Ksenia Georgievna Derzhinskaya |

Ksenia Derzhinskaya

ʻO ka hapalua haneli i hala aku nei, i nā lā Iune o ka makahiki 1951, ua make ʻo Ksenia Georgievna Derzhinskaya. Aia ʻo Derzhinskaya i ka galaxy nani o nā mele mele Lūkini o ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia 20, nona nā kiʻi mai ke ʻano o kēia lā me he mea lā he ʻano maʻamau. People's Artist of the USSR, laureate of the Stalin Prize, soloist of the Bolshoi Theatre for more than XNUMX years, professor at the Moscow Conservatory, mea paʻa i nā kauoha Soviet kiʻekiʻe loa - hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kahi ʻike pōkole e pili ana iā ia i loko o kekahi puke encyclopedic reference. , Ua kākau ʻia nā ʻatikala a me nā moʻolelo e pili ana i kāna hana kiʻi i nā makahiki i hala, a ʻo ka mea mua, ʻo ka pono i loko o kēia no ka mea mele kaulana Soviet ʻo EA Grosheva, akā ma ke ʻano he poina kēia inoa i kēia lā.

Ma ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hanohano kahiko o ka Bolshoi, hoʻomanaʻo pinepine mākou i kāna mau mea kahiko kahiko - Chaliapin, Sobinov, Nezhdanova, a i ʻole nā ​​​​hoa, nona ka mea i kaulana loa i nā makahiki Soviet - Obukhova, Kozlovsky, Lemeshev, Barsova, Pirogovsk, Mikhailov. ʻO nā kumu o kēia mea he ʻano ʻokoʻa loa ia: He mea hīmeni ʻo Derzhinskaya i kahi ʻano hoʻonaʻauao koʻikoʻi, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hīmeni i nā mele Soviet, nā mele mele a i ʻole nā ​​​​moʻolelo kahiko, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻokani ma ka lekiō a i ka hale ʻaha mele, ʻoiai ʻo ia. Ua kaulana ʻo ia no kāna unuhi ʻōlelo maʻalahi o ka mele keʻena, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nānā ʻana i ka hana ma ka hale opera, waiho wale i nā leo leo. ʻO kāna mau hana noʻeau he kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka naʻauao, ʻaʻole paha i hiki ke hoʻomaopopo mau ʻia e kona mau wā, akā i ka manawa like me ka maʻalahi a me ke aloha. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe o ka manaʻo o kēia mau kumu, me he mea lā ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia ka poina ʻana o ke akamai o ia haku: ʻO Rūsia ka waiwai maʻamau i nā basses, hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka honua i nā mezzo-sopranos koʻikoʻi a me nā coloratura sopranos, a nā mele o kahi hoʻolālā koʻikoʻi ma ka pālākiō o Derzhinsky ma ka mōʻaukala Lūkini ʻaʻole nui nā leo. ʻO "The Golden Soprano of the Bolshoi Theatre" ʻo ia ka inoa i hāʻawi ʻia iā Ksenia Derzhinskaya e nā poʻe hoihoi o kāna talena. No laila, i kēia lā ke hoʻomanaʻo nei mākou i ka mea mele Lūkini koʻikoʻi, nona ka mea i hoʻonani i ke kahua nui o ka ʻāina no nā makahiki he kanakolu.

Ua hele mai ʻo Derzhinskaya i ke kiʻi Lūkini i kahi manawa paʻakikī a koʻikoʻi nona a no ka hopena o ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa. Malia paha ua hāʻule kona ala hoʻomohala holoʻokoʻa i kahi manawa i noho ai ke ola o ka Bolshoi Theatre a me ke ola o Rūsia, me ke kānalua ʻole, ka hoʻohuli ʻana i kekahi i kekahi, e like me nā kiʻi mai nā honua ʻē aʻe. I ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ʻo ia i kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he mele, a ua hoʻomaka ʻo Derzhinskaya i kāna hana mua i ka makahiki 1913 ma ka opera o ka Sergievsky People's House (hiki ʻo ia i ka Bolshoi ʻelua makahiki ma hope), ua ola ʻo Rūsia i kahi ola pilikia o kahi kanaka maʻi nui. Aia kēlā ʻino nui ma ka paepae. ʻO ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Bolshoi i ka wā ma mua o ke kipi ʻana, he luakini maoli nō ia - ma hope o nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka noho aliʻi ʻana o kahi repertoire lua-helu, haʻihaʻi a me nā hiʻohiʻona, nā leo nāwaliwali, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20 ua loaʻa kēia colossus. ua hoʻololi ʻia ma waho o ka ʻike ʻia, hoʻomaka e ola i kahi ola hou, ʻālohilohi me nā kala hou, e hōʻike ana i ka honua i nā hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha o nā hana maikaʻi loa. ʻO ke kula leo leo Lūkini, a ma luna o nā mea a pau, ma ke ʻano o nā mea hoʻokani solo nui o ka Bolshoi, ua hōʻea i nā kiʻekiʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia, ma ke kahua o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, me ka Chaliapin, Sobinov a me Nezhdanova, Deisha-Sionitskaya a me Salina. ʻO Smirnov lāua ʻo Alchevsky, ʻo Baklanov lāua ʻo Bonachich, ʻo Yermolenko-Yuzhina i hoʻomālamalama a me Balanovskaya. ʻO ia i kahi luakini i hele mai ai ka mea mele ʻōpio i ka makahiki 1915 i mea e hoʻopili mau ai i kona hopena me ia a lawe i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa.

Ua wikiwiki kona komo ʻana i ke ola o ka Bolshoi: ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia ma kāna kahua ʻo Yaroslavna, i ka manawa mua i hīmeni ai ʻo ia i ka hapa o ka liona o ka repertoire dramatic alakaʻi, i komo i ka premiere o The Enchantress, i hoʻololi hou ʻia ma hope o kahi. poina lōʻihi, a ma hope iki ua koho ʻia e ka Chaliapin nui, nāna i hoʻokani i ka manawa mua ma ka Bolshoi Verdi "Don Carlos" a me ke mele ʻana i kēia hana a ke Aliʻi Pilipo, ma ka ʻaoʻao o Elizabeth o Valois.

Ua hele mua ʻo Derzhinskaya i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ke ʻano he mele ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā mua, ʻoiai hoʻokahi wale nō manawa ma hope ona i ka ʻoihana opera. Akā ʻo kāna mau leo ​​leo a me kāna kālena keu i hoʻokomo koke iā ia i waena o ka mea mua a maikaʻi loa. Ua loaʻa iā ia nā mea a pau mai ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāna ʻoihana - nā ʻāpana mua, kahi repertoire e koho ai, kahi alakaʻi - he makua kāne ʻuhane, he hoaaloha a me ke alakaʻi i ke kanaka ʻo Vyacheslav Ivanovich Suk - ua kūpaʻa ʻo Derzhinskaya iā ia a hiki i ka hopena. o kona mau la. ʻO ka impresario o nā hale opera maikaʻi loa o ka honua, me ka New York Metropolitan, ka Paris Grand Opera a me ka Berlin State Opera, ua hoʻāʻo maikaʻi ʻole e kiʻi i ka mea mele no hoʻokahi manawa. Hoʻokahi wale nō manawa i hoʻololi ai ʻo Derzhinskaya i kāna lula, e hana ana i ka makahiki 1926 ma ke kahua o ka Opera ʻo Paris ma kekahi o kāna mau hana maikaʻi loa - ʻo ia ka ʻāpana o Fevronia i alakaʻi ʻia e Emil Cooper. ʻO kāna hana haole wale nō ka lanakila nui - ma ka opera a Rimsky-Korsakov, i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka poʻe hoʻolohe Farani, hōʻike ka mea mele i kāna mau leo ​​leo āpau, e hoʻokele ana e haʻi aku i kahi anaina nani i ka nani a pau o ka haku mele o nā mele mele Lūkini, kona mau pono kūpono. , ka hohonu a me ke kumu. Ua mahalo nā nūpepa Parisian "i ka nani aloha a me ka maʻalahi o kona leo, ke kula maikaʻi loa, ka haʻi ʻōlelo maikaʻi ʻole, a ʻo ka mea nui loa, ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka pāʻani holoʻokoʻa, a no laila ʻaʻole i nāwaliwali ka nānā ʻana iā ia no nā hana ʻehā. minuke." He nui anei ka poʻe mele Lūkini i kēia lā, i loaʻa i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohewa maikaʻi loa ma kekahi o nā poʻo mele o ka honua a loaʻa iā lākou nā makana hoʻowalewale mai nā hale opera poʻokela o ka honua, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke noho ma ke Komohana no kekahi mau kau. ? No ke aha i hōʻole ai ʻo Derzhinskaya i kēia mau manaʻo? Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo ka makahiki 26, ʻaʻole ka 37, ʻoi aku, aia nā hiʻohiʻona like (no ka laʻana, ua hana ka soloist o ka Bolshoi Theatre mezzo Faina Petrova i ʻekolu mau kau ma ka New York Metropolitan Theatre i ka hopena o 20s). He paʻakikī ke pane ʻole i kēia nīnau. Eia nō naʻe, i ko mākou manaʻo, aia kekahi o nā kumu i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke ʻano o ka ʻāina ʻo Derzhinskaya: he mele Lūkini ʻo ia a makemake ʻo ia e hīmeni no kahi anaina Lūkini. Aia i loko o ka repertoire Lūkini i hōʻike nui ʻia ke talena o ka mea pena, ʻo ia nā kuleana i nā ʻakaʻaka Lūkini i kokoke loa i ka manaʻo o ka mea mele. Ua hana ʻo Ksenia Derzhinskaya i kahi kiʻi holoʻokoʻa o nā kiʻi o nā wahine Lūkini i kona ola hoʻomohala: Natasha ma Dargomyzhsky's Mermaid, Gorislava ma Glinka's Ruslan a me Lyudmila, Masha ma Napravnik's Dubrovsky, Tamara ma Rubinstein's The Demon, Yaroslavna ma Borodin's Prince Igor , Kuma Nastasya. ʻO nā opera a Tchaikovsky, Kupava, Militris, Fevroniya a me Vera Sheloga i nā keaka mele a Rimsky-Korsakov. Ua lanakila kēia mau kuleana ma ke kahua hana a ka mea hīmeni. Akā ʻo ka hana maikaʻi loa o Derzhinskaya, e like me ka poʻe contemporaries, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana o Lisa ma Tchaikovsky's opera The Queen of Spades.

ʻO ke aloha i ka repertoire Lūkini a me ka kūleʻa i hele pū me ka mea mele i loko o ia mea ʻaʻole ia e hōʻemi i kāna mau pono i ka repertoire Western, kahi i manaʻo nui ai ʻo ia i nā ʻano like ʻole - Italia, Kelemānia, Farani. ʻO kēlā "omnivorousness", e noʻonoʻo ana i ka ʻono maikaʻi, ka moʻomeheu kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa i ka mea pena, a me ka kūpaʻa o ke ʻano, e ʻōlelo ana i ke ʻano āpau o ke kālena leo o ka mea mele. ʻO ke kahua o Moscow i kēia lā ua poina iā Wagner, e hāʻawi ana i ka Mariinsky Theatre i ke alakaʻi i ke kūkulu ʻana o "Russian Wagneriana", ʻoiai i ka wā ma mua o ke kaua, ua hoʻokani pinepine ʻia nā opera a Wagner ma ka Bolshoi Theatre. I loko o kēia mau hana, ua hōʻike ʻia ke talena o Derzhinskaya ma ke ʻano he mele Wagnerian ma kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa, nāna i mele i ʻelima mau opera e ka Bayreuth genius - Tannhäuser (ʻo Elizabeth's part), The Nuremberg Mastersingers (Eve), The Valkyrie (Brünnhilde), Lohengrin (Ortrud) , hana 'ahamele o "Tristan and Isolde" (Isolde). ʻAʻoleʻo Derzhinskaya he paionia i ka "humanization" o nā koa Wagnerian; Ma mua ona, ua kau mua ʻo Sobinov lāua ʻo Nezhdanova i kahi kuʻuna like me kā lākou heluhelu ʻana i ka Lohengrin, kahi a lākou i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai i ka mysticism nui a me ka puʻupuʻu heroism, e hoʻopiha ana i nā mele ʻoluʻolu. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻololi ʻo ia i kēia ʻike i nā ʻāpana heroic o nā opera a Wagner, a hiki i kēlā manawa i unuhi ʻia e nā mea hana ma ka ʻuhane o ka Teutonic ideal of the superman. ʻO nā hoʻomaka epic a me nā mele - ʻelua mau mea, ʻaʻole like kekahi i kekahi, ua kūleʻa like no ka mea mele, inā ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov a i ʻole nā ​​​​operas a Wagner. I loko o nā heroine Wagnerian o Derzhinskaya, ʻaʻohe mea kiʻekiʻe, hoʻoweliweli maoli, hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui, hoʻohaʻahaʻa a hauʻoli i ka ʻuhane: ua ola lākou - aloha a ʻeha, inaina a hakakā, lyrical a sublime, ma kahi huaʻōlelo, nā kānaka i nā ʻano like ʻole. nā manaʻo i hoʻokaumaha iā lākou, ka mea i loaʻa i nā helu make ʻole.

Ma nā keaka ʻItalia, he haku ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo Derzhinskaya i ka bel canto i ka lehulehu, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻae iā ia iho i ka mahalo ʻole ʻia no ke kani. ʻO nā heroine Verdi, ʻo Aida ka mea pili loa i ka mea mele, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻokaʻawale kokoke i kona ola hoʻomohala holoʻokoʻa. Ua ʻae loa ka leo o ka mea mele iā ia e hīmeni i ka hapa nui o ka repertoire dramatic me nā kī nui, me ka ʻuhane o nā kuʻuna veristic. Akā ua ho'āʻo mau ʻo Derzhinskaya e hele mai ka psychologism o loko o ka mea mele, ka mea i alakaʻi pinepine ai i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā wehewehe kuʻuna me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi hoʻomaka lyrical. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka mea pena iā "ia" Aida: me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻole ʻana i ka ikaika o ke kuko ma nā ʻāpana dramatic, akā naʻe, ua hoʻoikaika ʻo ia i ka lyricism o kāna ʻāpana heroine, e hana ana i kāna hōʻike ʻana i nā helu kuhikuhi i ka wehewehe ʻana o ke kiʻi.

Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana iā Puccini's Turandot, nona ka mea hoʻokani mua ma ke kahua Bolshoi ʻo Derzhinskaya (1931). ʻO ka lanakila ʻana i nā paʻakikī tessitura o kēia ʻāpana, ua hoʻopiha piha ʻia me ka forte fortissimo, ua hoʻāʻo naʻe ʻo Derzhinskaya e haʻi aku iā lākou me ka ʻoluʻolu, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kamāliʻiwahine mai kahi mea ʻino haʻaheo i mea aloha.

Ua hauʻoli ke ola o Derzhinskaya ma ka Bolshoi Theatre. ʻAʻole ʻike ka mea mele i nā hoʻokūkū ma kahi kokoke i kāna ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ʻo ka hui keaka i kēlā mau makahiki he mau haku koʻikoʻi. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe pono e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka maluhia o ka manaʻo: he kanaka naʻauao Lūkini i ka momona o kona mau iwi, ʻo Derzhinskaya ka ʻiʻo a me ke koko o kēlā ao, i hoʻopau ʻia me ke aloha ʻole e ke aupuni hou. ʻO ka maikaʻi noʻonoʻo, ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia i ka hale keaka i nā makahiki 30 ma hope o nā haunaele o nā makahiki kipi, i ka wā i nīnau ʻia ai ke ola maoli o ka hale keaka a me ke ʻano, i kū i ke ʻano o nā hanana weliweli e hōʻike ana i ka ʻāina. ʻAʻole i hoʻopā ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana i ka Bolshoi - makemake ʻo Stalin i "kona" hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni - akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia he mea kūpono ʻole ka manaʻo nui o ka mea mele opera i kēlā au: i ka wā i pāpā ʻia ai ka huaʻōlelo, ma o kā lākou mele maikaʻi ʻana i nā mele maikaʻi loa. Ua hōʻike ʻo Rūsia i ke kaumaha a me ka ʻehaʻeha i kāʻili ʻia ma luna o ko lākou ʻāina hānau, me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pane ola i loko o ka puʻuwai o ka poʻe hoʻolohe.

ʻO ka leo o Derzhinskaya he mea hana maʻalahi a kūikawā, piha i nā nuances a me chiaroscuro. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia e ka mea mele i ke kakahiaka nui, no laila ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i nā haʻawina leo ʻoiai ʻo ia e aʻo ana ma ka hale haʻuki. ʻAʻole i holo mālie nā mea a pau ma kēia ala, akā i ka hopena ua loaʻa ʻo Derzhinskaya i kāna kumu, kahi i loaʻa ai iā ia kahi kula maikaʻi loa, kahi i hiki ai iā ia ke noho i ka haku leo ​​ʻike ʻole no nā makahiki he nui. Ua lilo ʻo Elena Teryan-Korganova, he mele kaulana iā ia iho, he haumāna na Pauline Viardot lāua ʻo Matilda Marchesi, i kumu aʻo.

Ua loaʻa iā Derzhinskaya kahi soprano lyric-dramatic ikaika, ʻālohilohi, maʻemaʻe a me ka nani o ka timbre maikaʻi loa, ʻoiai ma nā papa inoa āpau, me ka māmā, lele kiʻekiʻe, kahi puʻupuʻu sonorous i waena a piha koko, nā memo umauma waiwai. ʻO kahi waiwai kūikawā o kona leo, ʻo ia ka palupalu maʻamau. Nui ka leo, hoʻokani, akā maʻalahi, ʻaʻole nele o ka neʻe ʻana, i hui pū ʻia me ka laulā o ʻelua a me ka hapa octaves, hiki i ka mea mele ke hoʻokani maikaʻi (a me ka nani i kēlā) mau ʻāpana lyric-coloratura (no ka laʻana, Marguerite in Gounod's Faust). Ua akamai ka mea mele i ke ʻano o ka hīmeni ʻana, no laila, i nā ʻāpana paʻakikī loa, e koi ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka sonority a me ka ʻōlelo, a i ʻole ka hoʻomanawanui kino wale nō - e like me Brunhilde a i ʻole Turandot - ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā ia nā pilikia. ʻO ka legato o ka mea mele, ma muli o ka hanu kumu, lōʻihi a lōʻihi, me kahi oli Lūkini maʻemaʻe ākea, a me ka lahilahi a me ka piano ma nā leo kiʻekiʻe loa - ma ʻaneʻi he haku kaulana ʻole ka mea mele. Loa'a i ka leo ikaika, 'o Derzhinskaya ma ke 'ano, akā na'e, ua noho 'o ia i ka haku mele maalea a me ka na'au, e like me kā mākou i'ike mua ai, ua 'ae 'o ia e hana i loko o ke keena repertoire. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia ʻaoʻao o ke kālena o ka mea mele i hōʻike mua loa - ʻo ia mai ka ʻaha mele i ka makahiki 1911 i hoʻomaka ai kāna ʻoihana hīmeni: a laila hoʻokani ʻo ia i ka ʻaha mele a ka mea kākau ʻo Rachmaninov me kāna mau aloha. ʻO Derzhinskaya kahi unuhi maʻalahi a kumu mua o nā mele aloha na Tchaikovsky lāua ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov, nā mea haku mele ʻelua kokoke loa iā ia.

Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Bolshoi i ka makahiki 1948, ua aʻo ʻo Ksenia Georgievna ma Moscow Conservatory, akā ʻaʻole lōʻihi: hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo ia e hele i 62 mau makahiki wale nō. Ua make ʻo ia ma ka lā hoʻomanaʻo o kāna hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni maoli i ka makahiki 1951 - ka makahiki o kāna makahiki 175th.

ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka hana a Derzhinskaya i kāna lawelawe ʻana i kāna hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, kona ʻāina hānau, i ka asceticism haʻahaʻa a mālie. Ma kona mau hiʻohiʻona a pau, ma kāna hana a pau, aia kekahi mea mai ka Kitezhan Fevronia - ma kāna hana kiʻi ʻaʻohe mea i waho, e hoʻohauʻoli i ka lehulehu, maʻalahi loa nā mea a pau, a maʻalahi a i kekahi manawa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ia - e like me kahi punawai i uhi ʻole ʻia - noho mau ʻōpio a nani loa.

A. Matusevich, 2001