ke komo maʻamau, e hōʻike ana i ka pōʻino a me ka nani o nā kānaka. Ma kēia kūlana o ka "discontinuity of culture", lilo ka mea nāna i hana i nā waiwai kiʻi i ka manawa like i kā lākou haʻi. Ma kēiaʻano,ʻo kaʻike a Shchedrin a me kāna hana pono'ī he mau hiʻohiʻona o ka pilina o nā manawa, "nā mele likeʻole", a me ka hoʻomauʻana o nā kuʻuna.

ʻO ka ʻike maopopo ʻana he kumu pono ka pluralism o nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo no ke ola a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana i kēia ao hou, he kākoʻo ikaika ʻo ia i ke kamaʻilio. ʻO kāna mau hālāwai me ka lehulehu ākea, me ka poʻe ʻōpio, ʻo ia hoʻi me ka poʻe paʻa i ka mele mele rock - ua hoʻolaha ʻia lākou ma Central Television. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o kahi kūkākūkā honua i hoʻomaka ʻia e ko mākou kaikunāne ʻo ia ka mea mua i ka mōʻaukala o ka Soviet-American moʻomeheu pili ʻahaʻaina o nā mele Soviet ma Bosetona ma lalo o ka huaʻōlelo: "Making music together", i wehe i kahi panorama ākea a nani o ka hana a Soviet. haku mele (1988).

Ma ke kamaʻilioʻana me nā poʻe me nā manaʻo likeʻole,ʻo Rodion Shchedrin mau kona manaʻo pono'ī. Ma nā hana a me nā hana - ko lākou manaʻo ponoʻī a me ke kanaka ma lalo o ka hōʻailona o ka mea nui: "ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ola i kēia lā wale nō. Pono mākou i ka hana moʻomeheu no ka wā e hiki mai ana, no ka pono o nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.

A. Grigorieva