Mily Balakirev (Mily Balakirev) |

Mily Balakirev

ʻO kēlā me kēia mea hou i loaʻa iā ia ka hauʻoli maoli, ka leʻaleʻa, a ua lawe pū ʻo ia me ia, me ka manaʻo ahi, i kona mau hoa a pau. V. Stasov

He kūlana koʻikoʻi ko M. Balakirev: e wehe i kahi au hou i nā mele Lūkini a alakaʻi i kahi ala holoʻokoʻa i loko. I ka wā mua, ʻaʻohe mea i wānana iā ia i ka hopena. Ua hala ka wā kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio mai ke kapikala. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Balakirev e aʻo i ke mele ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana o kona makuahine, ka mea i manaʻoʻiʻo i nā mana koʻikoʻi o kāna keiki, hele pū me ia mai Nizhny Novgorod a i Moscow. Ma ʻaneʻi, ua lawe kekahi keiki kāne he ʻumi makahiki i nā haʻawina mai ke kumu kaulana, ka mea hoʻokani piano a me ka haku mele ʻo A. Dubuc. A laila, ʻo Nizhny, ka make mua o kona makuahine, e aʻo ana ma Alexander Institute ma ka uku o nā aliʻi kūloko (ʻo kona makuakāne, he luna liʻiliʻi, ua mare ʻo ia i ka lua o ka manawa, ua ʻilihune me kahi ʻohana nui) ...

ʻO ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi no Balakirev ʻo ia kona kamaʻāina me A. Ulybyshev, he diplomat, a me kahi connoisseur nui o ke mele, ka mea kākau o kahi moʻolelo biography ʻekolu o WA ​​Mozart. ʻO kona hale, kahi i'ākoakoa ai kahi hui hoihoi, mālamaʻia nā'ahamele, ua liloʻo Balakirev i kula maoli no ka hoʻomohalaʻana i kaʻoihana. Ma ʻaneʻi, alakaʻi ʻo ia i kahi mea hoʻokani pila, i loko o ka papahana o nā hana he mau hana like ʻole, ma waena o lākou nā symphonies a Beethoven, hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he pianist, aia ma kāna lawelawe kahi hale waihona mele waiwai, kahi e hoʻolilo ai ʻo ia i ka manawa nui e aʻo i nā helu. Hiki mai ke oʻo i kahi mea hoʻokani pila i ke kakahiaka. Ke kākau inoa nei i ka makahiki 1853 ma ka Faculty of Mathematics o Kazan University, ua haʻalele ʻo Balakirev iā ia i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope e hoʻolaʻa iā ia iho i ke mele. I kēia manawa, aia nā hoʻokolohua hoʻomohala mua: haku mele piano, romances. I ka ʻike ʻana i nā kūleʻa koʻikoʻi o Balakirev, lawe ʻo Ulybyshev iā ia i St. Petersburg a hoʻolauna iā ia iā M. Glinka. ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana me ka mea kākau o "Ivan Susanin" a me "Ruslan a me Lyudmila" he pōkole wale nō (Ua hele koke ʻo Glinka i waho), akā he mea nui: ʻae ʻia nā hana a Balakirev, hāʻawi ka mea haku mele nui i nā ʻōlelo aʻo e pili ana i nā hana hoʻomohala, nā kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke mele.

Ma St. Petersburg, loaʻa koke ʻo Balakirev i ka kaulana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani, hoʻomau i ka haku. He akamai i ka ʻike, pau ʻole i ka hana, makemake nui ʻo ia i nā hana hou. No laila, he mea maʻamau i ka wā i hui pū ai ke ola iā ia me C. Cui, M. Mussorgsky, a ma hope me N. Rimsky-Korsakov a me A. Borodin, ua hui ʻo Balakirev a alakaʻi i kēia hui mele liʻiliʻi, i iho i ka mōʻaukala o nā mele. ma lalo o ka inoa "Mighty Handful" (hāʻawi iā ia e B. Stasov) a me ka" Balakirev pōʻai ".

I kēlā me kēia pule, hui pū nā hoa mele a me Stasov ma Balakirev's. Ua kamaʻilio pū lākou, heluhelu pū me ka leo nui, akā hāʻawi lākou i ka hapa nui o ko lākou manawa i ke mele. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i kekahi o nā haku mele mua kahi hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā: ʻo Cui he ʻenekinia pūʻali koa, ʻo Mussorgsky kahi luna hoʻomaha, ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov kahi luina, ʻo Borodin he mea kemika. "Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Balakirev, ua hoʻomaka kā mākou hoʻonaʻauao pilikino," i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo Cui. "Ua hoʻokani hou mākou i nā lima ʻehā i nā mea a pau i kākau ʻia ma mua o mākou. Ua hoʻopiʻi nui ʻia nā mea a pau, a ua kālailai ʻo Balakirev i nā ʻano loea a me ka hoʻomohala o nā hana. Hāʻawi koke ʻia nā hana: e hoʻomaka pololei me kahi symphony (Borodin a me Rimsky-Korsakov), kākau ʻo Cui i nā operas ("Prisoner of the Caucasus", "Ratcliffe"). Hana ʻia nā haku mele a pau ma nā hālāwai o ka pōʻai. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻo Balakirev a hāʻawi i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo: "... he mea hōʻino, ʻo ia hoʻi he mea hoʻohewa ʻenehana, he mea kupanaha ia," i kākau ai ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov.

I kēia manawa, ua kākau ʻo Balakirev iā ia iho i 20 mau mele, me nā haku mele e like me "E hele mai iaʻu", "Selim's Song" (ʻelua - 1858), "Goldfish Song" (1860). Ua paʻi ʻia a mahalo nui ʻia nā mele a pau e A. Serov: “… Nā pua olakino hou ma ke kumu o nā mele Lūkini. Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hana symphonic a Balakirev ma nā ʻaha mele: Overture ma nā kumumanaʻo o ʻekolu mau mele Lūkini, Overture mai nā mele a hiki i ka pōʻino o Shakespeare ʻo King Lear. Ua kākau ʻo ia i nā ʻāpana piano he nui a ua hana ʻo ia ma kahi symphony.

Hoʻopili ʻia nā hana mele a me ka pilikanaka a Balakirev me ke Kula ʻo Free Music, āna i hoʻonohonoho pū ai me ka haku mele kupanaha a me ka haku mele ʻo G. Lomakin. Ma ʻaneʻi, hiki i nā mea a pau ke komo i ka mele, e hoʻokani ana i nā ʻaha mele o ke kula. He papa mele, heluhelu mele a me nā papa solfeggio. Ua alakaʻi ʻia ka papa himeni e Lomakin, a ʻo Balakirev ka poʻe hoʻokani pila, nāna i hoʻokomo i nā haku mele a kona mau hoa pōʻai ma nā papahana ʻahamele. Ua hana mau ka mea haku mele ma ke ʻano he mea hahai pono iā Glinka, a ʻo kekahi o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka mele kahiko mua o nā mele Lūkini ʻo ia ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka mele mele i kumu o ka hana. I ka makahiki 1866, ua pa'i 'ia ka Collection of Russian Folk Songs a Balakirev, a ua hana 'o ia i kekahi mau makahiki. ʻO ka noho ʻana ma ka Caucasus (1862 a me 1863) i hiki ai ke kamaʻāina me nā moʻolelo mele oriental, a mahalo i kahi huakaʻi i Prague (1867), kahi e alakaʻi ai ʻo Balakirev i nā opera a Glinka, ua aʻo pū ʻo ia i nā mele ʻo Czech. Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau manaʻo a pau i kāna hana: kahi kiʻi symphonic ma nā kumumanaʻo o ʻekolu mau mele Lūkini "1000 makahiki" (1864; ma ka 2nd edition - "Rus", 1887), "Czech Overture" (1867), oriental fantasy no ka piano. "Islamey" (1869), he mele mele "Tamara", hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 1866 a hoʻopau i nā makahiki he nui ma hope.

ʻO nā hana hana a Balakirev, hoʻokani, mele a me ka pilikanaka i lilo iā ia i hoʻokahi o nā mea hoʻokani pila i mahalo nui ʻia, a ʻo A. Dargomyzhsky, ka mea i lilo i luna hoʻomalu o ka RMS, hoʻokele e kono iā Balakirev i ka pou o ke alakaʻi (mau makahiki 1867/68 a me 1868/69). I kēia manawa ua kani ka mele a nā mea haku o ka "Mighty Handful" i nā ʻaha mele o ka Society, ua kūleʻa ka mua o ka Borodin's First Symphony.

Me he mea lā e piʻi aʻe ana ke ola o Balakirev, aia ma mua he piʻi i nā kiʻekiʻe hou. A ua loli koke nā mea a pau: ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻo Balakirev mai ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā ʻaha mele RMO. Ua maopopo ka pono ole o ka mea i hanaia. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka huhū e Tchaikovsky lāua ʻo Stasov, nāna i ʻōlelo ma ka nūpepa. Ua hoʻololi ʻo Balakirev i kona ikaika a pau i ke Kula ʻo Free Music, e ho'āʻo ana e kūʻē i kāna mau ʻaha mele i ka Musical Society. Akā ʻo ka hoʻokūkū me kahi ʻoihana waiwai, kākoʻo nui ʻia i hōʻike nui ʻia. ʻO kekahi ma hope o kekahi, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ʻo Balakirev e nā hemahema, ua lilo kona palekana i mea e pono ai, a ʻo kēia, inā pono, e kākoʻo i kona mau kaikaina ma hope o ka make ʻana o kona makuakāne. ʻAʻohe manawa kūpono no ka noʻonoʻo. Hoʻomaka ʻia ka manaʻolana, ua manaʻo ka haku mele no ka pepehi kanaka. ʻAʻohe mea e kākoʻo iā ia: ua neʻe aku kona mau hoa o ka pōʻai, ua paʻa kēlā me kēia me kāna mau hoʻolālā. ʻO ka hoʻoholo a Balakirev e uhaʻi mau loa me ka ʻoihana mele, ua like ia me kahi pahu mai ka uliuli no lākou. ʻAʻole hoʻolohe ʻo ia i kā lākou hoʻopiʻi a me ka hoʻohuli ʻana, komo ʻo ia i ke Keʻena Kūʻai o ka Warsaw Railway. ʻO ka hanana koʻikoʻi i hoʻokaʻawale i ke ola o ka haku mele i ʻelua mau manawa like ʻole i hana ʻia ma Iune 1872….

ʻOiai ʻaʻole i lawelawe lōʻihi ʻo Balakirev ma ke keʻena, ua lōʻihi a paʻakikī kona hoʻi ʻana i ke mele. Loaʻa iā ia kahi ola ma nā haʻawina piano, ʻaʻole naʻe ʻo ia i haku iā ia iho, noho kaʻawale a mehameha. Ma ka hope o 70s wale nō. hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hōʻike me nā hoaaloha. Akā, he kanaka ʻokoʻa kēia. ʻO ke kuko a me ka ikaika nui o ke kanaka i kaʻana like - ʻaʻole naʻe i ka manawa mau - nā manaʻo holomua o nā makahiki 60, ua hoʻololi ʻia e nā hoʻokolokolo hoʻāno, haipule a me ka hoʻopono, hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao. ʻAʻole i hiki mai ka ho'ōla ma hope o ka pilikia. Ua lilo hou ʻo Balakirev ma ke poʻo o ke kula mele āna i haʻalele ai, e hana ana ma ka hoʻopau ʻana o Tamara (ma muli o ka mele o ka inoa like e Lermontov), ​​​​i hana mua ʻia ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a ka mea kākau i ka puna o 1883. ʻO nā mea hou, ka hapa nui o nā ʻāpana piano, nā paʻi hou (Overture ma ke kumuhana o ka huakaʻi Spanish, symphonic poem "Rus"). Ma ka waena o 90s. Hana ʻia nā 10 romances. Ua haku mālie ʻo Balakirev. ʻAe, hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 60. ʻO ka Symphony Mua i hoʻopau wale ʻia ma hope o 30 mau makahiki (1897), i ka Second Piano Concerto i hāpai ʻia i ka manawa like, ua kākau ka mea haku mele i nā neʻe 2 wale nō (hoʻopau ʻia e S. Lyapunov), hana ma ka Second Symphony i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia no 8 mau makahiki ( 1900-08). I ka makahiki 1903-04. ʻike ʻia kahi moʻo o nā romances nani. ʻOiai ka pōʻino i loaʻa iā ia, ʻo ka mamao mai kāna mau hoaaloha mua, he mea nui ka hana a Balakirev i ke ola mele. I ka makahiki 1883-94. 'o ia ka luna ho'omalu o ka 'Aha Chapel a, ma ka laulima 'ana me Rimsky-Korsakov, ua ho'ololi 'ike 'ole 'o ia i ka ho'ona'auao mele ma laila, e kau ana ma ke kumu 'oihana. Ua hoʻokumu nā haumāna maikaʻi loa o ka hale pule i kahi pōʻai mele a puni ko lākou alakaʻi. ʻO Balakirev hoʻi ke kikowaena o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Weimar Circle, i hui pū me Academician A. Pypik ma 1876-1904; ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ia i hana ai me nā papahana ʻahamele holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka launa pū ʻana o Balakirev me nā kiʻi mele ʻē aʻe he nui a me ka manaʻo: me ka mea haku mele Farani a me ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo L. Bourgault-Ducudray a me ka mea hoʻohewa ʻo M. Calvocoressi, me ka mea mele Czech a me ka lehulehu kanaka B. Kalensky.

ʻO ka mele symphonic a Balakirev ke loaʻa nei ka kaulana. ʻAʻole kani wale ia i ke kapikala, akā i nā kūlanakauhale panalāʻau o Rūsia, ua hana maikaʻi ʻia ma waho - ma Brussels, Paris, Copenhagen, Munich, Heidelberg, Berlin. Hoʻokani ʻia kāna sonata piano e ka Spaniard R. Vines, "Islamea" i hana ʻia e ka mea kaulana ʻo I. Hoffman. ʻO ke kaulana o nā mele a Balakirev, ʻo kona ʻike haole ʻo ia ke poʻo o nā mele Lūkini, me he mea lā, e hoʻopaʻi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻino mai ka mainstream ma kona ʻāina hānau.

He liʻiliʻi ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina o Balakirev, akā he waiwai ia i nā ʻike kiʻi i hoʻomoʻa i nā mele Lūkini i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO Tamara kekahi o nā hana kiʻekiʻe o ka symphonism ʻano lāhui a me kahi mele lyrical kū hoʻokahi. I loko o nā moʻolelo aloha o Balakirev, nui nā ʻenehana a me nā ʻike kikokikona i hoʻokumu i nā mele leo o waho o ke keʻena - ma ke kākau kani kani a Rimsky-Korsakov, ma nā mele opera a Borodin.

ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o nā mele mele Lūkini ʻaʻole wale i wehe i kahi kahua hou i ka folkloristics mele, akā ua hoʻonui pū i ka opera Lūkini a me nā mele symphonic me nā kumuhana nani he nui. He mea hoʻoponopono mele maikaʻi ʻo Balakirev: ʻo nā haku mele mua a Mussorgsky, Borodin a me Rimsky-Korsakov i hele ma kona mau lima. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo ia no ka paʻi ʻana i nā helu o nā keaka ʻelua e Glinka (me Rimsky-Korsakov), a me nā haku mele na F. Chopin. Ua ola ʻo Balakirev i kahi ola maikaʻi loa, kahi i loaʻa ai nā hana hoʻomohala maikaʻi a me nā pio pōʻino, akā ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa ʻo ia ke ola o kahi mea pena kiʻi hou.

E. Gordeeva