Luigi Rodolfo Boccherini |
Luigi boccherini
I ka hui like ʻana o ka hoʻokūkū o Sacchini haʻahaʻa, Ka mea mele o ka manaʻo, Boccherini akua! Fayol
ʻO ka hoʻoilina mele o ka mea haku mele Italia a me ka haku mele ʻo L. Boccherini kokoke loa i nā haku mele. I ka "makahiki o ka opera", e like me ka manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kenekulia 30, ua hana ʻo ia i kekahi mau hana keaka mele. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea hoʻokani virtuoso i nā mea kani a me nā mea kani. Loaʻa i ka haku mele ʻo Peru ma kahi o 400 symphonies; nā hana hoʻokani pila; nui nā violin a me cello sonatas; violin, ohe a me cello concerto; e pili ana i ka XNUMX ensemble haku mele (string quartets, quintets, sextets, octets).
Ua loaʻa ʻo Boccherini i kāna hoʻonaʻauao mele mua ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a kona makuakāne, ʻo Leopold Boccherini ʻelua bassist, a me D. Vannuccini. I ka makahiki 12, ua hoʻomaka ka mea hoʻokani pila ma ke ala o ka hana ʻoihana: e hoʻomaka ana me kahi lawelawe ʻelua makahiki ma nā hale pule o Lucca, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i kāna mau hana hana ma ke ʻano he cello soloist ma Roma, a laila hoʻi i ka hale pule o Lucca. kona kūlanakauhale hānau (mai ka makahiki 1761). Maʻaneʻi ua hoʻonohonoho kokeʻo Boccherini i kahi string quartet, e komo pū ana me nā virtuosos kaulana loa a me nā haku mele o ia manawa (P. Nardini, F. Manfredi, G. Cambini) a no laila lākou i hana ai i nā hana he nui ma keʻano quartet no nā makahikiʻelima (1762). -67). 1768 Hui ʻo Boccherini ma Palika, kahi i mālama ʻia ai kāna mau hana me ka lanakila a loaʻa i ka talena o ka mea haku mele ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila ka ʻike ʻia ʻo ʻEulopa. Akā ʻaʻole i liʻuliʻu (mai 1769) ua neʻe ʻo ia i Madrid, kahi a hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā i hana ai ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he haku mele o ka ʻaha, a loaʻa pū kekahi i kahi kūlana uku nui ma ka hale pule mele o Emperor Wilhelm Frederick II, he mea akamai i ka mele. E emi mālie ana ka hana i ke kua, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka manawa no ka hana haku mele.
ʻO ke mele a Boccherini he ʻano manaʻo noʻonoʻo, e like me kāna mea kākau iā ia iho. Ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo P. Rode, ka mea hoʻokani pila Farani: “I ka wā i hoʻokō ʻole ʻia ai ka manaʻo a i ʻole ko Boccherini mele a kekahi, ʻaʻole hiki i ka mea haku mele ke kāohi hou iā ia iho; e hauʻoli ana ʻo ia, e hehi ana i kona mau wāwae, a ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka pau ʻole o ka hoʻomanawanui, ua holo wikiwiki ʻo ia me ka ʻuā ʻana e hoʻomāinoino ʻia kāna mau keiki.
I nā kenekulia 2 i hala iho nei, ʻaʻole i nalowale nā mea hana a ka haku Italia i ko lākou hou a me ka wikiwiki o ka mana. ʻO nā ʻāpana solo a me nā hui pū ʻana e Boccherini ke kū nei i nā pilikia ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe no ka mea hoʻokani, hāʻawi i kahi manawa e hōʻike ai i nā mea hiki ke hōʻike ʻia a me ka virtuoso o ka mea kani. ʻO ia ke kumu i makemake nui ai nā mea hoʻokani o kēia wā i ka hana a ka mea haku mele Italia.
ʻO ke ʻano o Boccherini ʻaʻole wale ke ʻano, ke mele, ka lokomaikaʻi, kahi e ʻike ai mākou i nā hōʻailona o ka moʻomeheu mele Italia. Ua komo ʻo ia i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka manaʻo, ka ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi o ka opera komiki Farani (P. Monsigny, A. Gretry), a me ke ʻano hoʻonaninani o nā mea mele Kelemania o ka waena o ke kenekulia: nā haku mele mai Mannheim (Ja Stamitz, F. Richter). ), a me I. Schobert a me ke keiki kaulana Johann Sebastian Bach - Philipp Emanuel Bach. Ua ʻike pū ka mea haku mele i ka mana o ka haku mele mele nui loa o ke kenekulia 2. - ka mea hoʻoponopono hou o ka opera K. Gluck: ʻaʻole ia he coincidence ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi o nā symphonies a Boccherini i ke kumuhana kaulana o ka hulahula o nā huhū mai ke kānāwai 1805 o ka opera ʻo Gluck ʻo Orpheus a me Eurydice. ʻO Boccherini kekahi o nā paionia o ke ʻano quintet string a ʻo ka mea mua i loaʻa i nā quintets ka ʻike ʻEulopa. Ua mahalo nui ʻia lākou e WA Mozart a me L. Beethoven, nā mea hana i nā hana maikaʻi ma ke ʻano quintet. I kona wā e ola ana a ma hope o kona make ʻana, ua noho ʻo Boccherini i waena o nā mea hoʻokani pila i mahalo nui ʻia. A ʻo kāna hana kiʻi kiʻekiʻe loa i waiho i kahi hōʻailona hiki ʻole ke hoʻomanaʻo i kona mau hoa a me kāna mau mamo. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi obituary ma kahi nūpepa Leipzig (XNUMX) he cellist maikaʻi loa i hauʻoli i kāna hoʻokani ʻana i kēia mea kani ma muli o ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka leo a me ka hoʻopā ʻana i ka pāʻani.
S. Rytsarev
ʻO Luigi Boccherini kekahi o nā haku mele a me nā mea hoʻokani o ke au kahiko. Ma ke ʻano he haku mele, ua hoʻokūkū ʻo ia me Haydn a me Mozart, e hana ana i nā symphonies he nui a me nā hui keʻena, i ʻike ʻia e ka mālamalama, ke ʻano o ke ʻano, ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana o nā kiʻi, ka nani a me ka ʻoluʻolu o nā kiʻi. Ua manaʻo ka nui o kona mau hoa iā ia he hoʻoilina no ke ʻano Rococo, "feminine Haydn", nona ka hana i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoluʻolu. ʻO E. Buchan, me ke kānalua ʻole, e kuhikuhi iā ia i ka poʻe haku mele: "ʻO ka Boccherini ahi a me ka moeʻuhane, me kāna mau hana o nā makahiki 70, lilo i ka papa mua loa o nā mea hoʻomohala ʻino o kēlā au, ʻo kona kuʻikahi wiwo ʻole e kali i nā leo o ka wā e hiki mai ana. .”
ʻOi aku ka pololei o Buchan ma kēia loiloi ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. "Ke ahi a me ka moeʻuhane" - pehea e hiki ai i kekahi ke hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi i nā pou o ke mele a Boccherini? I loko o ia mea, ua hui pū ʻia ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka pastorality o Rococo me ka hana keaka a me nā mele a Gluck, e hoʻomanaʻo maoli ana iā Mozart. No ke kenekulia XNUMX, he mea pena kiʻi ʻo Boccherini i hoʻomākaukau i ke ala no ka wā e hiki mai ana; ʻO kāna hana i kāhāhā i ka poʻe o kēia wā me ka wiwo ʻole o ka mea kani, ka mea hou o ka ʻōlelo harmonic, ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa classicist a me ka maopopo o nā ʻano.
ʻOi aku ka nui o Boccherini i ka mōʻaukala o cello art. He mea hoʻokani koʻikoʻi, ka mea nāna i hana i ka ʻenehana cello maʻamau, ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia a hāʻawi i kahi ʻōnaehana lokahi o ka pāʻani ʻana ma ke kahua, a laila hoʻonui i nā palena o ka ʻāʻī cello; ua hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano māmā, ʻoluʻolu, "momi" o nā neʻe kiʻi, hoʻonui i nā kumu waiwai o ka maʻalahi o ka manamana lima o ka lima hema a me ka liʻiliʻi ʻole, ke ʻano o ke kakaka.
ʻAʻole i kūleʻa ke ola o Boccherini. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo Fate nona ka hopena o kahi pio, kahi noho piha i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa, ʻilihune, hakakā mau no kahi ʻāpana berena. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka ʻeha o ka "patronage" aristocratic i hōʻeha nui i kona ʻuhane haʻaheo a paʻakikī i kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu, a noho ʻo ia no nā makahiki he nui me ka nele o ka manaʻolana. Hiki i kekahi ke noʻonoʻo pehea, me nā mea a pau i hāʻule i kāna ʻāpana, ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻoliʻoli pau ʻole a me ka manaʻo maikaʻi i ʻike maopopo ʻia i kāna mele.
ʻO ka wahi hānau o Luigi Boccherini ke kūlanakauhale Tuscan kahiko o Lucca. ʻAʻole like kēia kūlanakauhale me kahi panalāʻau mamao. Ua ola ʻo Lucca i kahi ola mele a me ka nohona. Ma kahi kokoke, ua kaulana nā wai ho'ōla a puni ʻo Italia, a ʻo nā lā hoʻomaha o ka luakini kaulana i nā hale pule o Santa Croce a me San Martino i huki ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ka nui o ka poʻe haipule e hele mai ana mai nā ʻāina a pau. ʻO nā mea mele Italia a me nā mea kani i hana ʻia i nā hale pule i ka wā hoʻomaha. He hoolele kulanakauhale maikai ko Lucca; aia he hale keaka a he hale pule maikai loa, i malamaia e ka Akibihopa, he ekolu seminare me na kumu mele ma kela a me keia. I loko o kekahi o lākou i aʻo ai ʻo Boccherini.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia ma Pepeluali 19, 1743 ma kahi ʻohana mele. ʻO kona makuakāne ʻo Leopold Boccherini, he mea hoʻokani bass pālua, hoʻokani ʻo ia no nā makahiki he nui ma ke kūlanakauhale hoʻokani pila; ʻO ke kaikuaʻana ʻo Giovanni-Anton-Gaston i hīmeni, hoʻokani i ka violin, he hula, a ma hope he mea hoʻokani pila. Ma kāna libretto, ua kākau ʻo Haydn i ka oratorio "The Return of Tobias".
Ua hōʻike mua ʻia ko Luigi mana mele. Ua hīmeni ke keiki ma ka papa mele o ka halepule a i ka manawa like a kona makuakāne i aʻo ai iā ia i nā akamai cello mua. Ua hoʻomau ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana ma kekahi o nā seminare me kahi kumu maikaʻi loa, cellist a me ka bandmaster ʻo Abbot Vanucci. Ma muli o nā papa me ka ʻAbota, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Boccherini e ʻōlelo ma ka lehulehu mai ka makahiki ʻumikūmālua. Ua kaulana kēia mau hana iā Boccherini ma waena o nā poʻe mele mele kūlanakauhale. Ma hope o kona puka 'ana mai ke kumu mele o ka seminary i ka makahiki 1757, hele 'o Boccherini i Roma e ho'omaika'i i kāna pā'ani. I ka waenakonu o ke kenekulia XVIII, ua hauʻoli ʻo Roma i ka nani o kekahi o nā poʻo mele o ka honua. Ua ʻālohilohi ʻo ia me nā mea hoʻokani pila nani (a i ʻole, e like me kā lākou i kapa ʻia ai ia manawa, nā hale pule mea kani); aia nā hale keaka a me nā hale mele mele e hoʻokūkū ana kekahi i kekahi. Ma Roma, hiki i kekahi ke lohe i ka pāʻani ʻana o Tartini, Punyani, Somis, nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kaulana honua o ke kiʻi violin Italia. ʻO ka mea hoʻokani cello ʻōpio e hoʻolele poʻo i loko o ke ola mele o ke kapikala.
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea āna i hoʻomaikaʻi ai iā ia iho ma Roma. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, "mai iā ʻoe iho", e ʻimi ana i nā manaʻo mele, ke koho ʻana i ka mea hou a hoʻolei i ka mea kahiko, conservative. ʻO ka moʻomeheu violin o Italia i hiki ke hoʻohuli iā ia, ʻo ka ʻike āna i hoʻololi ai i ke ʻano o cello. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, hoʻomaka ʻo Boccherini e ʻike ʻia, a ua huki ʻo ia iā ia iho ʻaʻole wale ma ka pāʻani ʻana, akā ma nā mele hoʻi i hoʻāla i ka hoihoi honua. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 80, ua paʻi ʻo ia i kāna mau hana mua a ua hana ʻo ia i kāna mau huakaʻi ʻaha mele mua, e kipa ana iā Vienna ʻelua.
I ka makahiki 1761, hoʻi ʻo ia i kona kūlanakauhale hānau. Hoʻokipa ʻo Lucca iā ia me ka hauʻoli: "ʻAʻole mākou i ʻike i ka mea e kāhāhā hou aku ai - ʻo ka hana kupanaha o ka virtuoso a i ʻole ke ʻano hou a me ka piquant o kāna mau hana."
Ma Lucca, ua ʻae mua ʻia ʻo Boccherini i loko o ka hale hoʻokani pila, akā i ka makahiki 1767 ua neʻe ʻo ia i ka hale pule o ka Repubalika Lucca. Ma Lucca, ua hālāwai ʻo ia me ka mea hoʻokani pila ʻo Filippo Manfredi, a ua lilo koke ʻo ia i hoaaloha pili nona. Ua pili loa ʻo Boccherini iā Manfredi.
Eia naʻe, hoʻomaka mālie ʻo Lucca e kaupaona iā Boccherini. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻoiai ʻo kāna hana pili, ʻo ke ola mele i loko o ia mea, ʻoi aku ma hope o Roma, me he mea ia he panalāʻau. Eia kekahi, i ka makewai no ka kaulana, moeʻuhane ʻo ia i kahi hana ʻaha mele ākea. ʻO ka hope loa, ua hāʻawi ka lawelawe i loko o ka hale pule iā ia i kahi uku haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa. Ua alakaʻi kēia mau mea i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 1767, haʻalele ʻo Boccherini, me Manfredi iā Lucca. Ua mālamaʻia kā lākou mau'ahamele ma nā kūlanakauhale o Northern Italy - ma Turin, Piedmont, Lombardy, a laila ma ka hema o Farani. Ua kākau ʻo Biographer Boccherini Pico ma nā wahi a pau i hālāwai ai lākou me ka mahalo a me ka hoihoi.
Wahi a Pico, i kona noho ʻana ma Lucca (i ka makahiki 1762-1767), ua hana nui ʻo Boccherini i ka hana hana, ua paʻa loa ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana a ua hana ʻo ia i 6 trios wale nō. ʻIke ʻia, ʻo ia ka manawa i hui ai ʻo Boccherini lāua ʻo Manfredi me ka mea hoʻokani pila kaulana ʻo Pietro Nardini a me ka mea hoʻokani pila ʻo Cambini. Ma kahi o ʻeono mahina ua hana pū lāua ma ke ʻano he quartet. Ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1795, ua kākau ʻo Cambini: “I koʻu wā ʻōpiopio, ua ola au i ʻeono mahina hauʻoli i loko o ia mau ʻoihana a me kēlā ʻano leʻaleʻa. ʻEkolu mau haku nui - ʻO Manfredi, ka violinist maikaʻi loa ma Italia a pau ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokani pila a me ka quartet, ʻo Nardini, kaulana loa no ka maikaʻi o kāna pāʻani ʻana ma ke ʻano he virtuoso, a ʻo Boccherini, nona ka pono i ʻike nui ʻia, ua hāʻawi iaʻu i ka hanohano o ka ʻae ʻana. iaʻu ma ke ʻano he violist.
I ka waena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hoʻomaka wale ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hana quartet - he ʻano hou ia e puka mai ana i kēlā manawa, a ʻo ka quartet o Nardini, Manfredi, Cambini, Boccherini kekahi o nā hui ʻoihana mua loa i ka honua i ʻike ʻia. ia kakou.
I ka pau ʻana o ka makahiki 1767 a i ʻole i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 1768 ua hōʻea nā hoaaloha i Paris. ʻO ka hana mua o nā mea pena kiʻi ʻelua ma Palisa i hana ʻia ma ka salon o Baron Ernest von Bagge. ʻO ia kekahi o nā hale mele kaulana loa ma Paris. Hoʻomaka pinepine ʻia e nā mea kiʻi kipa ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i ka Concert Spiritucl. ʻO ke kala holoʻokoʻa o Paris i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma ʻaneʻi, ʻo Gossec, Gavignier, Capron, ka cellist Duport (senior) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui i kipa pinepine ʻia. Ua mahalo ʻia ke akamai o nā mea hoʻokani pila. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Paris e pili ana iā Manfredi lāua ʻo Boccherini. ʻO ka ʻahamele ma ka hale ʻo Bagge i wehe i ke ala no lākou i ka Concert Spirituel. ʻO ka hana ma ke keʻena kaulana i mālama ʻia ma Malaki 20, 1768, a ua hāʻawi koke nā mea hoʻopuka mele Parisian ʻo Lachevardier lāua ʻo Besnier iā Boccherini e paʻi i kāna mau hana.
Eia naʻe, ua hālāwai ka hana a Boccherini a me Manfredi me ka hoʻohewa. ʻO ka puke ʻo Michel Brenet ʻo Concerts in France ma lalo o ka Ancien Régime ka ʻōlelo ʻana i kēia mau ʻōlelo: "ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā Manfredi, ka mea hoʻokani pila mua, ka lanakila āna i manaʻo ai. Ua ʻike ʻia kāna mele mele ʻana, ʻo kāna pāʻani ākea a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi, akā ʻo kāna pāʻani ʻana he haumia a me ka hewa. ʻO ka hoʻokani cello a Mr. Boccarini (sic!) ua hoʻāla ʻia ka paʻipaʻi haʻahaʻa like ʻole, me he mea lā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o kāna mau leo i ka pepeiao, a ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu loa nā mele.
Hōʻike nā loiloi. ʻO ka poʻe hoʻolohe o ka Concert Spirituel, ʻo ka hapa nui, ua hoʻomau ʻia e nā loina kahiko o ka "gallant" art, a ʻo ka pāʻani ʻana a Boccherini he mea ʻino loa ia iā ia. He mea paʻakikī ke manaʻoʻiʻo i kēia manawa ua kani ʻo "Gavinier palupalu" i ke kani maʻamau a paʻakikī, akā he ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO Boccherini, maopopo, loaʻa i nā mea mahalo i loko o kēlā pōʻai o ka poʻe hoʻolohe, i loko o kekahi mau makahiki, e pane me ka hoihoi a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono operatic a Gluck, akā naʻe nā poʻe i hāpai i ka aesthetics Rococo, i nā mea a pau, ʻaʻole lākou i manaʻo iā ia; no lākou ua lilo ia i mea paʻakikī loa a "paʻakikī". ʻO wai ka mea ʻike inā ʻo ia ke kumu i noho ʻole ai ʻo Boccherini lāua ʻo Manfredi ma Palisa? I ka hopena o ka makahiki 1768, me ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻelele o Sepania e komo i ka lawelawe a ka Infante o Sepania, ka Mōʻī Charles IV e hiki mai ana, ua hele lākou i Madrid.
ʻO Sepania i ka hapalua ʻelua o ke kenekulia XNUMX he ʻāina o ka manaticism Katolika a me ka hopena feudal. ʻO kēia ke au o Goya, i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia e L. Feuchtwanger i kāna moʻolelo e pili ana i ka mea pena kiʻi Sepania. Ua hōʻea ʻo Boccherini lāua ʻo Manfredi i ʻaneʻi, ma ke aloaliʻi o Charles III, ka mea me ka inaina i hoʻomāinoino i nā mea āpau i kūʻē i ka Katolika a me ke kahunapule.
Ma Sepania, ʻike ʻia lākou me ke aloha ʻole. Ua mālama ʻo Charles III a me ke Keiki Aliʻi o Asturia iā lākou ma mua o ke anu. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hauʻoli loa nā mea hoʻokani pila i ko lākou hōʻea ʻana mai. ʻO ka mea hoʻokani pila mua ʻo Gaetano Brunetti, makaʻu i ka hoʻokūkū, hoʻomaka e ulana i kahi hoʻohiwahiwa a puni Boccherini. No ka kānalua a kaupalena ʻia, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Charles III iā Brunetti, a ʻaʻole i lanakila ʻo Boccherini i wahi nona ma ka ʻaha. Ua hoʻopakele ʻia ʻo ia e ke kākoʻo o Manfredi, ka mea i loaʻa i kahi o ka violinist mua ma ka hale pule o ke kaikaina o Charles III ʻo Don Louis. He kanaka kūʻokoʻa like ʻo Don Louis. "Ua kākoʻo ʻo ia i nā mea pena kiʻi a me nā mea pena i ʻae ʻole ʻia ma ka ʻaha aliʻi. No ka laʻana, he contemporary o Boccherini, ka Goya kaulana, ka mea i hoʻokō i ke poʻo inoa o ka hale pena kiʻi wale ma 1799, no ka manawa lōʻihi loaʻa ke kākoʻo mai ka infante. ʻO Don Lui he mea hoʻokani pila, a, me he mea lā, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ke alakaʻi a Boccherini.
Ua hōʻoia ʻo Manfredi e kono pū ʻia ʻo Boccherini i ka hale pule o Don Louis. Maʻaneʻi, ma keʻano he mea haku mele a me ka virtuoso, ua hana ka mea haku mele mai ka makahiki 1769 a hiki i ka makahiki 1785. ʻO ka kamaʻilioʻana me kēia kahu hanohano wale nō ka hauʻoli i ke ola o Boccherini. ʻElua manawa o ka pule i loaʻa iā ia ka manawa e hoʻolohe ai i ka hana o kāna mau hana ma ka villa "Arena", nona ka Don Louis. Maʻaneʻi ua huiʻo Boccherini i kāna wahine i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ke kaikamahine a kahi kāpena Aragonese. Ua mālama ʻia ka male ma Iune 25, 1776.
Ma hope o ka maleʻana, uaʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kūlana kālā o Boccherini. Ua hānau ʻia nā keiki. No ke kōkua ʻana i ka haku mele, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Don Louis e noi i ka ʻaha Sepania nona. Ua makehewa nae kana mau hoao ana. Ua waiho ʻia kahi wehewehe ʻōlelo o ke ʻano hoʻomāinoino e pili ana iā Boccherini e ka violinist Farani ʻo Alexander Boucher, nona ka mea i hoʻokani ʻia. I kekahi lā, wahi a Boucher, ʻo ka ʻanakala o Charles IV, ʻo Don Louis, lawe mai ʻo Boccherini i kāna moʻopuna, ʻo ia hoʻi ke Aliʻi o Asturias i ia manawa, e hoʻolauna i nā quintets hou a ka mea haku mele. Ua wehe ʻia nā memo ma nā kahua mele. Lawe ʻo Karl i ke kakaka, hoʻokani mau ʻo ia i ka ʻāpana o ka violin mua. Ma kahi hoʻokahi o ka quintet, ʻelua mau memo i hana hou ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi a me ka monotonously: i, si, i, si. I loko o kāna ʻāpana, hoʻokani ke aliʻi iā lākou me ka hoʻolohe ʻole i ke koena o nā leo. ʻO ka hope, luhi ʻo ia i ka haʻi hou ʻana iā lākou, a no ka huhū, hoʻōki ʻo ia.
– He mea hoʻopailua! Loafer, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēlā me kēia keiki kula: do, si, do, si!
"E ka Haku," wahi a Boccherini i pane malie ai, "ina e hoohuli kou pepeiao i kou pepeiao i ka mea a ka lua o ka violin a me ka viola e hookani ana, i ka pizzicato a ka cello e hookani ai i ka manawa a ka violin mua e hookani mau ai i kona mau leo, alaila, eia keia. E lilo koke nā memo i ko lākou monotony i ka wā e komo ai nā mea kani ʻē aʻe, i ka hālāwai ninaninau.
- Aloha, e, e, e, e - a aia kēia i loko o ka hapalua hola! Aloha, e, e, e, e, kamaʻilio hoihoi! Ke mele a ke keiki kula, he keiki kula ino!
"E ka Haku," wahi a Boccherini, "ma mua o ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana pēlā, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i ka mele, e ka naʻaupō!"
Lele ʻo ia me ka huhū, hopu ʻo Karl iā Boccherini a kauo iā ia i ka pukaaniani.
"ʻAe, e ka haku, e makaʻu i ke Akua!" wahi a ke Alii wahine o Asturia. I kēia mau ʻōlelo, huli aʻela ke keiki aliʻi i ka hapalua o ka huli ʻana, kahi a Boccherini makaʻu i hoʻohana pono ai e peʻe ma ke keʻena aʻe.
"ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona," wahi a Pico, "ʻaʻohe kānalua, hōʻike ʻia i kahi caricatured, akā ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli, ua hoʻonele ʻia ʻo Boccherini i ke aloha aliʻi. ʻAʻole hiki i ke aliʻi hou o Sepania, hoʻoilina iā Charles III, ke poina i ka ʻōlelo hōʻino i hoʻokau ʻia ma luna o ke Aliʻi o Asturias ... ʻaʻole makemake e ʻike i ka mea haku mele a hoʻokani i kāna mele. ʻAʻole pono e haʻi ʻia ka inoa o Boccherini ma ka hale aliʻi. I ka manawa a kekahi e aʻa ai e hoʻomanaʻo i ke aliʻi i ka mea hoʻokani pila, hoʻopau mau ʻo ia i ka mea nīnau:
— ʻO wai kekahi e haʻi iā Boccherini? Ua make ʻo Boccherini, e hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi nā mea a pau a mai kamaʻilio hou e pili ana iā ia!
Ua kaumaha ʻo Boccherini me kahi ʻohana (wahine a me ʻelima mau keiki), ua ola ʻo Boccherini i kahi noho pōʻino. Ua loaʻa ʻo ia i ka maʻi nui ma hope o ka make ʻana o Don Louis i ka makahiki 1785. Ua kākoʻo ʻia ʻo ia e kekahi poʻe mele mele wale nō, a ma loko o nā hale āna i alakaʻi ai i nā mele keʻena. ʻOiai ua kaulana a paʻi ʻia kāna mau palapala e nā hale paʻi puke nui loa o ka honua, ʻaʻole kēia i maʻalahi ke ola o Boccherini. Ua powa ka poe hoolaha iaia me ke aloha ole. Ma kekahi o nā leka, ua hoʻopiʻi ka mea haku mele no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kālā liʻiliʻi loa a ʻaʻole mālama ʻia kāna kuleana kope. Ma kekahi leka ʻē aʻe, ʻōlelo ʻo ia me ka ʻinoʻino: "Ua make paha wau?"
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma Sepania, kamaʻilio ʻo ia ma o ka ʻelele Prussian iā King Frederick William II a hoʻolaʻa i kekahi o kāna mau hana iā ia. Mahalo nui i nā mele a Boccherini, ua koho ʻo Friedrich Wilhelm iā ia i haku haku. ʻO nā hana hope a pau, mai 1786 a 1797, kākau ʻo Boccherini no ka ʻaha Prussian. Eia naʻe, ma ka lawelawe ʻana i ka Mōʻī o Prussia, ke noho nei ʻo Boccherini ma Sepania. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻokoʻa nā manaʻo o nā mea kākau moʻolelo e pili ana i kēia pilikia, ʻōlelo ʻo Pico lāua ʻo Schletterer, i ka hōʻea ʻana i Sepania i ka makahiki 1769, ʻaʻole i haʻalele ʻo Boccherini i kona mau palena, koe wale nō ka huakaʻi i Avignon, kahi i 1779 i hele ai i ka male ʻana o kahi kaikamahine. male ʻo Fisher violinist. He manao okoa ko L. Ginzburg. E pili ana i ka leka a Boccherini i ka diplomat Prussian Marquis Lucchesini (Iune 30, 1787), i hoʻouna ʻia mai Breslau, ua huki ʻo Ginzburg i ka hopena kūpono i ka makahiki 1787 aia ka mea haku mele ma Kelemānia. ʻO ka noho ʻana o Boccherini ma ʻaneʻi hiki ke lōʻihi loa mai ka makahiki 1786 a hiki i 1788, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua kipa aku ʻo ia iā Vienna, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka male ʻana o kona kaikuahine ʻo Maria Esther, ka mea hoʻokani mele ʻo Honorato Vigano, ma Iulai 1787. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka haʻalele ʻana o Boccherini i Kelemānia, e pili ana i ka leka hoʻokahi mai Breslau, ua hōʻoia pū ʻia e Julius Behi ma ka puke From Boccherini to Casals.
I nā makahiki 80, ua maʻi nui ʻo Boccherini. ʻI he tohi naʻá ne pehē mei Breslau, naʻá ne tohi: “… Naʻá u ʻiloʻi au ʻoku ou paʻangá ʻi hoku kemi koeʻuhí ko e hemoptysis ke toe fai pinepine, a ʻoi aku hoʻi ma muli o ka pehu nui o nā wāwae, a me ka pau ʻana o koʻu ikaika.”
ʻO ka maʻi, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ikaika, hoʻonele iā Boccherini i ka manawa kūpono e hoʻomau i nā hana. I ka makahiki 80, ha'alele 'o ia i ka cello. Mai kēia manawa, lilo ka haku mele i kumu hoʻokahi o ke ola, a ma hope o nā mea a pau, uku ʻia nā peni no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā hana.
I ka hopena o nā makahiki 80, ua hoʻi ʻo Boccherini i Sepania. ʻO ke kūlana i loaʻa iā ia iho he hiki ʻole ke hoʻomanawanui. ʻO ke kipi i kū mai ma Farani ke kumu i ka hopena kupaianaha ma Sepania a me ka hauʻoli o nā mākaʻi. Ma luna o ia mea, ua laha ka Inquisition. ʻO ke kulekele hoʻonāukiuki iā Farani e alakaʻi i ka makahiki 1793-1796 i ke kaua Franco-Spanish, kahi i pau ai i ka pio ʻana o Sepania. ʻAʻole mālama ʻia ke mele ma kēia mau kūlana. Paʻakikī loa ʻo Boccherini i ka make ʻana o ke aliʻi Prussian Frederick II - ʻo kāna kākoʻo wale nō. ʻO ka uku no ka pou o ke keʻena mele o ka hale hoʻokolokolo Prussian, ʻo ia ka mea nui o ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻohana.
Ma hope koke iho o ka make ʻana o Frederick II, ua hāʻawi ka hopena iā Boccherini i kekahi mau hahau ʻino: i loko o ka manawa pōkole, make kāna wahine a me kāna mau kaikamahine makua ʻelua. Ua mare hou ʻo Boccherini, akā ua make koke ka lua o ka wahine ma muli o ka hahau ʻana. ʻO nā ʻike paʻakikī o nā makahiki 90 e pili ana i ke kūlana maʻamau o kona ʻuhane - haʻalele ʻo ia iā ia iho, hele i ka hoʻomana. Ma kēia moku'āina, piha i ke kaumaha uhane, mahalo ʻo ia i kēlā me kēia hōʻailona o ka nānā. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻilihune e hoʻopili iā ia i kēlā me kēia manawa e loaʻa kālā. I ka manawa i noi ai ʻo Marquis o Benaventa, he mea aloha mele i hoʻokani pila a mahalo nui iā Boccherini, iā ia e hoʻonohonoho i kekahi mau mele nona, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻāpana kīkā, ua hoʻokō ka mea haku mele i kēia kauoha. I ka makahiki 1800, ua hāʻawi aku ka ʻelele Farani ʻo Lucien Bonaparte i ka lima kōkua i ka mea haku mele. Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo Boccherini mahalo i kekahi mau hana iā ia. I ka makahiki 1802, ua haʻalele ka ʻelele iā Sepania, a ua nele hou ʻo Boccherini.
Mai ka hoʻomakaʻana o nā makahiki 90, e ho'āʻo ana e pakele mai ka lima o ka hemahema, ua ho'āʻoʻo Boccherini e hoʻihoʻi i ka pilina me nā hoaaloha Farani. I ka makahiki 1791, ua hoʻouna ʻo ia i kekahi mau manuscripts i Paris, akā ua nalowale lākou. "Ua hoʻohana ʻia paha kaʻu mau hana i ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā pūkuniahi," i kākau ai ʻo Boccherini. Ma 1799, hoʻolaʻa ʻo ia i kāna mau quintets i "ka Repubalika Farani a me ka lāhui nui", a ma kahi leka "i Citizen Chenier" hōʻike ʻo ia i kona mahalo nui i "ka lāhui Farani nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea ʻē aʻe, i manaʻo, mahalo a mahalo i kaʻu mau palapala haʻahaʻa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, mahalo nui ʻia ka hana a Boccherini ma Farani. ʻO Gluck, ʻo Gossec, ʻo Mugel, ʻo Viotti, ʻo Baio, ʻo Rode, ʻo Kreutzer, a me ka poʻe cellists Duport i kūlou i mua ona.
I ka makahiki 1799, ua hōʻea ʻo Pierre Rode, ka mea hoʻokani pila kaulana, he haumāna o Viotti, i Madrid, a ua hui pū ʻo Boccherini kahiko me ke kanaka Farani akamai. Poina e nā mea a pau, mehameha, maʻi, hauʻoli loa ʻo Boccherini e kamaʻilio me Rode. Ua makemake ʻo ia i kāna mau ʻahamele. ʻO ka hoaaloha me Rode e hoʻomālamalama i ke ola o Boccherini, a ua kaumaha loa ʻo ia i ka haʻalele ʻana o ka maestro hoʻomaha iā Madrid i ka makahiki 1800. ʻO ka hui ʻana me Rode e hoʻoikaika hou i ka makemake o Boccherini. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e haʻalele hope iā Sepania a neʻe i Farani. Akā, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia kēia makemake. Ua kipa ʻo Sophie Gail iā ia ma Madrid i ka makahiki 1803, kahi mea mahalo nui iā Boccherini, pianist, hīmeni a haku mele. Noho ʻo ia no nā makahiki he nui i loko o ka lumi hoʻokahi, i māhele ʻia e nā mezzanines i ʻelua papahele. ʻO ka papahele o luna, ʻo ia hoʻi, he keʻena o ka haku mele. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho holoʻokoʻa he papaʻaina, kahi noho a me kahi cello kahiko. Ua hoʻopūʻiwa ʻia ʻo Sophie Gail i kāna ʻike ʻana, ua uku ʻo Sophie Gail i nā ʻaiʻē a pau a Boccherini a hoʻonui i waena o nā hoaaloha i nā kālā e pono ai ʻo ia e neʻe i Paris. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i ke kūlana politika paʻakikī a me ke kūlana o ka mea hoʻokani pila maʻi iā ia e ʻae.
Mei 28, 1805 Ua make ʻo Boccherini. He kakaikahi wale no ka poe i hahai i kona pahu kupapau. I ka makahiki 1927, ʻoi aku ma mua o 120 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua lawe ʻia kona lehu i Lucca.
I ka manawa o kāna pua ulu ʻana, ʻo Boccherini kekahi o nā cellists nui loa o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Ma kāna pāʻani ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ka nani lua ʻole o ka leo a piha i ke mele cello hōʻike. ʻO Lavasserre lāua ʻo Bodiot, ma The Method of the Paris Conservatory, i kākau ʻia ma ke kumu o ke kula violin o Bayot, Kreutzer a me Rode, e hōʻike ana iā Boccherini penei: "Inā ʻo ia (Boccherini. - LR) e hīmeni solo, a laila me kēlā me kēia. ʻO kahi manaʻo hohonu, me ka maʻalahi maikaʻi e poina ʻia ka artificiality a me ka hoʻohālike; lohe ʻia kekahi leo kupanaha, ʻaʻole hoʻonāukiuki, akā hoʻoluʻolu.
He kuleana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ʻo Boccherini i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kiʻi mele ma ke ʻano he haku mele. Nui kona hoʻoilina hoʻomohala - ma luna o 400 mau hana; Aia ma waena o lākou he 20 symphonies, violin a me cello concerto, 95 quartets, 125 quintets (113 o lākou me ʻelua cellos) a me nā hui ʻē aʻe he nui. Ua hoʻohālikelike ka poʻe o kēia wā iā Boccherini me Haydn a me Mozart. Ua ʻōlelo ka obituary o ka Universal Musical Gazette: “He ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea haku mele koʻikoʻi o kona ʻāina makua ʻo ʻItalia ... Ua neʻe ʻo ia i mua, mālama i ka manawa, a komo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana noʻeau, i hoʻomaka ʻia e ʻO kāna hoaaloha kahiko ʻo Haydn ... Ua hoʻonoho ʻo Italia iā ia ma kahi kūlana kūlike me Haydn, a makemake ʻo Sepania iā ia ma mua o ka haku Kelemania, ʻike ʻia ma laila. Mahalo nui ʻo Farani iā ia, a ʻo Kelemania ... ʻike liʻiliʻi iā ia. Akā ma kahi i ʻike ai lākou iā ia, ʻike lākou i ka leʻaleʻa a me ka mahalo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻaoʻao mele o kāna mau haku mele, aloha lākou iā ia a mahalo nui iā ia ... ʻO kāna kūlana kūikawā e pili ana i nā mele mea kani o Italia, Sepania a me Farani ʻo ia ka e kākau mua i ka poʻe i loaʻa iā lākou iho i laila ka puʻunaue nui o nā quartets, nona nā leo a pau i kuleana. ʻO ia ka mea mua i loaʻa ka ʻike honua. ʻO ia, a ma hope koke iho o ia ʻo Pleyel, me kā lākou mau hana mua ma ke ʻano mele i kapa ʻia, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o Haydn, ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i kēlā manawa.
Hoʻohālikelike ka hapa nui o nā moʻolelo ma waena o nā mele a Boccherini a me Haydn. Ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻo Boccherini iā Haydn. Ua hui ʻo ia iā ia ma Vienna a laila kākau ʻo ia no nā makahiki he nui. Ua mahalo nui ʻia ʻo Boccherini i kāna poʻe Kelemania nui i kēia manawa. Wahi a Cambini, i loko o ka hui quartet Nardini-Boccherini, kahi āna i komo ai, ua hoʻokani ʻia nā quartets o Haydn. I ka manawa like, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻokoʻa loa nā ʻano pilikino o Boccherini a me Haydn. Ma Boccherini, ʻaʻole loa mākou e ʻike i kēlā kiʻi hiʻohiʻona e like me ke ʻano o ke mele a Haydn. ʻO Boccherini ka nui o nā wahi pili me Mozart. ʻO ka nani, ka māmā, ka "chivalry" maikaʻi e hoʻopili iā lākou me nā hiʻohiʻona pilikino o ka hana me Rococo. He nui ko lakou like ma ka naive koke o na kii, ma ke ano, classically strictly hoonohonoho a ma ka manawa like melodious a melodic.
Ua ʻike ʻia ua mahalo ʻo Mozart i ke mele a Boccherini. Ua kākau ʻo Stendhal e pili ana i kēia. "ʻAʻole au i ʻike inā ma muli o ka kūleʻa i lawe ʻia e ka hana a Miserere iā ia (Stendhal ʻo ia ka hoʻolohe ʻana o Mozart iā Miserere Allegri i ka Sistine Chapel. - LR), akā, ʻike ʻia, ʻo ke mele koʻikoʻi a me ka melancholic o kēia mele. he manaʻo hohonu i ka ʻuhane o Mozart, ʻo ia ka mea i makemake nui iā Handel a me ka Boccherini akahai.
Ua aʻo pono ʻo Mozart i ka hana a Boccherini e hiki ke hoʻokolokolo ʻia e ka mea hoʻohālike nona i ka wā i hana ai i ka ʻEhā Violin Concerto ʻo ia ka concerto violin i kākau ʻia ma 1768 e ka Lucca maestro no Manfredi. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā concerto, maʻalahi ke ʻike i ka pili ʻana o lākou i ka hoʻolālā maʻamau, nā kumumanaʻo, nā hiʻohiʻona ʻano. Akā he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka manawa like i ka loli ʻana o ke kumuhana like ma lalo o ka peni nani o Mozart. Ua lilo ka ʻike haʻahaʻa o Boccherini i kekahi o nā concerto maikaʻi loa a Mozart; he daimana, me ka maka ole ia, lilo i daimana alohilohi.
ʻO ka hoʻokokoke ʻana iā Boccherini iā Mozart, ua manaʻo nā mea hou i ko lākou ʻokoʻa. "He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o Mozart a me Boccherini?" Ua kākau ʻo JB Shaul, "ʻO ka mea mua e alakaʻi iā mākou ma waena o nā pali pali i loko o ka ululāʻau coniferous, like me ka nila, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā pua i kekahi manawa, a ʻo ka lua e iho i nā ʻāina ʻakaʻaka me nā awāwa pua, me nā kahawai ʻōhumu alohilohi, uhi ʻia nā ulu lāʻau mānoanoa."
Ua maʻalahi loa ʻo Boccherini i ka hana o kāna mele. Ua haʻi ʻo Pico pehea i hoʻokahi manawa ma Madrid, i ka makahiki 1795, ua noi ʻo Boucher violinist Farani iā Boccherini e hoʻokani i kekahi o kāna quartets.
“He ʻōpiopio loa ʻoe, a ʻo ka hana ʻana i kaʻu mele e pono ai ke akamai a me ke ʻano oʻo, a me kahi ʻano pāʻani ʻokoʻa ma mua o kāu.
E like me kā Boucher i koi ai, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Boccherini, a hoʻomaka nā mea pāʻani quartet e pāʻani. Akā, i ko lākou hoʻokani ʻana i kekahi mau ana, ua kāpae ka haku mele iā lākou a lawe i ka ʻāpana mai Boucher.
“Ua haʻi aku au iā ʻoe he ʻōpiopio ʻoe e hoʻokani i kaʻu mele.
A laila huli ka mea hoʻokani pila hilahila i ka maestro:
"E ka Haku, hiki iaʻu ke noi wale iā ʻoe e hoʻomaka iaʻu e hana i kāu mau hana; e aʻo mai iaʻu pehea e pāʻani pono ai.
"Me ka makemake nui, e hauʻoli wau e alakaʻi i kahi kālena e like me kāu!"
Ma ke ʻano he haku mele, ua loaʻa iā Boccherini ka ʻike mua loa. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia kāna mau haku mele ma Italia a me Farani i ka makahiki 60, ʻo ia hoʻi, i kona komo ʻana i ke kahua o ka haku mele. Ua hōʻea kona kaulana i Paris ma mua o kona ʻike ʻia ʻana i laila i ka makahiki 1767. ʻAʻole i hoʻokani ʻia nā hana a Boccherini ma ke cello wale nō, akā ma luna o kāna "hoʻokūkū" kahiko - ka gamba. "ʻO nā virtuosos ma kēia mea kani, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kenekulia XNUMX ma mua o nā cellists, hoʻāʻo i ko lākou ikaika ma ka hana ʻana i nā hana hou a ka haku mai Lucca ma ka gamba."
Ua kaulana loa ka hana a Boccherini i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Mele ʻia ka mea haku mele ma ka pauku. Hoʻolaʻa ʻo Fayol i kahi mele iā ia, e hoʻohālikelike ana iā ia me ka Sacchini palupalu a kapa ʻia ʻo ia he akua.
I nā makahiki 20 a me 30, hoʻokani pinepine ʻo Pierre Baio i nā hui Boccherini i nā ahiahi o ke keʻena hāmama ma Palisa. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hoʻokani maikaʻi loa o ka haku mele Italia. Ua kākau ʻo Fetis i kekahi lā, ma hope o ka quintet a Beethoven, ua lohe ʻo Fetis i ka quintet Boccherini i hana ʻia e Bayo, ua hauʻoli ʻo ia i "kēia mele maʻalahi a naʻaupō" e hahai ana i nā mele ikaika a me ka hoʻohiwahiwa o ka haku Kelemania. He mea kupanaha ka hopena. Ua hoʻonanea ʻia ka poʻe hoʻolohe, hauʻoli a hoʻomāʻewaʻewa. No ka nui o ka mana o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e puka mai ana mai ka ʻuhane mai, he hopena hiki ʻole ke kū ʻole ke puka pololei mai ka puʻuwai.
Ua aloha nui ʻia ka mele a Boccherini ma Rusia. Ua hana mua ia i ka 70s o ke kenekulia XVIII. I ka makahiki 80, ua kūʻai ʻia nā quartets Boccherini ma Moscow ma ka "Dutch shop" o Ivan Schoch me nā hana a Haydn, Mozart, Pleyel, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua lilo lākou i mea kaulana loa i waena o nā poʻe amateurs; Ua hoʻokani mau ʻia lākou ma nā ʻaha hui quartet home. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo AO Smirnova-Rosset i kēia mau ʻōlelo a IV Vasilchikov, i haʻi ʻia i ka mea kaulana kaulana ʻo IA Krylov, he mea aloha mele aloha mua: E. Boccherini.— LR). Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei ʻoe, e Ivan Andreevich, pehea ʻoe a me aʻu i pāʻani ai iā lākou a hiki i ka pō?
Quintets me elua cellos ua makemake i hana hoʻi i loko o ka 50s i loko o ka pōʻai o II Gavrushkevich, ka mea i kipa 'ia e ka opio Borodin: "AP Borodin hoʻolohe i Boccherini quintets me ka hoihoi a me ka'ōpiopio impressionability, me ka pihoihoi - Onslov, me ke aloha - Goebel" . Ma ka manawa like, i ka makahiki 1860, ma kahi leka iā E. Lagroix, ʻōlelo ʻo VF Odoevsky iā Boccherini, me Pleyel lāua ʻo Paesiello, ma ke ʻano he haku mele poina: ma mua o Pleyel, Boccherini, Paesiello a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i hala a poina ko lākou mau inoa.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka concerto cello nui B-flat wale nō i hoʻopaʻa i ka pili o ka hana kiʻi mai ka hoʻoilina o Boccherini. ʻAʻole paha he cellist hoʻokahi i hana ʻole i kēia hana.
ʻIke pinepine mākou i ka hana hou ʻana o nā hana he nui o nā mele kahiko, hānau hou ʻia no ke ola ʻahamele. ʻO wai ka mea ʻike? Malia paha e hiki mai ana ka manawa no Boccherini a me kāna mau hui e kani hou i loko o nā keʻena keʻena, e huki ana i ka poʻe hoʻolohe me kā lākou naive naive.
L. Raaben
