Wilhelm Friedemann Bach |
Wilhelm Friedemann Bach
… ua kamaʻilio mai ʻo ia iaʻu e pili ana i ke mele a e pili ana i kahi mea hoʻokani kani nui i kapa ʻia ʻo WF Bach ... He makana koʻikoʻi kēia mea hoʻokani no nā mea a pau aʻu i lohe ai (a i ʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo), e pili ana i ka hohonu o ka ʻike harmonic a me ka mana o ka hana ... G. van Swiegen – Alii. Kaunitz Berlin, 1774
Ua waiho nā keiki kāne a JS Bach i kahi hōʻailona kukui ma ke mele o ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO ka galaxy nani o nā kaikunāne ʻehā i alakaʻi pono ʻia e ka hiapo o lākou ʻo Wilhelm Friedemann, i kapa ʻia ma ka mōʻaukala e ka "Gallic" Bach. ʻO ka hānau mua a me ka punahele, a me kekahi o nā haumāna mua o kona makuakāne nui, ʻo Wilhelm Friedemann i hoʻoili i nā kuʻuna i hoʻoilina iā ia i ka nui loa. "Eia kaʻu keiki aloha," wahi a Johann Sebastian, e like me ka moʻolelo, "i loko ona koʻu makemake maikaʻi." ʻAʻole ia he mea i manaʻo ʻia ka mea kākau moʻolelo mua o JS Bach, I. Forkel, ʻo "Wilhelm Friedemann, ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke mele, ʻo ia ka mea kokoke loa i kona makuakāne," a ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻonohonoho nā mea kākau moʻolelo o kāna keiki iā ia i waena o "" nā kauā hope loa o ka moʻomeheu okana baroque. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i emi iki ke ʻano ʻē aʻe: "he aloha i waena o nā haku mele mele rococo." ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe kūʻē ma ʻaneʻi.
Ua pili like ʻo Wilhelm Friedemann i ka noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole ʻole, nā ʻano kuʻuna a me nā lyricism hohonu, ka pastorality a me ka elasticity o nā mele hula. Mai ka wā kamaliʻi mai, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻonaʻauao mele a ka mea haku mele ma ke kahua ʻoihana. No ia, ua hoʻomaka ka JS Bach mua e kākau i nā "haʻawina" no ka clavier, a me nā hana i koho ʻia e nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka "Clavier Book of WF Bach" kaulana. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia mau haʻawina - eia nā preludes, nā mea i hana ʻia, nā ʻāpana hula, nā hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka chorale, i lilo i kula no nā hanauna a pau ma hope - e hōʻike ana i ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o Wilhelm Friedemann ma ke ʻano he harpsichordist. Ua lawa ka ʻōlelo ʻana ua manaʻo ʻia nā preludes o ka Volume I o ka Well-Tempered Clavier, kahi ʻāpana o ka puke puke, no kahi mea hoʻokani pila he ʻumikūmālua makahiki (!). I ka makahiki 1726, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā haʻawina violin me IG Braun i nā haʻawina clavier, a i ka makahiki 1723 ua puka ʻo Friedemann mai ka Leipzig Thomasschule, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi hoʻonaʻauao ākea paʻa no kahi mea hoʻokani pila ma ke Kulanui o Leipzig. I ka manawa like, he mea kōkua ikaika ʻo ia iā Johann Sebastian (i kēlā manawa ka cantor o ka Ekalesia o St. Thomas), nāna i alakaʻi i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā pāʻina, e hoʻololi pinepine ana i kona makuakāne ma ka ʻoka. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua ʻike ʻia ka Six Organ Sonatas i kēlā manawa, i kākau ʻia e Bach, e like me Forkel, "no kāna keiki hiapo ʻo Wilhelm Friedemann, i mea e hoʻolilo ai iā ia i haku o ka hoʻokani ʻana i ka ʻoka, a ua lilo ʻo ia ma hope." ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, ua hele maikaʻi ʻo Wilhelm Friedemann i ka hoʻāʻo no ka pou o ka mea organist ma ka Ekalesia o St. Johann Sebastian. Ua hoʻokani ʻo Pāpā a me kāna keiki i nā concerto pālua, i haku ʻia e Bach Sr. no kēia manawa. ʻO nā makahiki 1733 ʻo Dresden kahi manawa o ka ulu ulu ʻana o ka mea hoʻokani pila, i hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ʻia e ka lewa o kekahi o nā kikowaena mele maikaʻi loa ma ʻEulopa. I loko o ka pōʻai o nā kamaʻāina hou o ka ʻōpio Leipzigian, ʻo ke poʻo o ka Dresden Opera ka mea kaulana ʻo I. Hasse a me kāna wahine kaulana ʻole, ʻo ka mea mele F. Bordoni, a me nā mea hoʻokani pila o ke aloaliʻi. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua pio ka poʻe Dresdeners e ke akamai o Wilhelm Friedemann, he mea hoʻokani pila a hoʻokani ʻokena. Lilo ʻo ia i mea hoʻonaʻauao kiʻi.
I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole hiki i ka mea hoʻokani kani o ka halepule Protestant, kahi i kūpaʻa nui ai ʻo Wilhelm Friedemann e like me ke kauoha a kona makuakāne, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke ʻike i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka Dresden Katolika, kahi i lilo ai i mea hoʻoikaika no ka neʻe ʻana i kahi kula hanohano ma ka honua Kalawina. I ka makahiki 1746, ua lawe ʻo Wilhelm Friedemann (me ka hoʻāʻo ʻole!) i ke kūlana hanohano loa o ka mea hoʻokani pila ma ka Liebfrauenkirche ma Halle, a lilo ʻo ia i pani kūpono no F. Tsakhov (kumu GF Handel) a me S. Scheidt, ka mea i hoʻonani mua i ko lākou pā hale.
No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kāna mau mea ma mua, ua huki ʻo Wilhelm Friedemann i ka ʻohana me kāna mau hana hoʻoikaika. Ua lilo ʻo "Gallic" Bach i luna hoʻokani mele o ke kūlanakauhale, nona nā hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā ʻahaʻaina kūlanakauhale a me ka hale pule, kahi i komo ai nā hui mele a me nā ʻaha mele o nā hale pule nui ʻekolu o ke kūlanakauhale. Mai poina iā Wilhelm Friedemann a me kāna kamaʻāina Leipzig.
ʻO ka manawa Gallic, kahi i hala ma kahi o 20 mau makahiki, ʻaʻole i ao ʻole. "ʻO Mr. Wilhelm Friedemann maikaʻi loa a naʻauao," i kapa ʻia ʻo ia i kona manawa i loko o ka kono Gallic, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi inoa, kūʻē i nā mākua o ke kūlanakauhale, he kanaka noʻonoʻo kūʻokoʻa ʻaʻole makemake e hoʻokō me ke kānalua ʻole. "hoʻoikaika no ke ola pono a hoʻohālike" i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ka ʻaelike. No ka huhū o nā luna ʻekalesia, hele pinepine ʻo ia e ʻimi i kahi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. ʻO ka hope loa, i ka makahiki 1762, ua haʻalele loa ʻo ia i ke kūlana o kahi mea hoʻokani mele "ma ka lawelawe", lilo paha, ʻo ia paha ka mea pena manuahi mua loa i ka mōʻaukala mele.
ʻO Wilhelm Friedemann, ʻaʻole naʻe i hoʻōki i ka mālama ʻana i kona helehelena lehulehu. No laila, ma hope o nā koi lōʻihi, i ka makahiki 1767 ua loaʻa iā ia ka inoa ʻo Darmstadt court Kapellmeister, e hōʻole ana, akā naʻe, ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana e lawe i kēia wahi ʻaʻole nominally, akā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Noho ʻo ia ma Halle, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i loaʻa kahi ola ma ke ʻano he kumu a me ka mea hoʻokalakupua, nāna nō i kāhāhā i ka poʻe ʻike me ke ahi ahi o kāna mau moemoeā. I ka makahiki 1770, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka ʻilihune (ua kūʻai ʻia ka waiwai o kāna wahine ma lalo o ka hāmare), ua neʻe ʻo Wilhelm Friedemann a me kona ʻohana i Braunschweig. Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe biographers i ka manawa ʻo Brunswick he mea ʻino loa ia no ka mea haku mele, nāna i hoʻolilo iā ia iho me ka ʻole o ke aʻo ʻana mau. ʻO ka mālama ʻole ʻana o Wilhelm Friedemann he hopena kaumaha i ka mālama ʻana i nā palapala a kona makuakāne. ʻO ka hoʻoilina i nā inoa inoa ʻo Bach, ua mākaukau ʻo ia e hoʻokaʻawale me lākou. Ma hope wale nō o nā makahiki 4, ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ia, no ka laʻana, i kāna manaʻo penei: “… ua wikiwiki loa koʻu haʻalele ʻana mai Braunschweig a ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke hōʻuluʻulu i ka papa inoa o kaʻu mau memo a me nā puke i waiho ʻia ma laila; e pili ana i ka The Art of Fugue a koʻu makuakāne… Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei au, akā nā haku mele ʻekalesia ʻē aʻe a me nā hoʻonohonoho makahiki…. E ka Mea Hanohano ... ua hoʻohiki lākou e hoʻolilo iaʻu i kālā ma kahi kūʻai kūʻai me ke komo ʻana o kekahi mea hoʻokani pila i hoʻomaopopo i ia palapala.
Ua hoʻouna mua ʻia kēia leka mai Berlin mai, kahi i hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia ai ʻo Wilhelm Friedemann ma ke aloaliʻi o ke Kamāliʻiwahine Anna Amalia, ke kaikuahine o Frederick the Great, he mea aloha mele nui a he kahu hoʻi o ka hana noʻeau, a ua hauʻoli ʻo ia i nā hana hoʻokalakupua a ka haku. Lilo ʻo Anna Amalia i kāna haumāna, a me Sarah Levy (F. Mendelssohn kupuna wahine) a me I. Kirnberger (ka haku mele ʻaha hoʻokolokolo, i kekahi manawa he haumāna na Johann Sebastian, he kahu no Wilhelm Friedemann ma Berlin). Ma kahi o ka mahalo, ua loaʻa i ke kumu hou i kākau ʻia nā manaʻo no kahi o Kirnberger, akā ʻo ka hopena o ka hoʻopiʻi kūʻē iā ia: Ua hoʻonele ʻo Anna-Amalia iā Wilhelm Friedemann i kona lokomaikaʻi.
ʻO nā makahiki he ʻumi hope loa o ke ola o ka mea haku mele ua ʻike ʻia e ka mehameha a me ka hōʻeha. ʻO ka hana mele i loko o kahi pōʻai haiki o ka poʻe akamai ("I ka wā i pāʻani ai ʻo ia, ua hopu ʻia au me ka weliweli kapu," i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo Forkel, "he hanohano a koʻikoʻi nā mea a pau ...") ʻo ia wale nō ka mea i hoʻomālamalama i nā lā pōʻeleʻele. I ka makahiki 1784, ua make ʻo Wilhelm Friedemann, me ka haʻalele ʻana i kāna wahine a me kāna kaikamahine me ke ola ʻole. Ua ʻike ʻia ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi hōʻiliʻili mai ka hana Berlin o Handel's Messiah i ka makahiki 1785 no ko lākou pono. ʻO ia ka hopena kaumaha o ka mea hoʻokani okana mua o Kelemania, e like me ka obituary.
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻoilina o Friedemann. ʻO ka mea mua, e like me Forkel, "ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo ia ma mua o kāna kākau ʻana." Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā manuscripts. ʻAʻole i hōʻike piha ʻia ka apocrypha a Friedemann, ʻo ia ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea hoʻololi ʻole i ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ke ola o ka mea haku mele: i kekahi hihia, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i nā hana a kona makuakāne me kāna pūlima, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia. He aha ka hoihoi o ka hoʻoilina manuscript o Johann Sebastian, ua hoʻohui ʻo ia iā ia i ʻelua o kāna mau hana ponoʻī. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua hāʻawi ʻo Wilhelm Friedemann i ka organ Concerto ma D minor, i iho mai iā mākou ma kahi kope Bach. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, no A. Vivaldi ka mea kākau, a ua hana ʻia ke kope e JS Bach i nā makahiki Weimar, i ka wā kamaliʻi ʻo Friedemann. No nā mea a pau, he nui loa ka hana a Wilhelm Friedemann, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i 4 mau manawa. Ma Leipzig (ma mua o 1733) ua kākau ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana clavier. Ma Dresden (1733-46), ua haku ʻia nā mele mele (concerts, sonatas, symphonies). Ma Halle (1746-70), me nā mele hoʻokani pila, ua ʻike ʻia he 2 kakini cantatas – ʻo ia ka mea hoihoi loa o ka hoʻoilina o Friedemann.
Ma hope o nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae o Johann Sebastian, ua haku pinepine ʻo ia i kāna mau mele mai nā parodies a kona makuakāne a me kāna mau hana mua. Hoʻohui ʻia ka papa inoa o nā hana leo e kekahi mau cantatas secular, ka German Mass, arias pākahi, a me ka opera ʻaʻole i pau ʻo Lausus a me Lydia (1778-79, nalowale), i hāpai ʻia ma Berlin. Ma Braunschweig a me Berlin (1771-84) ua kaupalena ʻo Friedemann iā ia iho i ka harpsichord a me nā haku mele like ʻole. He mea koʻikoʻi ka haʻalele ʻole ʻana o ka mea hoʻoilina hoʻoilina a me ka mea hoʻokalakupua i ke ola. ʻAʻole hiki i ka improviser akamai (a ʻaʻole paha i hoʻoikaika), e hoʻoholo i ka ʻōlelo a Forkel i ʻōlelo mua ʻia, e hoʻoponopono i kāna mau manaʻo mele ma ka pepa.
ʻO ka papa inoa o nā ʻano, ʻaʻole ia he kumu no ka nānā ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ke ʻano o ka haku. ʻO ka fugue "kahiko" a me ka "hou" sonata, symphony a me ka miniature ʻaʻole i hoʻololi i kekahi i kekahi i ka hoʻonohonoho manawa. No laila, ua kākau ʻia nā "pre-romantic" 12 polonaises ma Halle, ʻoiai ʻo 8 fugues, nāna i kumakaia i ka lima kākau lima o ke keiki kāne maoli a ko lākou makuakāne, ua hana ʻia ma Berlin me ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana iā Princess Amalia.
ʻAʻole i hana ʻo "Old" a me "new" i kēlā ʻano "mixed" organik, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau, no ka laʻana, no Philipp Emanuel Bach. ʻO Wilhelm Friedemann ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ka loli mau ma waena o ka "kahiko" a me ka "hou" i kekahi manawa i loko o ke ʻano o ka haku mele hoʻokahi. No ka laʻana, ma ka Concerto kaulana no ʻelua cembalos, ua pane ʻia ka sonata maʻamau i ka neʻe 1 e ke ʻano ʻaha mele baroque maʻamau o ka hopena.
ʻO ke ʻano pohihihi loa ke ʻano o ke ʻano o Wilhelm Friedemann. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, he hoʻomau kēia, a i ʻole kekahi o nā kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka moʻomeheu baroque mua. Me ke kahawai o nā pauku palena ʻole, ka hoʻomaha manuahi, ka haʻi ʻōlelo hōʻike ʻana, ʻike ʻia ʻo Wilhelm Friedemann e pahū i ka ʻili i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e like me, no ka laʻana, i ka Sonata no viola a me clavier, ma 12 polonaises, i nā sonata clavier he nui, thematism bizarre, wiwo ʻole kupaianaha a me ka saturation o ka lokahi, maʻalahi o ka chiaroscuro nui-liʻiliʻi, nā hāʻule rhythmic koi, ke kumu kumu. e like me kekahi mau ʻaoʻao Mozart, Beethoven, a i kekahi manawa ʻo Schubert a me Schumann ʻaoʻao. ʻO kēia ʻaoʻao o ke ʻano o Friedemann ke ala maikaʻi loa e hōʻike aku ai i kēia ʻaoʻao o ke ʻano o Friedemann, ma ke ala, he aloha aloha i ka ʻuhane, ka ʻike a ka mea kākau moʻolelo Kelemania ʻo F. Rochlitz: “Fr. ʻO Bach, kaʻawale mai nā mea a pau, ʻaʻole i hoʻolako ʻia a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia me kahi mea ʻē aʻe he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ka lani noʻonoʻo, auwana, ʻike i nā mea a pau āna i huki ai i ka hohonu o kāna hana.
T. Frumkis
