Frederic Chopin |

ʻO Frederic Chopin

Pohihihi, diabolo, wahine, wiwo ole, maopopo ole, maopopo i na mea a pau i ka Chopin poino. S. Richter

Wahi a A. Rubinstein, "ʻO Chopin he bard, rhapsodist, spirit, soul of the piano." ʻO ka mea kūʻokoʻa loa o ka mele a Chopin e pili ana me ka piano: ʻo kona haʻalulu, hoʻomaʻemaʻe, "mele" o nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka lokahi, e hoʻopuni ana i ke mele me kahi "haze". ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻike honua aloha, nā mea a pau e makemake ai i nā haku mele nui (symphonies a i ʻole opera) no kona ʻano, ua hōʻike ʻia e ka mea haku mele Polani nui a me ka mea hoʻokani piano i nā mele piano (He liʻiliʻi loa nā hana a Chopin me ke komo ʻana o nā mea kani, leo kanaka. aiʻole ka mea hoʻokani pila). ʻO nā ʻokoʻa a me nā polar kūʻē o ka romanticism ma Chopin ua lilo i ka lokahi kiʻekiʻe loa: ʻo ke ahi, hoʻonui ʻia ka "mahana" o ka naʻau - a me ka loiloi koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka hūnā pilikino o nā mele - a me ka manaʻo o nā unahi symphonic, artistry, i lawe ʻia i ka aristocratic sophistication, a me ka hope. iā ia - ka maʻemaʻe mua o "nā kiʻi kanaka." Ma keʻano laulā, ua komo ka moʻolelo kahiko o Polani (nā ʻano, nā mele, nā mele) i ka mele holoʻokoʻa a Chopin, ka mea i lilo i mele mele no Polani.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Chopin ma kahi kokoke i Warsaw, ma Zhelyazova Wola, kahi i hana ai kona makuakāne, he kamaʻāina ʻo Farani, ma ke ʻano he kumu home ma ka ʻohana helu. Ma hope koke iho o ka hānau ʻana o Fryderyk, neʻe ka ʻohana Chopin i Warsaw. Hōʻike ʻia ke talena mele Phenomenal iā ia iho i ka wā kamaliʻi, i ka makahiki 6 ua haku ke keikikāne i kāna hana mua (polonaise), a i ka makahiki 7 ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he pianist no ka manawa mua. Loaʻa iā Chopin ka hoʻonaʻauao ākea ma ka Lyceum, lawe pū ʻo ia i nā haʻawina piano mai V. Zhivny. Hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi mea hoʻokani pila ma ka Warsaw Conservatory (1826-29) ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a J. Elsner. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ke talena o Chopin ʻaʻole wale ma ke mele: mai ka wā kamaliʻi ua haku ʻo ia i nā mele, hoʻokani ʻo ia i nā hana home, a huki kupanaha. No ke koena o kona ola ʻana, mālama ʻo Chopin i ka makana o ka caricaturist: hiki iā ia ke kaha kiʻi a hōʻike paha i kekahi me nā hiʻohiʻona maka i ʻike maopopo ʻia e nā mea a pau kēia kanaka.

ʻO ke ola hana o Warsaw i hāʻawi i nā manaʻo he nui i ka mea hoʻokani pila. ʻO ka opera aupuni Italia a me Polani, nā mākaʻikaʻi o nā mea pena kiʻi nui (N. Paganini, J. Hummel) i hoʻolalelale iā Chopin, ua wehe i nā hiʻohiʻona hou nona. ʻO ka manawa pinepine i ka wā hoʻomaha kauwela, kipa ʻo Fryderyk i nā ʻāina ʻāina o kāna mau hoaaloha, kahi ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻolohe wale i ka pāʻani o nā mea hoʻokani o ke kauhale, akā i kekahi manawa ʻo ia i hoʻokani i kekahi mea kani. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua haku mele mua a Chopin, ʻo ia nā hula poʻomanaʻo o ke ola Polani (polonaise, mazurka), waltzes, a me nā nocturnes - nā mea liʻiliʻi o ke ʻano mele-contemplative. Huli pū ʻo ia i nā ʻano i hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ka repertoire o nā piano virtuoso i kēlā manawa - nā ʻano like ʻole, nā manaʻo, nā rondos. ʻO nā kumuhana no ia mau hana, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he mau kumuhana mai nā opera kaulana a i ʻole nā ​​mele Polani. ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o kahi kumumanaʻo mai WA ​​Mozart's opera "Don Giovanni" i hui me kahi pane mehana mai R. Schumann, nāna i kākau i kahi ʻatikala hoihoi e pili ana iā lākou. Loaʻa iā Schumann kēia mau huaʻōlelo: "… Inā hānau ʻia kahi kanaka akamai e like me Mozart i ko mākou manawa, e kākau ʻo ia i nā concerto e like me Chopin ma mua o Mozart." ʻO 2 concerto (ʻoi loa ma E minor) ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hana mua a Chopin, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻaoʻao āpau o ka honua noʻeau o ka mea haku mele iwakālua makahiki. ʻO nā huaʻōlelo elegiac, e like me ke aloha Lūkini o kēlā mau makahiki, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka nani o ka virtuosity a me nā kumuhana like me ka punawai. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻano maikaʻi o Mozart me ka ʻuhane o ke aloha.

Ma ka huakaʻi i Vienna a me nā kūlanakauhale o Kelemānia, ua loaʻa ʻo Chopin i ka lono o ka pio ʻana o ke kipi ʻana o Polani (1830-31). Ua lilo ka pōʻino o Polani i ka pōʻino pilikino ikaika loa, i hui pū ʻia me ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻi i ko lākou ʻāina hānau (ʻo Chopin he hoaaloha o kekahi poʻe i komo i ka neʻe hoʻokuʻu). E like me kā B. Asafiev i hōʻike ai, "ʻo nā kuʻi i hopohopo iā ia e pili ana i nā pae like ʻole o ke aloha a me ka pahū ʻana o ke kaumaha e pili ana i ka make ʻana o ka ʻāina makua." Mai kēia manawa, komo ke keaka maoli i kāna mele (Ballad ma G minor, Scherzo ma B minor, Etude ma C minor, i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo "Revolutionary"). Ua kākau ʻo Schumann "… Ua hoʻokomo ʻo Chopin i ka ʻuhane o Beethoven i loko o ka hale ʻaha mele." ʻO ka ballad a me ka scherzo nā ʻano hou no nā mele piano. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Ballads he romances kikoʻī o ke ʻano moʻolelo-keaka; no Chopin, he mau hana nui kēia o ke ʻano mele (i kākau ʻia ma lalo o ka manaʻo o nā ballads o A. Mickiewicz a me Polish dumas). Ke noʻonoʻo hou ʻia nei ka scherzo (maʻa mau he ʻāpana o ka pōʻai) - i kēia manawa ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e noho ma ke ʻano he ʻano kūʻokoʻa (ʻaʻole i ka comic, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea demonic).

Hoʻopili ʻia ko Chopin ola hope me Paris, kahi āna i pau ai i ka makahiki 1831. Ma kēia kikowaena o ke ola noʻeau, hui ʻo Chopin i nā mea pena mai nā ʻāina ʻEulopa like ʻole: nā haku mele G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, N. Paganini, V. Bellini, J. ʻO Meyerbeer, ka mea hoʻokani piano ʻo F. Kalkbrenner, nā mea kākau G. Heine, A. Mickiewicz, George Sand, mea pena ʻo E. Delacroix, nāna i pena ke kiʻi o ka mea haku mele. ʻO Paris i ka 30s XIX century - kekahi o nā kikowaena o ke kiʻi hou, aloha aloha, i hōʻoia iā ia iho i ka hakakā ʻana i ka academism. Wahi a Liszt, "Ua hui ākea ʻo Chopin i nā kūlana o ka Romantics, akā naʻe, ua kākau ʻo ia i ka inoa ʻo Mozart ma kāna hae." ʻOiaʻiʻo, no ka lōʻihi o ka hele ʻana o Chopin i kāna hana hou (ʻo Schumann lāua ʻo Liszt ʻaʻole i hoʻomaopopo mau iā ia!), ʻO kāna hana i loko o ke ʻano o ka hoʻomohala kūlohelohe o ka moʻomeheu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻololi ʻana. ʻO nā kiʻi o ke aloha Polani ʻo Mozart a, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo JS Bach. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻo Chopin i nā mele o kēia wā. Malia paha, ʻo kāna ʻono maʻemaʻe, hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻae i nā ʻano ʻino, rudeness a me nā kiʻekiʻe o ka hōʻike ʻana, pili ʻia ma aneʻi. Me ka pilikanaka a me ke aloha, ua kāohi ʻia ʻo ia a ʻaʻole makemake e wehe i kona honua i loko. No laila, e pili ana i ke mele, e pili ana i ka ʻike o kāna mau hana, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i kamaʻilio me ka liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻololi pinepine ʻia e like me kekahi ʻano ʻakaʻaka.

I loko o nā etudes i hana ʻia i nā makahiki mua o ke ola Parisian, hāʻawi ʻo Chopin i kona ʻike no ka virtuosity (e kūʻē i ke ʻano o nā pianists fashionable) ma ke ʻano he mea e hōʻike ai i ka ʻike noʻeau a hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ia mea. ʻO Chopin ponoʻī naʻe, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia i nā ʻaha mele, makemake ʻo ia i ke keʻena, ʻoi aku ka ʻoluʻolu o ka lewa o kahi salona honua i kahi hale nui. Ua nele ka loaʻa kālā mai nā ʻaha mele a me nā puke mele, a ua koi ʻia ʻo Chopin e hāʻawi i nā haʻawina piano. I ka pau ana o na makahiki 30. Hoʻopau ʻo Chopin i ka pōʻai o nā preludes, i lilo i encyclopedia maoli o ka romanticism, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā hui nui o ka ʻike honua aloha. I nā preludes, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, kahi "density" kūikawā. A ʻike hou mākou i kahi hiʻohiʻona o kahi ʻano hou i ke ʻano. Ma nā mele kahiko, ʻo ka prelude he hoʻolauna mau i kekahi hana. Me Chopin, he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi kēia iā ia iho, i ka manawa like me ka mālama ʻana i kekahi mau haʻahaʻa o ka aphorism a me ke kūʻokoʻa "improvisational", ʻo ia ka consonant me ka ʻike honua aloha. Ua pau ka pōʻaiapuni o ka preludes ma ka mokupuni ʻo Mallorca, kahi i hele ai ʻo Chopin me George Sand (1838) e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona olakino. Eia kekahi, ua hele ʻo Chopin mai Paris a i Kelemānia (1834-1836), kahi i hui ai ʻo Mendelssohn lāua ʻo Schumann, a ʻike i kona mau mākua ma Carlsbad, a i ʻEnelani (1837).

I ka makahiki 1840, kākau ʻo Chopin i ka Sonata ʻElua ma B flat minor, kekahi o kāna mau hana pōʻino loa. ʻO kāna ʻāpana ʻekolu - "The Funeral March" - ua mau ka hōʻailona o ke kanikau a hiki i kēia lā. ʻO nā hana nui ʻē aʻe he ballads (3), scherzos (4), Fantasia ma F minor, Barcarolle, Cello a me Piano Sonata. Akā,ʻaʻole i emi iki ka mea nui no Chopin i nāʻano o ke aloha miniature; aia nā pō hou (ka nui ma kahi o 4), polonaises (20), waltzes (16), impromptu (17). ʻO ke aloha kūikawā o ka haku mele ka mazurka. Chopin's 4 mazurkas, poeticizing i ka leo o ka Polani hula (mazur, kujawiak, oberek), ua lilo i lyrical haiolelo, ka haku mele "diary", he hoike o ka loa pili. ʻAʻole ia he coincidence ka hana hope loa a ka "poet piano" ʻo ia ka F-minor mazurka op kaumaha. 52, No. 68 - ke kiʻi o kahi ʻāina mamao, hiki ʻole ke loaʻa.

ʻO ka hopena o ka hana holoʻokoʻa a Chopin ʻo ke Sonata ʻekolu ma B minor (1844), kahi e like me nā hana ʻē aʻe ma hope, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nani a me ke kala o ke kani. Hoʻokumu ka mea haku mele maʻi maʻi i ke mele piha i ka māmā, he hoʻohui pū me ke ʻano.

I nā makahiki hope loa o kona ola ʻana, ua huakaʻi nui ʻo Chopin i ʻEnelani a me Scotland (1848), ʻo ia hoʻi, e like me ka haʻalele ʻana i ka pilina me George Sand ma mua o ia, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kona olakino. He kūʻokoʻa loa ka mele a Chopin, ʻoiai ua hoʻohuli ʻo ia i nā mea haku mele o nā hanauna ma hope mai: mai F. Liszt iā K. Debussy a me K. Szymanowski. ʻO nā mea hoʻokani mele Lūkini ʻo A. Rubinshtein, A. Lyadov, A. Skryabin, S. Rachmaninov he manaʻo kūikawā, "ʻohana" nona. Ua lilo ka hana a Chopin no mākou i mea hoʻohui ʻokoʻa, ʻoluʻolu o ka manaʻo aloha a me ka wiwo ʻole, piha i ka hakakā, e hoʻoikaika ana no ia.

K. Zenkin

I nā makahiki 30 a me 40 o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā mele honua e ʻekolu mau ʻano hana kiʻi nui i hele mai mai ka hikina o ʻEulopa. Me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o Chopin, Glinka, Liszt, ua wehe ʻia kahi ʻaoʻao hou i ka mōʻaukala o nā kiʻi mele.

No kā lākou ʻano hana noʻeau a pau, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o ka hopena o kā lākou kiʻi, ua hoʻohui ʻia kēia mau haku mele ʻekolu e kahi mikiona mōʻaukala maʻamau. ʻO lākou nā mea i hoʻomaka i kēlā neʻe no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kula aupuni, ʻo ia ka mea nui loa o ka moʻomeheu mele pan-European o ka hapa lua o ka 30th (a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka XNUMXth) kenekulia. I loko o nā kenekulia ʻelua a me ka hapa ma hope o ka Renaissance, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mele mele honua ma kahi o ʻekolu mau kikowaena aupuni. ʻO kēlā me kēia au noʻeau koʻikoʻi i kahe ʻia i loko o ke kahawai nui o nā mele pan-European i hele mai mai Italia, Farani a me nā aupuni aupuni Austro-German. A hiki i ka waena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ʻo ka hegemony i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mele honua no lākou. A hiki koke mai, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka XNUMXs, ma ka "periphery" o Central Europe, kekahi ma hope o kekahi, ua puka mai nā kula kiʻi nui, no kēlā mau moʻomeheu aupuni a hiki i kēia manawa ʻaʻole i komo i ke "ala kiʻekiʻe" o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kiʻi mele ma. a pau, a i ʻole i haʻalele i ka wā ma mua. a noho ma ka malu no ka manawa loihi.

ʻO kēia mau kula aupuni hou - ʻo ka mua o nā Lūkini āpau (ʻo ia ka mea i lawe koke ʻia inā ʻaʻole ka mua, a laila kekahi o nā wahi mua o ka hana mele honua), Polani, Czech, Hungarian, a laila Norewai, Paniolo, Finnish, English a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e ninini i kahi kahawai hou i nā kuʻuna kahiko o nā mele ʻEulopa. Ua wehe lākou i nā ʻike noʻeau hou nona, hoʻohou a hoʻonui nui i kāna mau kumuwaiwai hōʻike. ʻO ke kiʻi o nā mele pan-European i ka hapalua ʻelua o ke kenekulia XNUMXth he mea hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo me ka ʻole o nā kula aupuni e ulu wikiwiki nei.

ʻO ka poʻe i hoʻokumu i kēia neʻe ʻana, ʻo ia nā mea haku mele ʻekolu i kapa ʻia ma luna aʻe i komo i ke kahua honua i ka manawa like. Ke hōʻike nei i nā ala hou i ka ʻoihana ʻoihana pan-European, ua hana kēia mau mea pena ma ke ʻano he ʻelele no kā lākou moʻomeheu lāhui, e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai nui i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ko lākou poʻe. ʻO Art ma kahi pālākiō e like me ka hana a Chopin, Glinka a i ʻole Liszt hiki ke hana wale ma luna o ka ʻāina ʻāina i hoʻomākaukau ʻia, e like me ka hua o kahi moʻomeheu ʻuhane kahiko a hoʻomohala ʻia, kāna mau moʻomeheu ponoʻī o ka ʻoihana mele, ʻaʻole i pau i ka luhi, a hoʻomau i ka hānau ʻana. moʻolelo kuʻuna. Ma muli o ke ʻano o nā loina kaulana o nā mele ʻoihana ma ʻEulopa Komohana, ʻo ke ʻano kūlohelohe o ka moʻolelo "ʻaʻole paʻa ʻole" o nā ʻāina o ʻEulopa Hikina i lilo i mea manaʻo nui. Akā ʻo ka pilina o Chopin, Glinka, Liszt me ka moʻomeheu o ko lākou ʻāina, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i pau i laila. ʻO nā manaʻo, nā manaʻo a me nā ʻeha o ko lākou poʻe, ko lākou manaʻo noʻonoʻo nui, nā ʻano i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka mōʻaukala o ko lākou ola a me ke ʻano o ke ola - ʻo kēia mau mea āpau, ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā moʻolelo mele, ua hoʻoholo i nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano hana o kēia mau mea pena. ʻO ke mele o Fryderyk Chopin he ʻano hoʻohālike o ka ʻuhane o ka poʻe Polani. ʻOiai ʻo ka mea haku mele i hoʻohana i ka hapa nui o kona ola hana ʻana ma waho o kona ʻāina hānau, akā naʻe, ʻo ia ka mea i koho ʻia e hoʻokani i ke ʻano o ka moʻomeheu o kona ʻāina i ka maka o ke ao holoʻokoʻa a hiki i ko mākou ʻāina. manawa. ʻO kēia haku mele, nona ka mele i komo i ke ola ʻuhane i kēlā me kēia lā o kēlā me kēia kanaka moʻomeheu, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ke keiki a ka poʻe Polani.

Ua loaʻa koke ka mele a Chopin i ka ʻike honua. ʻO ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā haku mele aloha, ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka hakakā no kahi kiʻi hou, ua manaʻo i loko ona he kanaka like. Ua hoʻokomo maoli ʻia kāna hana i loko o ke ʻano o nā ʻimi noʻeau kiʻekiʻe o kāna hanauna. (E hoʻomanaʻo mākou ʻaʻole wale i nā ʻatikala koʻikoʻi a Schumann, akā ʻo kāna "Carnival", kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ʻo Chopin ma ke ʻano he "Davidsbündlers". ʻO ka wiwo ʻole o ka ʻōlelo mele (a ʻoi aku ka harmonic), ka mea hou i ke kahua o nā ʻano a me nā ʻano - ua hoʻopiʻi kēia mau mea i ka huli ʻana o Schumann, Berlioz, Liszt, Mendelssohn. A i ka manawa like, ua hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi a Chopin e kahi ʻano kumu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia iā ia mai kona mau hoa a pau. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke kumu maoli o Chopin i hele mai i ka ʻāina-Polani kumu o kāna hana, i manaʻo koke ʻia e kona mau hoa. Akā no ka nui o ka hana o ka moʻomeheu Slavic i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke ʻano o Chopin, ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō kāna ʻaiʻē i kona ʻano maoli kupaianaha maoli, ʻo Chopin, e like me ka mea haku mele ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻokō ʻo ia e hoʻohui a hoʻohui pū i nā ʻano hana kiʻi i ka maka mua. me he mea la e pili ana kekahi. Hiki i kekahi ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke kūʻē ʻana o ka hana hoʻomohala a Chopin inā ʻaʻole i kūʻai ʻia e kahi ʻano hoʻohui kupaianaha, hoʻokahi, hoʻopono loa, e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa loa, i kekahi manawa a i nā au koʻikoʻi.

No laila, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka hana a Chopin ʻo ia ka nui a me ka hiki koke. He mea maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi haku mele ʻē aʻe i hiki ke hoʻokūkū i kāna mele iā Chopin i kona mana koke a hohonu loa o ka mana? Ua hele mai nā miliona o ka poʻe i ke mele ʻoihana "ma o Chopin", he nui nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i manaʻo ʻole i ka hana hoʻokani mele ma ka laulā, akā naʻe, ʻike lākou i ka "huaʻōlelo" a Chopin me ka naʻau. ʻO nā hana hoʻokahi wale nō a nā haku mele ʻē aʻe - no ka laʻana, ʻo Beethoven's Fifth Symphony a i ʻole Pathétique Sonata, Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony a i ʻole ʻo Schubert's "Unfinished" - hiki ke hoʻohālikelike me ka nani nui o kēlā me kēia pā Chopin. ʻOiai i ke ola ʻana o ka mea haku mele, ʻaʻole pono kāna mele e hakakā i kona ala i ka lehulehu, e lanakila ai i ke kū'ē kūʻē o ka mea hoʻolohe conservative - kahi hopena i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea hoʻomohala wiwo ʻole a pau i waena o nā mea haku mele ʻEulopa Komohana o ka makahiki ʻumikumamāiwa. Ma kēia ʻano, ua kokoke loa ʻo Chopin i ka poʻe haku mele o nā kula aupuni-demokratika hou (i hoʻokumu nui ʻia i ka hapa ʻelua o ke kenekulia) ma mua o nā romantics Western European romantics.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kāna hana i ka manawa like e kū nei i kona kūʻokoʻa mai nā kuʻuna i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā kula democratic aupuni o ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO ia nā ʻano ʻano i hoʻokani i ke kuleana nui a kākoʻo no nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o nā kula aupuni-demokratiki - ka opera, ke aloha o kēlā me kēia lā a me nā mele symphonic papahana - ʻaʻole loa i ka hoʻoilina o Chopin a noho i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma laila.

ʻO ka moeʻuhane o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi opera aupuni, nāna i hoʻoikaika i nā haku mele Polani ʻē aʻe - nā mea mua a me nā mea hou o Chopin - ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia i kāna hana. ʻAʻole hoihoi ʻo Chopin i ka hale keaka mele. ʻAʻole i komo iki nā mele Symphonic ma ke ʻano nui, a me nā mele papahana. laula o kona mau makemake hana kii. ʻO nā mele i haku ʻia e Chopin he mea hoihoi ia, akā noho lākou i kahi kūlana lua ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me kāna mau hana āpau. He mea ʻē kāna mele i ka maʻalahi o ka "objective", "ethnographic" o ke ʻano o ke ʻano, ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā kula aupuni-demokratika. ʻOiai ma nā mazurkas, kū kaʻawale ʻo Chopin mai Moniuszko, Smetana, Dvorak, Glinka a me nā mea haku mele ʻē aʻe i hana pū ma ke ʻano o ka poʻe a i ʻole ka hula o kēlā me kēia lā. A i loko o nā mazurkas, ua piha kāna mele i kēlā hana kiʻi hopohopo, kēlā hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻuhane e hoʻokaʻawale i nā manaʻo a pau āna e hōʻike ai.

ʻO ke mele a Chopin ka quintessence o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka manaʻo maikaʻi loa o ka huaʻōlelo, ka nani, ka nani i poni maikaʻi ʻia. Akā, hiki ke hōʻole ʻia ʻo kēia kiʻi, ka mea i waho i kahi salon aristocratic, e hoʻokau i nā manaʻo o ka lehulehu o nā tausani he nui a lawe pū me ka ikaika ʻole ma mua o ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana i kahi haʻiʻōlelo nui a i ʻole ka luna hoʻomalu kaulana?

ʻO ka "salonness" o ke mele a Chopin kona ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, me he mea lā he kūʻē loa ia me ke kiʻi hoʻomohala maʻamau o ka mea haku mele. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nā pilina o Chopin me ka salon. ʻAʻole ia he mea kūpono ʻole i ka makahiki XNUMXth i hānau ʻia ai ka wehewehe ʻana i ka salon liʻiliʻi o ke mele a Chopin, i mālama ʻia ma ke ʻano o ke ola kūloko, i kekahi mau wahi ma ke Komohana a hiki i ka makahiki XNUMX. Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani, ʻaʻole makemake ʻo Chopin a makaʻu i ke kahua ʻaha mele, ma ke ola ua neʻe nui ʻo ia i kahi ʻano aristocratic, a ʻo ka lewa hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka salon honua i hoʻoikaika a hoʻoikaika iā ia. Ma hea, inā ʻaʻole i loko o kahi salona honua, pono e ʻimi kekahi i ke kumu o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono ʻole o ke ʻano o Chopin? ʻO ka nani a me ka nani o ka virtuosity hiʻohiʻona o kāna mele, i ka pau ʻole o nā hopena hana uila, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu wale ʻia i loko o kahi keʻena keʻena, akā i kahi ʻano aristocratic i koho ʻia.

Akā i ka manawa like, ʻo ka hana a Chopin ka antipode piha o ka salonism. ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa o nā manaʻo, wahaheʻe, ʻaʻole maoli virtuosity, posturing, hoʻoikaika i ka nani o ke ʻano me ka hohonu a me ka ʻike - ʻo kēia mau ʻano obligatory o ka salonism honua he mea ʻē loa iā Chopin. ʻOiai ka nani a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o nā ʻano o ka ʻōlelo, ua hoʻopiha mau ʻia nā ʻōlelo a Chopin i kēlā ʻano koʻikoʻi, i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka mana nui o ka manaʻo a me ka manaʻo ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻohauʻoli, akā pinepine ka pīhoihoi i ka mea hoʻolohe. ʻO ka hopena noʻonoʻo a me ka manaʻo o kāna mele he mea nui loa ia ma ke Komohana ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo ia me nā mea kākau Lūkini - Dostoevsky, Chekhov, Tolstoy, me ka manaʻo me lākou ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka hohonu o ka "Slavic soul".

E nānā kākou i kekahi ʻano kūʻē like ʻole o Chopin. ʻO kahi mea pena akamai akamai, nāna i waiho i kahi hōʻailona hohonu i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mele honua, e noʻonoʻo ana i kāna hana i kahi ākea o nā manaʻo hou, ua hiki ke hōʻike piha iā ia iho ma o ka palapala pianistic wale nō. ʻAʻohe mea haku mele ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā mea ma mua o Chopin a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hahai, i kaupalena iā ia iho, e like me ia, i ke ʻano o ke mele piano (nā hana i hana ʻia e Chopin ʻaʻole no ka piano e noho i kahi wahi koʻikoʻi i kāna hoʻoilina hoʻomohala ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻololi i ke kiʻi e like me holoʻokoʻa).

No ka nui o ka hana hou o ka piano i ke mele o ʻEulopa Komohana o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ʻaʻohe mea nui o ka hoʻokupu i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia e nā mea haku mele ʻEulopa Komohana a pau e hoʻomaka ana me Beethoven, ʻaʻohe o lākou, me ka mea hoʻokani piano nui loa o kāna. kenekulia, ʻo Franz Liszt, ʻaʻole i ʻoluʻolu loa i kāna mau mea hiki ke hōʻike. I ka nānā mua ʻana, hiki i ka manaʻo kūʻokoʻa o Chopin i ka mele piano ke hāʻawi i ka manaʻo o ka noʻonoʻo haiki. Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻo ka ʻilihune o nā manaʻo i ʻae iā ia e māʻona i nā hiki o kahi mea kani. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kumu waiwai a pau o ka piano, ua hiki iā Chopin ke hoʻonui i nā palena noʻeau o kēia mea kani a hāʻawi iā ia i kahi mea nui i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua.

ʻAʻole i emi iki nā mea i ʻike ʻia e Chopin ma ke ʻano o ka palapala piano ma mua o nā mea i hoʻokō ʻia e kona mau hoa ma ke kahua o ka symphonic a i ʻole ke mele operatic. Inā ʻo nā moʻomeheu virtuoso o ka pop piano i kāohi iā Weber mai ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻano hana hou, a loaʻa iā ia ma ke keaka mele wale nō; inā ʻo nā sonata piano a Beethoven, no ko lākou manaʻo nui loa, ua hoʻokokoke i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka symphonist akamai; inā ʻo Liszt, i ka hiki ʻana i ke oʻo noʻonoʻo, aneane haʻalele ʻo ia i ka haku mele no ka piano, e hāʻawi nui ana iā ia iho i ka hana symphonic; ʻoiai ʻo Schumann, ka mea i hōʻike piha iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he haku mele piano, i hoʻomaikaʻi i kēia mea kani no hoʻokahi ʻumi makahiki, a laila no Chopin, ʻo ke mele piano ka mea āpau. ʻO ia ke keʻena hana hoʻomohala a ka mea haku mele a me kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai kāna mau hana hoʻokō kiʻekiʻe loa. He ʻano ia o ka hōʻoia ʻana i kahi ʻenehana virtuoso hou a me kahi ʻāpana o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻano pili pili hohonu loa. Maʻaneʻi, me ka piha kupaianaha a me ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo kupanaha, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao "sensual" a me ka waihoʻoluʻu o nā leo a me ka loiloi o kahi ʻano mele nui me ka pae like o ka hemolele. Eia kekahi, ʻo kekahi o nā pilikia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka papa holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mele ʻEulopa i ke kenekulia XNUMXth, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Chopin i kāna mau hana piano me ka manaʻo hoʻohuli kiʻekiʻe, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mea i hoʻokō ʻia e nā haku mele ʻē aʻe ma ke kahua o nā ʻano symphonic.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke ʻano like ʻole i ke kūkākūkā ʻana i ka "kumu nui" o ka hana a Chopin.

ʻO wai ʻo Chopin - he mea pena kiʻi lāhui a me ka poʻe, hoʻonani i ka mōʻaukala, ke ola, ke ʻano o kona ʻāina a me kona poʻe, a i ʻole ke aloha, i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā ʻike pili a me ka ʻike ʻana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka hoʻohuli mele? A ʻo kēia mau ʻaoʻao koʻikoʻi ʻelua o nā aesthetics mele o ke kenekulia XNUMXth i hui pū ʻia me ia i kahi kaulike kūlike.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke kumumanaʻo nui o Chopin ke kumuhana o kona ʻāina hānau. ʻO ke kiʻi o Polani - nā kiʻi o kona wā kahiko, nā kiʻi o ka palapala aupuni, ke ola Polani hou, nā leo o nā hula a me nā mele - ke hele nei kēia mau mea a pau i ka hana a Chopin i kahi kaula pau ʻole, e hana ana i kāna mea nui. Me ka noʻonoʻo pau ʻole, hiki iā Chopin ke hoʻololi i kēia kumuhana hoʻokahi, me ka ʻole o kāna hana e nalowale koke kona ʻano pilikino, waiwai a me ka mana noʻeau. Ma kekahi ʻano, hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo ia he mea pena kiʻi o kahi hale kūʻai "monothematic". ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ʻo Schumann, ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila, mahalo koke i ka ʻike aloha ʻāina kipi o ka hana a Chopin, e kapa ana i kāna mau hana "nā pū huna i loko o nā pua."

"… Inā ʻike kahi mōʻī autocratic ikaika ma laila, ma ka ʻĀkau, i ke ʻano o ka ʻenemi weliweli iā ia ma nā hana a Chopin, ma nā mele maʻalahi o kāna mazurkas, ua pāpā ʻo ia i nā mele ..." - kākau ka mea haku mele Kelemania.

Eia naʻe, ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o kēia "folk singer", ma ke ʻano o kāna hīmeni ʻana i ke ʻano nui o kona ʻāina, aia kekahi mea e pili ana i ka aesthetics o nā lyricists aloha Western. Ua ʻaʻahu ʻia ka manaʻo a me nā manaʻo o Chopin e pili ana iā Polani i ke ʻano o "kahi moe aloha aloha ʻole". ʻO ka paʻakikī (a i nā maka o Chopin a me kona mau hoa kokoke i hope ʻole) ʻo ka hopena o Polani i hāʻawi i kona manaʻo no kona ʻāina hānau i ke ʻano o ke ʻano ʻehaʻeha no kahi kūpono hiki ʻole ke loaʻa a me ka malu o ka mahalo nui ʻia no kona nani i hala. No ka Western European romantics, ua hōʻike ʻia ke kūʻē kūʻē i ke ola hina hina i kēlā me kēia lā, e kūʻē i ka honua maoli o nā "philistines a me nā mea kālepa" i ka makemake i ka honua ʻole o ka noʻonoʻo nani (no ka "pua uliuli" o ka haku mele Kelemania ʻo Novalis, no ka mea. "ʻO ka mālamalama honua, ʻike ʻole ʻia e kekahi ma ka ʻāina a i ke kai paha" e ka English romantic Wordsworth, e like me ke aupuni kilokilo o Oberon ma Weber a me Mendelssohn, e like me ka ʻuhane maikaʻi o kahi mea aloha ʻole ma Berlioz, etc.). No Chopin,ʻo ka "moeʻuhane nani" i kona ola a pau ka moeʻuhane o kahi Polani kūʻokoʻa. I loko o kāna hana, ʻaʻohe mea enchanting, otherworldly, fairy-tale-fantastic motifs, no laila ke ʻano o Western European romantics ma ka laulā. ʻO nā kiʻi o kāna mau pila, i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā mele mele aloha o Mickiewicz, ʻaʻohe o nā ʻono o ka moʻolelo.

ʻO nā kiʻi o Chopin o ka makemake i ka honua pau ʻole o ka nani i hōʻike ʻia iā lākou iho ʻaʻole ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokipa ʻana i ka honua ʻuhane o nā moeʻuhane, akā i ke ʻano o ka homesickable ʻole.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo mai ka iwakālua o ka makahiki ʻo Chopin i koi ʻia e noho i kahi ʻāina ʻē, ʻaʻole i heʻe kona wāwae i ka ʻāina Polani no nā makahiki he iwakālua, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻoikaika i kona ʻano aloha a moeʻuhane i nā mea a pau e pili ana i ka ʻāina hānau. I kona manaʻo, ua lilo ʻo Polani i mea maikaʻi loa, ʻaʻohe o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a ʻike ʻia ma o ka prism o nā ʻike lyrical. ʻO nā "kiʻi kiʻi" i loaʻa i loko o kāna mau mazurkas, a i ʻole nā ​​​​kiʻi papahana o nā kaʻina hana kiʻi i loko o ka polonaises, a i ʻole nā ​​canvases ākea ākea o kāna mau pila, i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā poʻomanaʻo epic o Mickiewicz - ʻo lākou āpau, e like me ka maʻemaʻe. ʻO nā sketches psychological, ua unuhi ʻia e Chopin ma waho o ka "tangibility" pahuhopu. ʻO kēia nā hoʻomanaʻo kūpono a i ʻole nā ​​moeʻuhane rapturous, ʻo ia ke kaumaha elegiac a i ʻole nā ​​​​kūʻē kūʻē, he mau hihiʻo lele a i ʻole ka manaʻoʻiʻo. ʻO ia ke kumu i manaʻo ʻia ai ʻo Chopin, ʻoiai ka pili pono o kāna hana me ke ʻano, kēlā me kēia lā, nā mele mele o Polani, me kāna moʻolelo aupuni a me ka mōʻaukala, ʻaʻole naʻe i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea haku mele no kahi ʻano pahuhopu, epic a i ʻole hale keaka-keaka, akā. ma ke ano he haku mele a me ka moeuhane. ʻO ia ke kumu i hoʻokomo ʻole ʻia ai nā manaʻo aloha ʻāina a me nā kipi i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ʻike nui o kāna hana i loko o ke ʻano opera, pili i ka pahuhopu maoli o ka hale keaka, a i ke mele paha, e pili ana i nā kuʻuna o ka home. ʻO ia ke mele piano i kūpono i ka hale kūʻai noʻonoʻo o ka noʻonoʻo o Chopin, kahi āna i ʻike ai a hoʻomohala i nā manawa nui no ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kiʻi o nā moeʻuhane a me nā ʻano lyrical.

ʻAʻohe haku mele ʻē aʻe, a hiki i ko mākou manawa, i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka nani mele o Chopin mele. Me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole - mai ka melancholy o ka "mālamalama mahina" a hiki i ke keaka pahū o nā kuko a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻomakeʻe - ua hoʻopiha mau ʻia nā ʻōlelo a Chopin me nā mele kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana nō paha o nā kumu mele a Chopin, kona ʻāina ʻāina a me nā ʻano kipi me ka hoʻoulu mele ʻana a me ka nani nani e wehewehe ana i kona kaulana nui. A hiki i kēia lā, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ke ʻano o ka ʻuhane o ka poetry i ke mele.

* * *

ʻO ka mana o Chopin i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mele ma hope he mea nui a maʻalahi. ʻAʻole pili wale ia i ke ʻano o ka pianism, akā i ke kahua o ka ʻōlelo mele (ka manaʻo e hoʻokuʻu i ka lokahi mai nā kānāwai o ka diatonicity), a ma ke kahua o ke ʻano mele (Chopin, ma ke ʻano, ʻo ia ka mea mua i nā mele instrumental e hana i kahi ʻano manuahi o ka romantics), a ʻo ka hope - i ka aesthetics. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka loina ʻāina-ʻāina i hoʻokō ʻia e ia me ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana ʻoihana hou e hiki ke lilo i kumu no ka poʻe haku mele o nā kula aupuni-demokratika.

ʻO ka pili ʻana o Chopin i nā ala i kūkulu ʻia e nā haku mele Lūkini o ke kenekulia 1894 i hōʻike ʻia i ka mahalo nui i kāna hana, i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻelele koʻikoʻi o ka manaʻo mele o Rusia (Glinka, Serov, Stasov, Balakirev). Ua lawe ʻo Balakirev i ka manaʻo e wehe i kahi monument iā Chopin ma Zhelyazova Vola i XNUMX. ʻO Anton Rubinstein kekahi mea unuhi maikaʻi o ka mele a Chopin.

V. Konen

Nā haku mele:

no ka piano a me ka orkestra:

aha mele — Helu 1 e-moll op. 11 (1830) a no. 2 f-moll op. 21 (1829), nā hoʻololi ʻana i kahi kumuhana mai ka opera a Mozart ʻo Don Giovanni op. 2 (“E hāʻawi mai i kou lima, nani” – “La ci darem la mano”, 1827), rondo-krakowiak F-dur op. 14, Noʻonoʻo ma nā kumuhana Polish A-dur op. 13 (1829), Andante spianato a me polonaise Es-dur op. 22 (1830-32);

keena mea kani ensembles:

sonata no ka piano a me ka cello g-moll op. 65 (1846), nā ʻano like ʻole no ka ʻohe a me ka piano ma kahi kumuhana mai ka Rossini's Cinderella (1830?), ka hoʻolauna a me ka polonaise no ka piano a me ke cello C-dur op. 3 (1829), Duet ʻaha mele nui no ka piano a me ke cello ma ke kumuhana mai Meyerbeer's Robert the Devil, me O. Franchomme (1832?), piano trio g-moll op. 8 (1828);

no ka piano:

sonata c liʻiliʻi op. 4 (1828), b-moll op. 35 (1839), b-moll op. 58 (1844), ʻaha mele Allegro A-dur op. 46 (1840-41), fantasy in f minor op. 49 (1841), 4 puolo - G minor op. 23 (1831-35), F nui op. 38 (1839), He op nui. 47 (1841), in F minor op. 52 (1842), 4 mau hola - B liʻiliʻi op. 20 (1832), B minor op. 31 (1837), C sharp minor op. 39 (1839), E major op. 54 (1842), 4 hikiwawe — As-dur op. 29 (1837), Fis-dur op. 36 (1839), Ges-dur op. 51 (1842), fantasy-impromptu cis-moll op. 66 (1834), 21 ahiahi (1827-46) – 3 op. 9 (B liʻiliʻi, E pālahalaha nui, B nui), 3 op. 15 (F nui, F nui, G liʻiliʻi), 2 op. 27 (C sharp minor, D nui), 2 op. 32 (H nui, He nui palahalaha), 2 op. 37 (G minor, G nui), 2 op. 48 (C liʻiliʻi, F liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi), 2 op. 55 (F liʻiliʻi, E pālahalaha nui), 2 op.62 (H nui, E nui), op. 72 ma E minor (1827), C minor me ka op. (1827), C sharp minor (1837), 4 rondo - C liʻiliʻi op. 1 (1825), F nui (ʻano mazurki) A i ʻole. 5 (1826), E flat major op. 16 (1832), C nui op. leka uila 73 (1840), Nā noi 27 – 12 op. 10 (1828-33), 12 op. 25 (1834-37), 3 “hou” (F minor, A major, D major, 1839); e hōʻike – 24 op. 28 (1839), C sharp minor op. 45 (1841); waltz (1827-47) — He papa nui, E papa nui (1827), E papa nui op. 18, 3 op. 34 (A flat major, A minor, F nui), A flat major op. 42, 3 op. 64 (D nui, C koi liʻiliʻi, A pālahalaha nui), 2 op. 69 (He papa nui, B liʻiliʻi), 3 op. 70 (G nui, F minor, D nui), E nui (approx. 1829), A minor (con. 1820-х гг.), E minor (1830); Mazurkas – 4 op. 6 (F liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, C liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, E nui, E liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi), 5 op. 7 (B nui, A liʻiliʻi, F liʻiliʻi, A nui, C nui), 4 op. 17 (B nui, E liʻiliʻi, A nui, A liʻiliʻi), 4 op. 24 (G liʻiliʻi, C nui, A nui, B liʻiliʻi), 4 op. 30 (C liʻiliʻi, B liʻiliʻi, D nui, C koi liʻiliʻi), 4 op. 33 (G liʻiliʻi, D nui, C nui, B liʻiliʻi), 4 op. 41 (C liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, E liʻiliʻi, B nui, A nui pālahalaha), 3 op. 50 (G nui, A nui palahalaha, C koi liilii), 3 op. 56 (B nui, C nui, C liʻiliʻi), 3 op. 59 (He keiki liʻiliʻi, A nui, F ʻoi ʻoi loa), 3 op. 63 (B nui, F liʻiliʻi, C koi liʻiliʻi), 4 op. 67 (G major and C major, 1835; G minor, 1845; A minor, 1846), 4 op. 68 (C nui, A liʻiliʻi, F nui, F liʻiliʻi), polonaise (1817-1846) — g-major, B-major, As-major, gis-minor, Ges-major, b-minor, 2 op. 26 (cis-liʻiliʻi, es-liʻiliʻi), 2 op. 40 (A-major, c-minor), ʻelima op. 44, As-dur op. 53, As-dur (pure-muscular) op. 61, 3 op. 71 (d-liʻiliʻi, B-nui, f-ʻuʻuku), ʻohe As-major op. 43 (1841), 2 hula kue (B-dur, Ges-dur, 1827), 3 ecosaises (D major, G major and Des major, 1830), Bolero C major op. 19 (1833); no ka piano 4 lima - nā ʻano like ʻole ma D-dur (ma kahi kumumanaʻo na Moore, ʻaʻole mālama ʻia), F-dur (nā pōʻai ʻelua o 1826); no elua piano - Rondo ma C nui op. 73 (1828); 19 mele no ka leo a me ka piano – op. 74 (1827-47, i nā pauku na S. Witvitsky, A. Mickiewicz, Yu. B. Zalesky, Z. Krasiński a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). hoʻololi (1822-37) - ma ke kumuhana o ka mele German E-dur (1827), Reminiscence of Paganini (ma ke kumuhana o ka mele Neapolitan "Carnival in Venice", A-dur, 1829), ma ke kumuhana mai ka opera a Herold "Louis" (B-dur op. 12, 1833), ma ke kumuhana o ka March of the Puritans mai ka opera a Bellini Le Puritani, Es-dur (1837), barcarolle Fis-dur op. 60 (1846), Cantabile B-dur (1834), Album Leaf (E-dur, 1843), lullaby Des-dur op. 57 (1843), Largo Es-dur (1832?), Malaki Hoʻolewa (c-moll op. 72, 1829).