Basso ostinato, basso ostinato |

Italia, lit. – paakiki, bass

ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano like ʻole, osn. ma nā kumuhana hana hou i ka bass me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā leo kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻomaka mai ka polyphonic. nā ʻano kākau koʻikoʻi, nona ka cantus firmus hoʻokahi, i ka wā i hana hou ʻia, ua hoʻopuni ʻia e nā mea kūʻē hou. I nā kenekulia 16-17. V. o. hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hula. mele. ʻO kekahi mau hula kahiko—passacaglia, chaconne, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe—e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano like ʻole ma V. o. Ua ola kēia ʻano ma hope o ka nalowale ʻana o ka passacaglia a me ka chaconne i kā lākou hula. manaʻo. V. o. Ua komo pū i loko o nā Arias a me nā mele o nā keaka, oratorio, cantatas o nā kenekulia 17-18. Ua kūkulu ʻia kekahi mau mele. ʻO nā palapala a V. o ka loko; mele V. kiʻi e pili ana. hoopuka i ka manao hookahi, me k.-l ole. hoʻihoʻi like ʻole. E pili ana i ka pōkole o ke kumuhana o V. o. Ua ʻimi nā haku mele e hoʻowaiwai me ke kōkua o nā leo contrapuntal, harmonica. nā hoʻololi a me nā loli tonal. ʻOhi ʻoniʻoni o nā kumuhana V. o. hāʻawi i ka ʻae ʻana i ka homophone-harmonic. hale kūʻai, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i ka polyphonic. pepa pepa. Nā kumuhana V. e pili ana. ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma luna o ka neʻe ʻana me ka unahi (diatonic a i ʻole chromatic) i lalo a piʻi paha mai ka tonic a i ka mana nui, i kekahi manawa me ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻanuʻu e pili ana me ia. Akā, ua nui aʻe nā kumuhana pilikino:

G. Purcell. Ode i ka lā hānau o Queen Mary.

Mr. Sell. Ode ia St. Cecilia.

A. Vivaldi. Concerto for 2 violins and orchestra a-moll, neʻe II.

G. Muffat. Passacaglia.

D. Buxtehude. Chaconne no ke kino.

JS Bach. Passacaglia no ke kino.

JS Bach. Chaconne mai Cantata No. 150

JS Bach. Concerto for clavier and orchestra in d-moll, part II.

Mele like. Ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ʻano kumu i nā kiʻi bass mua o nā kumumanaʻo neostinata. Hōʻike kēia i kā lākou launa pū ʻana me ka ostinato thematism, kahi ʻano o nā kenekulia 17-18. Hoʻopilikia pū ia i nā kumuhana sonata a hiki i ke kenekulia 20. (WA Mozart – quartet in d-moll, KV 421, L. Beethoven – sonata no ka piano, op. 53, J. Brahms – sonata no ka piano, op. 5, SS Prokofiev – sonata No. 2 no FP – ka ke kumuhana nui o nā māhele mua).

V. o. i passacaglia a me nā chaconnes o nā kenekulia 17-18. i hoʻokahi kī (JS Bach - Passacaglia i ka c-moll no ka okana, Crucifixus mai ka nuipa ma b-moll) a i ʻole i wehe ʻia i nā kī he nui. Ma ka hihia hope, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka modulation ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kumuhana (JS Bach - Chaconne mai cantata No. 150) a i ʻole ma o nā loulou modulation liʻiliʻi, i hiki ai ke hoʻololi i ke kumuhana i kahi kī hou me ka ʻole melodic. nā hoʻololi (D. Buxtehude - Passacaglia d-moll no ke kino). Ma kekahi mau hana. ua hui pū ʻia kēia mau ʻano hana ʻelua (JS Bach - ka ʻāpana waena o ka concerto clavier ma d-moll); i kekahi manawa ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana ma waena o nā hana o ke kumuhana, mahalo i lilo ke ʻano i rondo (J. Chambonière - Chaconne F-dur no ka harpsichord, F. Couperin - Passacaglia i ka h-moll no ka harpsichord).

Ua hoʻonui ʻo L. Beethoven i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka V. o.; ua hoʻohana ʻo ia ʻaʻole wale ke kumu o ka variational-cyclic. nā puka (ka hopena o ka symphony 3), akā ma ke ʻano he ʻano o kahi ʻano nui no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā manaʻo a me ka braking ma hope o ka holo ākea. ʻO V. o kēia. ma ka hopena o ka Allegro Symphony No. 9, kahi o V. o. concentrates mournfully dramatic. mau manawa, ma ka Vivace coda o ka Symphony No 7 a ma ka waena o ka Vivace quartet op. 135.

L. Beethoven. 9th symphony, neʻe I. 7th symphony, neʻe I.

L. Beethoven. Quartet op. 135, mahele II.

Ua lanakila ka static o nā hōʻike hou ʻana o ka mea like e nā loli i ka dynamics o ke kani (mai ka p a i ka f a i ʻole ka hope). Ma ka manaʻo like, e like me ka hopena o ka ulu nui ʻana o nā kiʻi like ʻole, V. o. i ke code o ka overture i ka opera "Ivan Susanin" na Glinka.

MI Glinka. "Ivan Susanin", overture.

I ka 19th a me 20th keneturia V. ka waiwai e pili ana. mahuahua. ʻElua o kona mau kumu i hoʻoholo ʻia. nā ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka mea mua ma kahi kumumanaʻo koʻikoʻi a he kaʻina maopopo o kāna mau ʻano kiʻi (I. Brahms - ka hopena o Symphony No. 4). Hoʻololi ka lua i ke kikowaena o ka umekaumaha mai kahi kumuhana kumu, i lilo i mea hoʻopaʻa maʻalahi, i kahi melodic-harmonic ākea. hoʻomohala (SI Taneev - Largo mai ka quintet op. 30). Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua i nā huahana kūʻokoʻa. (F. Chopin – Lullaby), a ma ke ano he hapa o ka sonata-symphony. nā pōʻai, a me nā hana opera a me ka ballet.

Ma waho aʻe o nā palena o ka vowel, lilo mālie ʻo ostinato i kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke mele o nā kenekulia 19 a me 20; ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma ke kahua o ka puʻuwai, harmoni, melodic. nā mele a me nā ʻano mele ʻē aʻe. hōʻike. Mahalo iā ostinato, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i kahi lewa o ka "ʻoʻoleʻa", "hoʻohoihoi", e nānā ana i ka c.-l. hoʻokahi ʻano manaʻo, kaiapuni ʻana i ka manaʻo, etc.; V. o. Hiki iā ia ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu uila. E hōʻike kēia mau mea. ʻO nā mea hiki a V. e pili ana. ua hoʻohana mua ʻia e nā haku mele o ke kenekulia 19. (AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, R. Wagner, A. Bruckner, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), akā ua loaʻa i ke koʻikoʻi kūikawā i ka kenekulia 20. (M. Ravel, IF Stravinsky, P. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich, AI Khachaturian, DB Kabalevsky, B. Britten, K. Orff a me nā mea'ē aʻe, i nā hana i hoʻohanaʻia nāʻano ostinato o nāʻano likeʻole).

E hoʻomaopopo ': Prорреr L., The basso ostinato as a technical and formative principle, В., 1926 (diss.); Litterscheid R., Ma ka moolelo o ka basso ostinato, Marburg, 1928; Nowak L., Nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ka moʻolelo o ka basso ostinato i ke mele komohana, W., 1932; Meinardus W., ʻO ke ʻano o ka basso ostinato na H. Purcell, Cologne, 1939 (diss.); Gurlill W., Ma JS Bach's Ostinato Technique, в кн.: Music History and Present. He moʻolelo moʻolelo. ʻO wau (nā mea hoʻohui i ka waihona no ka musicology), Wiesbaden, 1966; Вerger G., Ostinato, Chaconne, Passacaglia, Wolfenbüttel, (1968). См. также лит. при статьях Анализ музыкальный, Вариации, Форма музыкальная.

Vl. V. Protopopov