Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov |

ʻO Alexander Glazunov

Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Glazunov i kahi honua o ka hauʻoli, leʻaleʻa, maluhia, lele, hauʻoli, noʻonoʻo a ʻoi aku ka nui, hauʻoli mau, maopopo mau a hohonu, hanohano mau, ʻēheu ... A. Lunacharsky

He hoa hana o ka poe haku mele o The Mighty Handful, he hoaloha o A. Borodin, nana i hoopau i kana mau haku mele mai ka hoomanao ana, a he kumu hoi i kokua i ka opio D. Shostakovich i na makahiki o ka luku ana i ka hope o ke kipi ... Ka hopena o A. Glazunov ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā mele Lūkini a me Soviet. ʻO ke olakino noʻonoʻo ikaika, ka ikaika o loko a me ka hanohano ʻole - ua hoihoi kēia mau ʻano o ka mea haku mele i nā mea mele like ʻole, nā mea hoʻolohe, a me nā haumāna he nui iā ia. Hoʻokumu ʻia i kona wā ʻōpiopio, ua hoʻoholo lākou i ke ʻano kumu o kāna hana.

Ua wikiwiki ka ulu ʻana o ke mele mele a Glazunov. Hānau ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi mea hoʻopuka puke kaulana, ua hānai ʻia ka mea haku mele e hiki mai ana mai ka wā kamaliʻi mai i kahi lewa o ka hana mele ʻoluʻolu, e hoʻohauʻoli ana i kona ʻohana me kona mau mana kupaianaha - ka pepeiao maikaʻi loa no ke mele a me ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻanaʻau koke i nā kikoʻī i ke mele. ua lohe mua ia. Ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Glazunov: "Ua pāʻani nui mākou i ko mākou hale, a ua hoʻomanaʻo mau wau i nā pāʻani a pau i hana ʻia. ʻO ka manawa pinepine i ka pō, e ala ana, ua hoʻihoʻi wau i ka noʻonoʻo i ka mea liʻiliʻi loa aʻu i lohe ai ma mua ... ”ʻO nā kumu mua o ke keiki he pianists ʻo N. Kholodkova lāua ʻo E. Elenkovsky. Ua hoʻokaniʻia kahi hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻokumuʻana i ka mea hoʻokani pila e nā papa me nā mea haku mele nui loa o ke kulaʻo St. Petersburg - M. Balakirev a me N. Rimsky-Korsakov. ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana me lākou ua kōkua iā Glazunov e hiki koke i ke oʻo ʻana a lilo koke i hoaaloha o nā poʻe like.

Ua hoʻomaka ke ala o ka haku mele ʻōpio i ka mea hoʻolohe me ka lanakila. ʻO ka symphony mua o ka mea kākau he ʻumikūmāono makahiki (i hoʻokumu mua ʻia i ka makahiki 1882) i hoʻāla i nā pane hoihoi mai ka lehulehu a me nā mea paʻi, a ua mahalo nui ʻia e kona mau hoa. I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hana ʻia kahi hālāwai i hoʻololi nui i ka hopena o Glazunov. Ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o ka First Symphony, ua hui ka mea hoʻokani mele ʻōpio iā M. Belyaev, he mea hoʻokani mele ʻoiaʻiʻo, he mea kūʻai lāʻau nui a he philanthropist, nāna i hana nui e kākoʻo i nā haku mele Lūkini. Mai ia manawa mai, hele mau nā ala o Glazunov a me Belyaev. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua lilo ka mea hoʻokani pila i mea maʻamau ma Belyaev's Fridays. Ua hoihoi ʻia kēia mau ahiahi mele i kēlā me kēia pule i nā makahiki 80 a me 90. nā pūʻali maikaʻi loa o nā mele Lūkini. Me Belyaev, ua hele lōʻihi ʻo Glazunov ma waho, ua kamaʻāina me nā kikowaena moʻomeheu o Kelemania, Switzerland, Farani, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mele mele ma Sepania a me Morocco (1884). I loko o kēia huakaʻi, ua hana ʻia kahi hanana poina: Ua kipa ʻo Glazunov iā F. Liszt ma Weimar. Ma kahi hoʻokahi, ma kaʻahaʻaina i hoʻolaʻaʻia no ka hana a Liszt, ua hana maikaʻiʻia ka Symphony Mua o ka mea kākau Lūkini.

No nā makahiki he nui, pili pū ʻo Glazunov me nā keiki punahele punahele a Belyaev - he hale hoʻopuka mele a me nā ʻaha mele symphony Lūkini. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka mea hoʻokumu o ka hui (1904), ua lilo ʻo Glazunov, me Rimsky-Korsakov a me A. Lyadov, i lālā o ka Papa Kahu no ka paipai ʻana i nā haku mele a me nā mea hoʻokani mele Lūkini, i hana ʻia ma lalo o ka makemake a me ka lilo o Belyaev. . Ma ke kahua mele a me ka lehulehu, he mana nui ko Glazunov. ʻO ka mahalo o nā hoa hana no kona akamai a me kona ʻike i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kahua paʻa: ʻo ke kūpaʻa o ka mea hoʻokani pila, ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo aniani. Ua loiloi ka mea haku mele i kāna hana me ka pololei, ʻike pinepine i nā kānalua ʻeha. ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i hāʻawi i ka ikaika no ka hana ponoʻole i nā haku mele a kahi hoaaloha i make: ʻO ka mele a Borodin, i hana mua ʻia e ka mea kākau, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma muli o kona make koke ʻana, ua mālama ʻia i ka hoʻomanaʻo nui o Glazunov. No laila, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka opera Prince Igor (me Rimsky-Korsakov), ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka ʻāpana ʻelua o ka Symphony ʻekolu mai ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana a hoʻonohonoho ʻia.

I ka makahiki 1899, ua lilo ʻo Glazunov i polopeka, a i Dekemaba 1905, ke poʻo o ka Conservatory o St. Petersburg, ka mea kahiko loa ma Rusia. ʻO ke koho ʻana o Glazunov ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi ma mua o kahi manawa hoʻokolokolo. Nui nā hālāwai haumāna i hoʻopuka i kahi koi no ke kūʻokoʻa o ka conservatory mai ka Imperial Russian Musical Society. Ma kēia kūlana, ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale i nā kumu i ʻelua mau kahua hoʻomoana, ua wehewehe pono ʻo Glazunov i kona kūlana, kākoʻo i nā haumāna. I Malaki 1905, i ka wā i hoʻopiʻi ʻia ai ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā haumāna e kipi a hoʻokuʻu ʻia, ua haʻalele ʻo Glazunov, a me Lyadov, i mau polopeka. I kekahi mau lā ma hope mai, alakaʻi ʻo Glazunov i ka Rimsky-Korsakov's Kashchei the Immortal, i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā haumāna Conservatory. ʻO ka hana, piha i nā hui politika kumuhana, i hoʻopau ʻia me kahi hui kūʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Glazunov: "A laila ua pilikia au e kipaku ʻia mai St. Petersburg, akā naʻe, ua ʻae au i kēia." Ma ke ʻano he pane i nā hanana kipi o 1905, kahi hoʻololi o ke mele "ʻAe, e hele kāua!" puka mai. no ka papa himeni a me ka orkestra. Ma hope wale nō o ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana o ka mana kūʻokoʻa i ka conservatory, ua hoʻi hou ʻo Glazunov i ke aʻo ʻana. Ua lilo hou ʻo ia i alakaʻi, ua ʻimi ʻo ia i nā kikoʻī āpau o ke kaʻina hoʻonaʻauao me kāna ʻano maʻamau. A ʻoiai ʻo ka mea haku mele i hoʻopiʻi ma nā leka: "Ua paʻa loa wau i ka hana conservatory a ʻaʻohe oʻu manawa e noʻonoʻo ai i kekahi mea, ʻoiai e pili ana i nā hopohopo o kēia lā," ua lilo ka kamaʻilio me nā haumāna i mea e pono ai iā ia. Ua huki pū ʻia ka poʻe ʻōpio iā Glazunov, me ka manaʻo i loko ona he kumu a he kumu maoli.

Ma ke ʻano liʻiliʻi, lilo nā hana hoʻonaʻauao a me nā hana hoʻonaʻauao i mea nui no Glazunov, e koi ana i nā manaʻo o ka haku mele. Ua ulu nui kāna hana aʻoaʻo a me ka pilikanaka-mele i nā makahiki o ke kipi a me ke kaua kīwila. Ua hoihoi ka haku i nā mea a pau: nā hoʻokūkū no nā mea pena kiʻi, a me nā hana alakaʻi, a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana me nā haumāna, a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke ola maʻamau o nā kumu a me nā haumāna i nā kūlana o ka luku. Ua loaʻa i nā hana a Glazunov ka ʻike honua: i ka makahiki 1921 ua loaʻa iā ia ke poʻo inoa o People's Artist.

ʻAʻole i hoʻopau ʻia ke kamaʻilio ʻana me ka conservatory a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ke ola o ka haku. ʻO nā makahiki hope loa (1928-36) ua lilo ka haku mele kahiko ma waho. Ua hauʻoli ka maʻi iā ia, ua luhi nā huakaʻi iā ia. Akā, hoʻihoʻi mau ʻo Glazunov i kona mau manaʻo i ka ʻāina makuahine, i kona mau hoa aloha, i nā hana conservative. Ua kākau ʻo ia i nā hoa hana a me nā hoaaloha: "Aloha wau iā ʻoukou a pau." Ua make ʻo Glazunov ma Paris. I ka makahiki 1972, lawe ʻia kona lehu i Leningrad a kanu ʻia ma ka Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

ʻO ke ala o Glazunov ma ke mele e uhi ana ma kahi o ka hapalua haneli. He mau piʻi a me lalo. Ma waho o kona ʻāina hānau, ʻaʻohe mea i haku ʻo Glazunov, koe wale nō ʻelua mau mea kani (no ka saxophone a me cello) a me ʻelua quartets. ʻO ka piʻi nui o kāna hana e hāʻule i ka 80-90s. Ke kenekulia 1900 a me ka 5 mua. ʻOiai nā manawa o nā pilikia noʻonoʻo, ka ulu ʻana o nā mea mele, ka pilikanaka a me nā mea aʻoaʻo, i loko o kēia mau makahiki ua hana ʻo Glazunov i nā hana symphonic nui nui (poems, overtures, fantasies), me "Stenka Razin", "Forest", "Sea", "Kremlin", kahi symphonic suite "Mai ka Middle Ages". I ka manawa like, ua ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o nā quartets string (2 mai ʻehiku) a me nā hana ensemble ʻē aʻe. Aia kekahi mau ʻaha mele i loko o ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina o Glazunov (ma kahi o nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia - XNUMX piano concerto a me kahi concerto violin kaulana loa), nā mele, nā mele, nā cantatas. Eia naʻe, pili nā mea nui o ka haku mele me nā mele symphonic.

ʻAʻohe o nā haku haku o ka hale o ka hopena o XIX - ke kenekulia XX. ʻAʻole i nānā nui i ke ʻano symphony e like me Glazunov: ʻo kāna 8 symphonies i hana i kahi pōʻai nui, kiʻekiʻe ma waena o nā hana o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e like me kahi pae mauna nui i ke kua o nā puʻu. Ke hoʻomohala nei i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka symphony ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana he nui, e hāʻawi ana i kahi kiʻi ākea o ka honua ma o nā mea kani, ua hiki iā Glazunov ke hoʻomaopopo i kāna makana melodic lokomaikaʻi, impeccable logic i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale mele multifaceted paʻakikī. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa like ʻole o nā symphonies a Glazunov i waena o lākou wale nō e hoʻokūpaʻa i ko lākou lokahi i loko, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makemake mau o ka haku mele e hoʻohui i nā lālā 2 o ka symphonism Lūkini i noho like: lyrical-dramatic (P. Tchaikovsky) a me pictorial-epic (composers of The Mighty Handful. ). Ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o kēia mau kuʻuna, ua kū mai kahi ʻano hou - ʻo Glazunov's lyrical-epic symphonism, ka mea e huki ai i ka mea hoʻolohe me kona ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka ikaika koa. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o nā mele mele, nā kaomi hoʻokani a me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻano ʻono i loko o nā symphonies i kaulike ʻia, e mālama ana i ka ʻono maikaʻi o ka mele. "ʻAʻohe mea kū'ē i ka mele a Glazunov. He ʻano kaulike ʻo ia o nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi a me nā manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kani…” (B. Asafiev). I loko o nā symphonies a Glazunov, ua paʻi ʻia kekahi e ka lokahi a me ka maopopo o ka architectonics, ka inventiveness pau ʻole i ka hana ʻana me nā thematics, a me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka palette orchestral.

Hiki ke kapa ʻia nā ballets a Glazunov i nā kiʻi pena symphonic lōʻihi, kahi e hoʻi ai ka hui ʻana o ka pā i ke kua ma mua o nā hana o kahi ʻano mele mele. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o lākou ʻo "Raymonda" (1897). ʻO ka noʻonoʻo o ka mea haku mele, ka mea i hoʻohauʻoli lōʻihi ʻia e ka nani o nā kaʻao chivalric, ua hoʻāla mai i nā kiʻi pena nani ʻano like ʻole - he ʻahaʻaina i loko o ka hale kākela kahiko, nā hula Spanish-Arabic a me Hungarian ... . ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hiʻohiʻona lehulehu, kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai nā hōʻailona o ka waihoʻoluʻu aupuni. Ua loaʻa ʻo "Raymonda" i kahi ola lōʻihi ma ka hale keaka (e hoʻomaka ana mai ka hana mua ʻana e ka choreographer kaulana ʻo M. Petipa), a ma ke kahua ʻaha mele (ma ke ʻano o kahi suite). ʻO ka mea huna o kona kaulana aia i ka nani hanohano o nā mele, i ka pili pono o ke mele mele a me ke kani orchestral i ka plasticity o ka hula.

Ma nā ballets aʻe, hahai ʻo Glazunov i ke ala o ka hoʻoomi ʻana i ka hana. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o The Young Maid, or the Trial of Damis (1898) a me The Four Seasons (1898) - ua hana pū ʻia nā ballets hoʻokahi hana me ka hui pū ʻana me Petipa. He mea ʻole ka manaʻo. ʻO ka mua he pastoral nani i ka ʻuhane o Watteau (he mea pena kiʻi Farani o ke kenekulia XNUMX), ʻo ka lua he mea hoʻohālikelike e pili ana i ka mau loa o ke ʻano, i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā kiʻi pena mele a me nā choreographic ʻehā: "Winter", "Spring", "Summer". ”, “Autumn”. ʻO ka makemake no ka pōkole a me ka hoʻonaninani koʻikoʻi o nā ballets hoʻokahi hana a Glazunov, ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka mea kākau i ke au o ke kenekulia XNUMXth, i kala ʻia me ka hoʻopā ʻana o ka hao - ʻo kēia mau mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai i nā leʻaleʻa o nā mea hana kiʻi o ka World of Art.

ʻO ka consonance o ka manawa, kahi manaʻo o ka ʻike mōʻaukala i loko o Glazunov i nā ʻano āpau. ʻO ka pololei kūpono a me ka noʻonoʻo o ke kūkulu ʻana, ka hoʻohana ikaika ʻana o ka polyphony - me ka ʻole o kēia mau ʻano ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o Glazunov ka symphonist. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona like i nā ʻano stylistic like ʻole i lilo i mau hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ke mele o ke kenekulia XNUMX. A ʻoiai ua hoʻomau ʻo Glazunov i ka laina me nā kuʻuna kuʻuna, ua mākaukau ka nui o kāna mau mea i loaʻa i nā mea ʻike kiʻi o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo V. Stasov iā Glazunov "Samesona Lūkini". ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki i ka bogatyr ke hoʻokumu i ka pilina pili ʻole ma waena o nā mele Lūkini a me nā mele Soviet e puka mai ana, e like me Glazunov.

N. Zabolotnaya

ʻO Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov (1865-1936), he haumāna a he hoa hana pono o NA Rimsky-Korsakov, noho i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi i waena o nā ʻelele o ke "kula mele hou Lūkini" a ma ke ʻano he haku mele nui, nona ka waiwai a me ka nani o nā kala. ua hui pū ʻia me ke akamai kiʻekiʻe loa, a ma ke ʻano he mele holomua a me ka lehulehu kanaka i pale paʻa i nā pono o ka ʻoihana Lūkini. ʻAʻole i maʻamau i ka wā mua i huki ʻia ka manaʻo o ka First Symphony (1882), kahaha no ka wā ʻōpio i kona ʻike a me ka piha, i ka piha ʻana o nā makahiki he kanakolu, ua loaʻa iā ia ka kaulana ākea a me ka ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mea kākau o nā symphonies maikaʻi ʻelima, ʻehā quartets a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui. nā hana, i hōʻailona ʻia e ka waiwai o ka hāpai ʻana a me ke oʻo. kona hoʻokō.

Ma hope o ka huki ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka MP Belyaev philanthropist lokomaikaʻi, ua lilo koke ka mea haku mele i mea komo ʻole, a laila kekahi o nā alakaʻi o kāna mau mele mele, hoʻonaʻauao a me nā hana hoʻolaha, i ka nui o ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā hana o nā ʻaha mele symphony Lūkini, kahi Ua hana pinepine ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi, a me ka hale hoʻopuka Belyaev, e hōʻike ana i ko lākou manaʻo koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā makana Glinkin i nā haku mele Lūkini. ʻO ke kumu a me ke kumu aʻoaʻo o Glazunov, ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua huki iā ia e kōkua iā ia i ka hana ʻana i nā hana e pili ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana o nā hoa aloha nui, hoʻonohonoho a hoʻolaha i kā lākou hoʻoilina hoʻoilina. Ma hope o ka make koke ʻana o AP Borodin, ua hana ikaika lāua ʻelua e hoʻopau i ka opera ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ʻia ʻo Prince Igor, mahalo i hiki i kēia mea hana nani ke ʻike i ka mālamalama o ka lā a loaʻa i ke ola pae. I nā makahiki 900, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov, a me Glazunov, i kahi paʻi loiloi hou o Glinka's symphonic scores, A Life for the Tsar and Prince Kholmsky, ka mea e mau nei i kona ʻano. Mai ka makahiki 1899, he polopeka ʻo Glazunov ma ka Conservatory o St. Petersburg, a i ka makahiki 1905 ua koho ʻia ʻo ia i luna hoʻokele, e noho ana ma kēia kūlana no nā makahiki he iwakālua.

Ma hope o ka make ʻana o Rimsky-Korsakov, ua lilo ʻo Glazunov i hoʻoilina kaulana a hoʻomau i nā kuʻuna o kāna kumu nui, e lawe ana i kona wahi ma ke ola mele Petersburg. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia kona mana pilikino a me ka hana noʻeau. I ka makahiki 1915, e pili ana i ka makahiki kanalima o Glazunov, ua kākau ʻo VG Karatygin: "ʻO wai ka mea kaulana loa ma waena o nā mea haku mele Lūkini e ola nei? ʻO wai ka ʻoihana papa mua ma mua o ka kānalua iki? E pili ana i ka mea o ko kakou contemporaries ua lōʻihi oki i ka hoopaapaa, indisputably ike no kana hana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka artistic maʻiʻo a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe o ke mele 'enehana? ʻO ka inoa wale nō ka mea e hiki ai i ka manaʻo o ka mea nāna e hāpai ia nīnau a ma nā lehelehe o ka mea makemake e pane. ʻO AK Glazunov kēia inoa.

I kēlā manawa o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻoi loa a me ka hakakā ʻana o nā au like ʻole, ʻaʻole wale ka mea hou, akā nui nō hoʻi, me he mea lā, ua hoʻohui ʻia i ka wā ma mua, ua komo paʻa i loko o ka ʻike, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hoʻoholo a me nā loiloi, ʻo ia ka "indisputability". ʻokoʻa a ʻokoʻa hoʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka mahalo kiʻekiʻe i ke ʻano o ka mea haku mele, kona akamai maikaʻi a me ka ʻono maikaʻi ʻole, akā i ka manawa like, he ʻano kūʻokoʻa o kāna hana ma ke ʻano he mea pili ʻole, ʻaʻole kū nui "ma luna o nā hakakā", akā. "Ma waho o nā hakakā" . ʻAʻole i pio ka mele a Glazunov, ʻaʻole i hoʻāla i ke aloha a me ka hoʻomana, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona i ʻae ʻole ʻia e kekahi o nā ʻaoʻao paio. Mahalo i ka ʻike naʻauao, ka lokahi a me ke kaulike i hiki ai i ka mea haku mele ke hoʻohui i nā ʻano like ʻole, i kekahi manawa kūʻē i nā ʻano, hiki i kāna hana ke hoʻohui i nā "traditionalists" a me "innovators".

I kekahi mau makahiki ma mua o ka puka ʻana o ka ʻatikala i haʻi ʻia e Karatygin, ʻo kekahi mea hoʻohewa kaulana ʻo AV Ossovsky, i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻoholo i ka wahi mōʻaukala o Glazunov ma nā mele Lūkini, ua hoʻoili ʻia ʻo ia i ke ʻano o nā mea pena- "finishers", i ka ʻokoʻa. ʻO nā "kipi" ma ke kiʻi, nā mea ʻike i nā ala hou: "Ua luku ʻia nā "kipi" noʻonoʻo e ka ʻoihana kahiko me ka ʻoi o ka ʻoi o ka nānā ʻana, akā i ka manawa like, i loko o ko lākou mau ʻuhane, he nui ka lako o nā mana hana no ke ʻano. o nā manaʻo hou, no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano hana noʻeau hou, a lākou i ʻike mua ai, me he mea lā, i loko o nā kikoʻī pohihihi o ka wanaʻao mua <...> Akā aia kekahi mau manawa ʻē aʻe i nā wā kiʻi - transitional epochs, ʻokoʻa i kēlā mau mea mua. hiki ke wehewehe ʻia he mau wā hoʻoholo. ʻO nā Artists, nona ka hopena mōʻaukala i ka synthesis o nā manaʻo a me nā ʻano i hana ʻia i ka wā o nā pahū kipi, kāhea wau i ka inoa o nā mea hope.

Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka pālua o ke kūlana mōʻaukala o Glazunov ma ke ʻano he mea pena kiʻi o ka wā hoʻololi, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, e kona pili pili me ka ʻōnaehana ākea o nā manaʻo, nā manaʻo aesthetic a me nā loina o ka wā ma mua, a ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, e ka maturation. i kāna hana o kekahi mau ʻano hou i hoʻomohala piha ʻia i ka wā ma hope. Ua hoʻomakaʻo ia i kāna hana i ka manawa i halaʻole ai ka "makahiki gula" o nā mele kahiko Lūkini, i hōʻikeʻia e nā inoa o Glinka, Dargomyzhsky a me ko lākou mau hope koke o ka hanauna "sixties". I ka makahiki 1881, ua haku ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov, ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi ʻana ʻo Glazunov i nā kumu kumu o ka haku mele, haku ʻo The Snow Maiden, he hana i hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka haku. ʻO ka makahiki 80 a me ka 90 mua ka manawa o ka pōmaikaʻi kiʻekiʻe loa no Tchaikovsky pū kekahi. I ka manawa like, ʻo Balakirev, e hoʻi ana i ka hana mele ma hope o kahi pilikia ʻuhane koʻikoʻi i loaʻa iā ia, hana i kekahi o kāna mau mele maikaʻi loa.

He mea maʻamau ka hana ʻana o ka haku mele, e like me Glazunov ia manawa, ma lalo o ka mana o ka lewa mele e hoʻopuni ana iā ia a ʻaʻole i pakele i ka mana o kāna mau kumu a me kāna mau hoa kahiko. ʻO kāna mau hana mua i loaʻa i kahi hōʻailona ʻike o "Kuchkist". I ka manawa like, ke puka mai nei kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona hou i loko o lākou. Ma ka loiloi ʻana i ka hana ʻana o kāna First Symphony i kahi ʻahamele o ke Kula Mele Kūʻokoʻa ma Malaki 17, 1882, i alakaʻi ʻia e Balakirev, ua ʻike ʻo Cui i ka maopopo, piha a me ka hilinaʻi kūpono i ke ʻano o kāna mau manaʻo e ka 16 makahiki. mea kākau: “Ua hiki loa iā ia ke hōʻike i kāna makemake, a soe like me kona makemake. Ma hope mai, ua huki ʻo Asafiev i ka manaʻo i ka "predetermination, unconditional flow" o ke mele a Glazunov e like me ke ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia, i ʻike ʻia i ke ʻano o kāna noʻonoʻo hoʻomohala: "Me he mea lā ʻaʻole hana ʻo Glazunov i ke mele, akā. Loaʻa i hana ʻia, i hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻano paʻakikī o nā leo e lākou iho, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia, ua kākau wale ʻia lākou ("no ka hoʻomanaʻo"), ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ma muli o ka hakakā ʻana me nā mea paʻa ʻole. ʻAʻole i loaʻa ka wikiwiki a me ka maʻalahi o ka haku mele ʻana o kēia ʻano maʻamau maʻamau o ke kahe ʻana o ka manaʻo mele, kahi i ʻike nui ʻia i ka ʻōpio Glazunov i nā makahiki ʻelua o kāna hana haku mele.

He hewa paha ka hoʻoholo ʻana mai kēia, ua holo loa ka hana hoʻomohala a Glazunov me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoikaika kūloko. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maka o kāna mea kākau ponoʻī ua loaʻa iā ia ma muli o ka hoʻoikaika a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka haku mele a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kākau mele. ʻO ka kamaʻilio ʻana me Tchaikovsky lāua ʻo Taneyev i kōkua i ka lanakila ʻana i ka monotony o nā ʻenehana i ʻike ʻia e nā mea mele he nui i nā hana mua a Glazunov. ʻO ka manaʻo ākea a me ke keaka pahū o nā mele a Tchaikovsky i noho malihini i ka poʻe i kāohi ʻia, i pani ʻia a paʻa i kāna mau hōʻike ʻuhane ʻo Glazunov. I loko o kahi moʻolelo moʻolelo pōkole, "ʻO koʻu kamaʻāina me Tchaikovsky," i kākau ʻia ma hope loa, ʻōlelo ʻo Glazunov: "Noʻu iho, e ʻōlelo wau ua ʻokoʻa koʻu mau manaʻo i ke kiʻi mai ko Tchaikovsky. Eia naʻe, i ke aʻo ʻana i kāna mau hana, ua ʻike au i nā mea hou a me nā mea aʻoaʻo no mākou, nā mea hoʻokani pila i kēlā manawa. Ua huki au i ka manaʻo i ka mea, ʻo ia ka mea mele mele symphonic, ua hoʻokomo ʻo Pyotr Ilyich i nā mea o ka opera i loko o ka symphony. Ua hoʻomaka wau e kūlou nui ʻaʻole i ka mea kumuhana o kāna mau hana, akā i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā manaʻo, ke ʻano a me ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano ma ka laulā.

ʻO ka Rapprochement me Taneyev a me Laroche i ka hopena o nā makahiki 80 i kōkua i ka makemake o Glazunov i ka polyphony, ua kuhikuhi iā ia e aʻo i ka hana a nā haku kahiko o nā kenekulia XNUMXth-XNUMXth. Ma hope mai, i kona wā e aʻo ai i ka papa polyphony ma St. Petersburg Conservatory, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Glazunov e hoʻoulu i ka ʻono no kēia kiʻi kiʻekiʻe i kāna mau haumāna. Ua kākau kekahi o kāna mau haumāna punahele, ʻo MO Steinberg, me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i kāna mau makahiki conservatory: “Maʻaneʻi ua kamaʻāina mākou i nā hana a nā mea kūʻē nui o nā kula Dutch a me Italia ... Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei au i ka mahalo ʻana o AK Glazunov i ke akamai like ʻole o Josquin, Orlando Lasso. , Palestrina, Gabrieli, pehea kana i hoeha mai ai ia makou, na moa opiopio, ka poe i ike pono ole i keia mau maalea, me ka hoihoi.

Ua hoʻomaka kēia mau leʻaleʻa hou i ka hopohopo a me ka ʻae ʻole i waena o nā kumu aʻoaʻo o Glazunov ma St. Petersburg, nona ka "kula Lūkini hou". ʻO Rimsky-Korsakov i loko o ka "Chronicle" me ke akahele a me ke kāohi ʻana, akā maopopo loa, e ʻōlelo ana i nā ʻano hou o ka pōʻai Belyaev, pili me ka hale ʻaina "noho" ʻo Glazunov a me Lyadov me Tchaikovsky, e kauo ana ma hope o ke aumoe, e pili ana i ka ʻoi aku ka pinepine. halawai me Laroche. "Ka manawa hou - nā manu hou, nā manu hou - nā mele hou," wahi āna i kēia mea. ʻO kāna mau ʻōlelo waha i loko o ka pōʻai o nā hoaaloha a me nā poʻe like ʻole i ʻoi aku ka pololei a me ka categorical. Ma nā moʻolelo a VV Yastrebtsev, aia nā ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka "mana ikaika loa o ko Laroshev (Taneev's?) manaʻo" ma Glazunov, e pili ana iā "Glazunov i hele pupule loa", e hōʻino ana ʻo ia "ma lalo o ka mana o S. Taneyev (a malia paha). ʻO Laroche ) ua maʻalili iki i Tchaikovsky.

ʻAʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo pono ʻia kēlā mau ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi. ʻAʻole i pili ka makemake o Glazunov e hoʻonui i kāna mau mele mele me ka haʻalele ʻana i kona mau aloha a me kona aloha: ua kumu ia e ka makemake maoli maoli e hele ma mua o ka "directive" a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻike pōʻai, e lanakila ai i ka inertia o nā ʻano aesthetic preconceived. nā pae hoʻohālikelike. Ua pale ikaika ʻo Glazunov i kona kuleana i ke kūʻokoʻa a me ke kūʻokoʻa o ka hoʻokolokolo. Ua huli ʻo ia iā SN Kruglikov me kahi noi e hōʻike i ka hana ʻana o kāna Serenade no ka mea hoʻokani pila ma kahi ʻaha mele o Moscow RMO, ua kākau ʻo ia: "E ʻoluʻolu e kākau e pili ana i ka hana a me nā hopena o koʻu noho ʻana i ke ahiahi me Taneyev. Ua pāpā mai ʻo Balakirev lāua ʻo Stasov iaʻu no kēia, akā paʻakikī wau i ka ʻae ʻole iā lākou a ʻaʻole i ʻae, akā, ke manaʻo nei au he ʻano manaʻo hoʻomāinoino kēia ma kā lākou ʻaoʻao. Ma keʻano laulā, i loko o nā pōʻai i paniʻia, "hikiʻole ke hiki", e like me kā mākou pōʻai, he nui nā hemahema liʻiliʻi a me nā moa wahine.

Ma ka manaʻo maoli o ka huaʻōlelo, ʻo ko Glazunov kamaʻāina me Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen, i hoʻokani ʻia e kahi hui opera Kelemania i mākaʻikaʻi iā St. Petersburg i ka puna o 1889, he hōʻike. ʻO kēia hanana i koi iā ia e hoʻololi i ka manaʻo kānalua i mua iā Wagner, āna i haʻi mua ai me nā alakaʻi o ke "kula Lūkini hou". Hoʻololi ʻia ka hilinaʻi ʻole a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana e ka huhū wela. ʻO Glazunov, e like me kāna i ʻae ai ma kahi leka iā Tchaikovsky, "manaʻoʻiʻo iā Wagner." Paʻi ʻia e ka "mana kumu" o ka leo o ka Wagner orchestra, ʻo ia, ma kāna mau ʻōlelo ponoʻī, "ua nalowale ka ʻono no nā mea kani ʻē aʻe", akā naʻe, me ka poina ʻole e hana i kahi mea nui: "ʻoiaʻiʻo, no kekahi manawa. ” I kēia manawa, ua kaʻana like ʻia ka makemake o Glazunov e kāna kumu ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov, ka mea i hāʻule i lalo o ka mana o ka palette leo nani i waiwai i nā kala like ʻole o ka mea kākau o The Ring.

ʻO ke kahawai o nā manaʻo hou i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma luna o ka mea haku mele ʻōpio me kahi ʻano hoʻomohala ʻole a palupalu i kekahi manawa alakaʻi iā ia i kekahi huikau: ua lawe ka manawa e ʻike a hoʻomaopopo i kēia mau mea a pau i loko, e ʻike i kona ala i waena o ka nui o nā ʻano hana like ʻole, nā manaʻo. a me nā mea nani i wehe ʻia i mua ona. Nā kūlana, Ua hoʻokumu kēia i kēlā mau manawa o ka kānalua a me ka kānalua iā ia iho, kahi āna i kākau ai i ka makahiki 1890 iā Stasov, nāna i hoʻokipa maikaʻi i kāna mau hana mua ma ke ʻano he haku mele: "I ka manawa mua ua maʻalahi nā mea āpau iaʻu. I kēia manawa, liʻiliʻi iki koʻu akamai, a ʻike pinepine wau i nā manawa ʻeha o ka kānalua a me ka manaʻo ʻole, a hiki i koʻu kū ʻana i kekahi mea, a laila hele nā ​​mea a pau e like me ka wā ma mua ... ". Ma ka manawa like, ma kahi leka iā Tchaikovsky, ua ʻae ʻo Glazunov i nā pilikia i loaʻa iā ia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kāna mau manaʻo noʻonoʻo ma muli o "ka ʻokoʻa o nā manaʻo o ka mea kahiko a me ka mea hou."

Ua manaʻo ʻo Glazunov i ka pōʻino o ka hahai makapō a me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona "Kuchkist" o ka wā i hala, i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hana a kahi haku mele o nā talena liʻiliʻi i ka hana hou ʻana o ka epigone i nā mea i hala a haku ʻia. "ʻO nā mea hou a me nā mea akamai i nā makahiki 60 a me 70," i kākau ai ʻo ia iā Kruglikov, "i kēia manawa, e hoʻopaʻa ʻia (ʻoi aku ka nui), ua parodied, a no laila ke hana nei nā mea hahai o ke kula akamai o nā haku mele Lūkini i ka hope. he lawelawe ino loa”. Ua hōʻike ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov i nā manaʻo like ʻole ma kahi ʻano ʻoi aku ka wehe a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana, e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka mokuʻāina o ke "kula Lūkini hou" i nā makahiki 90 mua me kahi "ʻohana make-out" a i ʻole kahi "māla maloʻo." "… ʻIke wau," i kākau ai ʻo ia i ka mea i kamaʻilio ʻia e Glazunov me kāna mau manaʻo hauʻoli, "ʻo ia kula Lūkini hou a make paha kekahi pūʻulu ikaika, a hoʻololi ʻia i mea ʻē aʻe, makemake ʻole ʻia.

Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau loiloi koʻikoʻi a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana ma luna o ka ʻike o ka luhi o kekahi ʻano o nā kiʻi a me nā kumumanaʻo, ka pono e ʻimi i nā manaʻo hou a me nā ala o kā lākou ʻano hana kiʻi. Akā ʻo ke ala e hoʻokō ai i kēia pahuhopu, ʻimi ke kumu a me ka haumāna ma nā ala like ʻole. Ma muli o ka manaʻo kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻuhane, ua hoʻoikaika ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov kumu aʻoaʻo democrat, ʻo ka mea mua, e haku i nā hana koʻikoʻi hou, e ʻike i nā mea hou i ke ola o ka poʻe a me ke ʻano kanaka. No ka Glazunov ideologically ʻoi aku ka passive, ʻaʻole ka mea nui ia, as, ua lawe ʻia nā hana o kahi hoʻolālā mele kūikawā. "ʻO nā hana moʻokalaleo, nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo, ethical a hoʻomana hoʻi, nā manaʻo kiʻi kiʻi he malihini iā ​​ia," i kākau ai ʻo Ossovsky, ka mea i ʻike maikaʻi i ka haku mele, "a ua pani ʻia nā puka o ka luakini o kāna kiʻi iā lākou. Manaʻo wale ʻo AK Glazunov i ke mele a me kāna mele ponoʻī wale nō - ka nani o nā manaʻo ʻuhane.

Inā i loko o kēia hoʻokolokolo aia kekahi mahele o ka manaʻo polemical koi, pili me ka antipathy i hōʻike ʻia e Glazunov iā ia iho ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa i nā wehewehe waha o nā manaʻo mele, a laila ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa ke kūlana o ka mea haku mele i hōʻike ʻia e Ossovsky pololei. I ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi manawa o nā ʻimi kūʻē a me nā leʻaleʻa i loko o nā makahiki o ka hoʻoholo ʻana iā ia iho, ʻo Glazunov i kona mau makahiki makua e hele mai i kahi kiʻi intellectualized kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻaʻole manuahi mai ka inertia hoʻonaʻauao, akā impeccably koʻikoʻi i ka ʻono, maopopo a holoʻokoʻa.

ʻO nā mele a Glazunov e hoʻomaluʻia e ka māmā, nā kani kāne. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ʻo ia e ka naʻau haʻahaʻa passive i ʻike ʻia i nā epigones o Tchaikovsky, a i ʻole ke keaka hohonu a ikaika o ka mea kākau o Pathetique. Inā ʻike ʻia nā ʻōpuʻu o ka hauʻoli nui i kekahi manawa i kāna mau hana, a laila e nalowale koke lākou, e hāʻawi ana i ka noʻonoʻo mālie a me ka lokahi o ka honua, a ʻaʻole i loaʻa kēia kuʻikahi ma ka hakakā ʻana a me ka lanakila ʻana i nā hakakā ʻuhane ʻoi loa, akā, e like me ia. , i hookumu mua ia. ("ʻO kēia ke kū'ē pololei o Tchaikovsky!" 'Ōleloʻo Ossovsky e pili ana i ka Glazunov's Eighth Symphony. "ʻO ka papa o nā hanana," haʻi mai ka mea pena iā mākou, "ua hoʻoholo muaʻia, a e hele mai nā mea a pau i ka lokahi honua").

Hāʻawi pinepine ʻia ʻo Glazunov i nā mea pena kiʻi o kahi ʻano pahuhopu, nona ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia i mua, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. ʻO ia iho, ʻaʻole i haʻalele ka manaʻo o ka ʻike honua kiʻi i ka manaʻo o ka dinamism o nā kaʻina ola a me kahi ʻano ikaika a maikaʻi iā lākou. Akā ʻaʻole like, no ka laʻana, ʻo Borodin, ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike i kēia mau ʻano i loko o ke ʻano pilikino o Glazunov. I ka holo ʻana a me ka maʻalahi o kāna manaʻo mele, hoʻopilikia wale ʻia e nā hōʻike o ka ʻōlelo lyrical ikaika loa, i kekahi manawa ke manaʻo nei kekahi i kekahi inhibition i loko. Hoʻololi ʻia ka hoʻomohala thematic ikaika e kahi ʻano pāʻani o nā ʻāpana melodic liʻiliʻi, e pili ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka rhythmic a me ka timbre-register a i ʻole i hui pū ʻia me ka contrapuntally, e hana ana i kahi kāhiko lace paʻakikī a me ka waihoʻoluʻu.

ʻO ka hana o ka polyphony ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻomohala kumuhana a me ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ʻano hoʻohui i hoʻopau ʻia ma Glazunov he mea nui loa. Hoʻohana nui ʻo ia i kāna mau ʻenehana like ʻole, a hiki i nā ʻano paʻakikī loa o ka counterpoint vertically movable, ʻoiai ma kēia ʻano he haumāna kūpaʻa a hahai ʻo Taneyev, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokūkū pinepine ma ke ʻano o ka mākaukau polyphonic. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana iā Glazunov ʻo "ka counterpointist Lūkini nui, e kū ana ma ka pass mai ka XNUMXth a hiki i ke kenekulia XNUMX," ʻike ʻo Asafiev i ke ʻano o kāna "musical worldview" i kāna penchant no ka kākau polyphonic. ʻO ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka saturation o ka lole mele me ka polyphony e hāʻawi iā ia i kahi maʻalahi o ke kahe, akā i ka manawa like kekahi viscosity a me ka hana ʻole. E like me kā Glazunov i hoʻomanaʻo ai, i ka wā i nīnau ʻia ai e pili ana i nā hemahema o kāna ʻano kākau, ua pane pōkole ʻo Tchaikovsky: "ʻO kekahi mau lōʻihi a me ka nele o nā hoʻomaha." Loaʻa ka ʻike kikoʻī i hopu ʻia e Tchaikovsky i kahi manaʻo koʻikoʻi ma kēia ʻano: ʻo ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka lole mele e alakaʻi i ka nāwaliwali o nā ʻokoʻa a me ka uhi ʻana i nā laina ma waena o nā hana manaʻo like ʻole.

ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mele a Glazunov, he mea paʻakikī i kekahi manawa ke ʻike, ua manaʻo ʻo Karatygin "ʻo kona ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa" a i ʻole, e like me ka wehewehe ʻana o ka mea hoʻohewa, "e hoʻohana i ka huaʻōlelo a Tolstoy, ʻo Glazunov hiki ke hoʻopōʻino i ka mea hoʻolohe. nā leo 'kaumaha' o kāna kiʻi." ʻAʻole i ninini ʻia kahi manaʻo lyrical pilikino i loko o ke mele a Glazunov e like me ka ikaika a pololei e like me ka laʻana, ma Tchaikovsky a i ʻole Rachmaninoff. A i ka manawa like, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke ʻae me Karatygin ʻo nā manaʻo o ka mea kākau e "ʻeha mau ʻia e kahi mānoanoa nui o ka ʻenehana maʻemaʻe." Glazunov mele 'aʻole malihini i ka lyrical mehana a me ka 'oiaʻiʻo, e uhaʻi ma ka mea kaua o ka loa paʻakikī a me ka ingenious polyphonic plexuses, akā, i kona mau lyrics i na hiʻona o ka chaste restraint, clarity a me ka contemplative maluhia inherent i loko o ka holoʻokoʻa haku kiʻi o ka haku mele. ʻO kāna mele, me ka ʻole o nā leo hoʻohālikelike ʻoi, ʻike ʻia e ka nani plastik a me ka poepoe, ka like ʻole a me ka wikiwiki ʻole.

ʻO ka mea mua e kū aʻe i ka wā e hoʻolohe ai i ka mele a Glazunov he manaʻo o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka density, ka waiwai a me ka momona o ke kani, a laila ʻike ʻia ka hiki ke hahai i ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana o kahi lole polyphonic paʻakikī a me nā hoʻololi ʻokoʻa āpau i nā kumuhana nui. . ʻAʻole i hoʻokani ʻia ka hana hope ma kēia ʻano e ka ʻōlelo harmonic kala a me ka mea hoʻokani pila piha leo ʻo Glazunov. ʻO ka noʻonoʻo orchestral-harmonic o ka mea haku mele, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma lalo o ka mana o kāna poʻe Lūkini kokoke loa (ʻo Borodin a me Rimsky-Korsakov), a me ka mea kākau o Der Ring des Nibelungen, aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona pilikino. Ma kahi kamaʻilio e pili ana i kāna "Guide to Instrumentation," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov: "Ua ʻoi aku ka māmā o kaʻu mele mele ma mua o Alexander Konstantinovich, akā ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe o nā hiʻohiʻona o kahi" symphonic tutti. ” ʻoiai ʻo Glazunov wale nō nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole. e like me kou makemake, no ka mea, ma ka laulā, ʻoi aku ka paʻa a me ka ʻoi aku o kāna orkestra ma mua o kaʻu.

ʻAʻole ʻālohilohi a ʻālohilohi ka papa mele ʻo Glazunov, e ʻālohilohi ana me nā kala like ʻole, e like me Korsakov: ʻo kona nani kūikawā aia i ke ahiahi a me ka mālie o ka hoʻololi ʻana, e hana ana i ka manaʻo o ka ʻoluʻolu o nā leo nui a paʻa. ʻAʻole i hoʻoikaika nui ka mea haku mele no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ke kūʻē ʻana i nā mea kani, akā no kā lākou hui ʻana, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā papa orchestral nui, ʻo ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana e like me ka hoʻololi a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā papa inoa i ka wā e pāʻani ana i ke okana.

Me nā ʻano kumu like ʻole a pau, ʻo ka hana a Glazunov kahi mea hoʻohui a me nā mea kūlohelohe. ʻOiai kona mau hiʻohiʻona o kahi kaʻawale hoʻonaʻauao kaulana a me ka haʻalele ʻana mai nā pilikia maoli o kona manawa, hiki iā ia ke hoʻohauʻoli i kona ikaika i loko, ka manaʻo hauʻoli a me ka momona o nā kala, ʻaʻole e haʻi i ke akamai nui a me ka noʻonoʻo pono o nā mea āpau. kikoʻī.

ʻAʻole i hiki koke mai ka haku mele i kēia lokahi a me ka piha o ke ʻano. ʻO ka ʻumi makahiki ma hope o ka First Symphony, ʻo ia ka manawa o ka ʻimi a me ka hana ikaika iā ia iho, e auwana ana ma waena o nā hana like ʻole a me nā pahuhopu i huki iā ia me ke kākoʻo paʻa ʻole, a i kekahi manawa he hoʻopunipuni a me nā hemahema. Ma kahi o ka waena o nā makahiki 90 wale nō i hiki ai iā ia ke lanakila i nā hoʻowalewale a me nā hoʻowalewale i alakaʻi ai i nā leʻaleʻa koʻikoʻi ʻaoʻao a komo i ke ala ākea o ka hana hoʻomohala kūʻokoʻa. ʻO kahi manawa pōkole o ka ʻumi a i ʻumikumamālua mau makahiki ma ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia 1905 a me 1906 no Glazunov ka manawa o ka pua ulu kiʻekiʻe loa, i ka manawa i hana ʻia ai ka hapa nui o kāna mau hana maikaʻi loa, ʻoi loa a me nā hana koʻikoʻi. Ma waena o lākou he ʻelima symphonies (mai ka ʻEhā a i ka ʻEwalu e komo pū ana), ʻo ka ʻehā a me ka ʻelima quartets, ka Violin Concerto, nā sonata piano ʻelua, nā ballet ʻekolu a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ma kahi kokoke i ka XNUMX-XNUMX, ua hoʻomaka ka emi ʻana o ka hana hoʻomohala, i hoʻonui mau ʻia a hiki i ka hopena o ke ola o ka haku mele. Ma kahi hapa, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka emi ʻana o ka huahana e nā kūlana o waho a, ma luna o nā mea a pau, e ka nui o ka manawa hoʻonaʻauao, hoʻonohonoho a me nā hana hoʻokele i hāʻule ma luna o nā poʻohiwi o Glazunov e pili ana i kāna koho ʻana i ka pou luna o ka St. Petersburg Conservatory. Akā aia nā kumu o kahi kauoha kūloko, i hoʻokumu mua ʻia i ka hōʻole ʻana i kēlā mau ʻano hou loa i hōʻoiaʻiʻo a hoʻopaʻapaʻa iā lākou iho i ka hana a me ke ola mele o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX, a ʻo kekahi hapa paha, i kekahi mau kumu pilikino i loaʻa. ʻaʻole i wehewehe piha ʻia. .

Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kaʻina hana noʻeau, ua loaʻa i nā kūlana o Glazunov kahi ʻano hoʻonaʻauao a palekana. ʻO nā mele a pau o ʻEulopa o ka manawa post-Wagnerian i hōʻole ʻia e ia: ma ka hana a Richard Strauss, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i loaʻa i kekahi mea akā ʻo "cacophony hoʻopailua", ʻo nā French Impressionist he malihini a antipathetic iā ia. ʻO nā mea haku mele Lūkini, ua aloha ʻo Glazunov iā Scriabin, ka mea i hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia ma ka pōʻai Belyaev, mahalo i kāna Sonata ʻEhā, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke ʻae hou i ka Poem of Ecstasy, nona ka hopena "hoʻohaʻahaʻa" iā ia. ʻOiai ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov i hoʻopiʻi ʻia e Glazunov no ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma kāna mau kākau ʻana "ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo ia i kona manawa." A ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia no Glazunov nā mea a pau a ka ʻōpio Stravinsky a me Prokofiev i hana ai, ʻaʻole e haʻi i nā ʻano mele mele hope o nā makahiki 20.

ʻO kēlā ʻano manaʻo i nā mea hou a pau e hāʻawi iā Glazunov i kahi manaʻo o ka mehameha hana, ʻaʻole ia i kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi lewa maikaʻi no kāna hana ponoʻī ma ke ʻano he haku mele. ʻO ka hope, hiki paha ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o ka "hāʻawi ʻana iā ia iho" i ka hana a Glazunov, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke loaʻa i kahi mea ʻē aʻe e ʻōlelo ai me ka hīmeni ʻole ʻana iā ia iho. Ma lalo o kēia mau kūlana, hiki i ka hana ma ka conservatory ke hoʻonāwaliwali a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kēlā manaʻo o ka nele, ʻaʻole hiki ke ala aʻe ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka hana hoʻomohala. E like me ia, mai ka makahiki 1905, i loko o kāna mau leka, lohe mau ʻia nā hoʻopiʻi e pili ana i ka paʻakikī o ka haku mele, ka nele o nā manaʻo hou, "nā kānalua pinepine" a me ka makemake ʻole e kākau mele.

I ka pane ana i ka palapala mai Rimsky-Korsakov i hiki ole mai ia makou, apparently censing kona aloha haumana no kona hana hana, Glazunov i kākau i loko o Nowemapa 1905: 'oe, e kaʻu mea aloha, ka mea aʻu i lili no ka pakaua o ka ikaika, a, hope, ʻO koʻu mau makahiki a hiki i 80 wale nō… Manaʻo wau i nā makahiki e lilo au i mea kūpono ʻole e lawelawe i nā kānaka a i ʻole nā ​​​​manaʻo. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia haʻi ʻawaʻawa i ka hopena o ka maʻi lōʻihi o Glazunov a me nā mea a pau āna i ʻike ai e pili ana i nā hanana o 60. Akā naʻe, i ka wā i lilo ai ka ʻoi o kēia mau ʻike i mea palupalu, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i manaʻo i kahi koi wikiwiki no ka hana mele. Ma ke ʻano he haku mele, ua hōʻike piha ʻo Glazunov iā ia iho i kona mau makahiki he kanahā, a ʻo nā mea a pau āna i kākau ai i nā makahiki he kanakolu i koe he mea liʻiliʻi i kāna mea i hana ai ma mua. Ma kahi hōʻike e pili ana iā Glazunov, heluhelu ʻia ma 40, ua ʻike ʻo Ossovsky i ka "hōʻemi o ka mana hana" o ka mea haku mele mai ka makahiki 1905, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hiki mai kēia hāʻule i kahi ʻumi makahiki ma mua. ʻO ka papa inoa o nā haku mele hou a Glazunov mai ka pau ʻana o ka Eighth Symphony (1949–1917) a hiki i ka hāʻule o 1905, ua kaupalena ʻia i hoʻokahi kakini mau helu orchestral, ka hapa nui ma ke ʻano liʻiliʻi. (Work on the Ninth Symphony, i hāpai ʻia i ka makahiki 1904, o ka inoa like me ka Eighth, ʻaʻole i holomua ma mua o ke kiʻi o ka neʻe mua.), a me nā mele no nā hana hoʻokani pila - "The King of the Jews" a me "Masquerade". ʻElua concerto piano, i kākau ʻia i ka makahiki 1911 a me 1917, ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā manaʻo mua.

Ma hope o ka ʻOkakopa Revolution, ua noho ʻo Glazunov ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi o ka Petrograd-Leningrad Conservatory, ua hana ikaika i nā hanana mele a me ka hoʻonaʻauao, a hoʻomau i kāna hana ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi. Akā ʻo kona kūʻēʻē ʻana me nā ʻano hou i ke kahua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mele i hoʻonui ʻia a lawe i nā ʻano ʻoi aku ka nui. Loaʻa nā ʻano hou me ke aloha a me ke kākoʻo ma waena o kahi ʻāpana o ka conservatory professorship, nāna i ʻimi i nā hoʻoponopono i ke kaʻina hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hana hou ʻana o ka repertoire kahi i hānai ʻia ai nā haumāna ʻōpio. Ma kēia'ano, ua ulu mai nā paio a me nā kū'ē'ē, ma muli o ke kūlana o Glazunov, ka mea i mālama pa'a i ka ma'ema'e a me ka pono'ole o nā kumu ku'una o ke kula Rimsky-Korsakov, ua lilo i mea pa'akikī a pinepine pinepine.

ʻO kēia kekahi o nā kumu, i kona haʻalele ʻana i Vienna i ka makahiki 1928 ma ke ʻano he lālā o ke kiure o ka International Competition i hoʻonohonoho ʻia no ke kenekulia o ka make ʻana o Schubert, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻi i kona ʻāina hānau. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ka nohona kamaʻāina a me nā hoaaloha kahiko ʻo Glazunov i paʻakikī. ʻOiai ka manaʻo mahalo o nā mea hoʻokani mele nui loa iā ia, ʻaʻole i haʻalele ka manaʻo o ka mehameha pilikino a me ka noʻonoʻo i ka poʻe maʻi a ʻaʻole i ka haku mele ʻōpio, ka mea i koi ʻia e alakaʻi i kahi ʻano hana luhi a luhi ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi huakaʻi. Ma nā ʻāina ʻē, ua kākau ʻo Glazunov i kekahi mau hana, akā ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻohauʻoli nui iā ia. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kona ʻano noʻonoʻo i nā makahiki hope o kona ola ʻana e nā laina mai kahi leka iā MO Steinberg i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lā 26 ʻApelila 1929: "E like me kā Poltava i ʻōlelo ai e pili ana iā Kochubey, ua loaʻa iaʻu ʻekolu mau waiwai - ka hoʻokumu ʻana, ka pilina me kaʻu hale punahele a me ka ʻaha mele. nā hana hōʻikeʻike. Ua hewa kekahi mea i ka mea mua, a ua maʻalili ka hoihoi i nā hana hope, ma muli paha o ko lākou lohi ʻana i ka paʻi ʻana. Ua hāʻule nui nō hoʻi koʻu mana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila… Ke mau nei ka manaʻolana no ka "colporterism" (Mai ka colporter Farani - e hoʻolaha, e puʻunaue. ʻO Glazunov ke ʻano o nā ʻōlelo a Glinka, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana me Meyerbeer: "ʻAʻole wau makemake e hāʻawi. kaʻu mau haku mele") o kaʻu mele ponoʻī a me kekahi mea ʻē aʻe, kahi i mālama ai au i koʻu ikaika a me koʻu hiki ke hana. ʻO kēia kahi aʻu e hoʻopau ai. "

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Ua ʻike lōʻihi ʻia ka hana a Glazunov a ua lilo ʻo ia i ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻoilina mele kahiko o Rūsia. Inā ʻaʻole e haʻalulu kāna mau hana i ka mea hoʻolohe, mai hoʻopā i ka hohonu o ke ola ʻuhane, a laila hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi i ka leʻaleʻa aesthetic a me ka leʻaleʻa me ko lākou mana elemental a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o loko, i hui pū ʻia me ka noʻonoʻo naʻauao o ka noʻonoʻo, ka lokahi a me ka piha o ke ʻano. ʻO ka mea haku mele o ka hui "transitional", e waiho ana ma waena o ʻelua mau manawa o ka lā nani o nā mele Lūkini, ʻaʻole ʻo ia he mea hana hou, he mea ʻike i nā ala hou. Akā ʻo ke akamai nui a maikaʻi loa, me kahi kālena kūlohelohe maoli, ka waiwai a me ka lokomaikaʻi o ka mea hoʻomohala, ua ʻae iā ia e hana i nā hana he nui o ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole naʻe i nalowale i ka hoihoi topical ola. Ma ke ʻano he kumu a me ka lehulehu, ua kōkua nui ʻo Glazunov i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā kumu o ka moʻomeheu mele Lūkini. Hoʻoholo kēia mau mea i kona koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he mea nui o ka moʻomeheu mele Lūkini i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX.

ʻO Yu. Hele mai