Mea olaola

Mea olaola, pedal (German Orgelpunkt, French pedale inferieure, Italian pedale d'armonia, English pedal point), – he leo mau i loko o ka bass, kahi e neʻe ai nā leo ʻē aʻe, i kekahi manawa komo i loko o kahi kūʻē hana me ka bass (a hiki i ka haʻalele ʻana. i nā leo mamao); harmonic ka like ana o ka O. p. a hoʻihoʻi ʻia ke koena o nā leo i ka manawa o kona hoʻopau ʻana a i ʻole ma mua o kēlā. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana o O. p. pili me ka harmonic. hoʻopaʻapaʻa, hoʻoholo ʻia e ka ʻokoʻa hana ma waena o ke kani hoʻomau a me nā leo ʻē aʻe. O. p. hoonui i ka leo o ka harmonics. kū pololei, alakaʻi i ka multifunctionality.

ʻO nā OP maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kani o ka tonic (I degere o ke ʻano) a me ka mana (V degere). O. p. He hoʻonui ia o ka hana modal e pili ana, ʻaʻole kona hoʻonui ʻia i hoʻokahi chord, akā i kahi harmonic ākea. kūkulu hale. No laila, he manaʻo hoʻohui ia, e paʻa ana i nā mea like ʻole o ka ulu ʻana o nā leo kiʻekiʻe. O. p. ma ka tonic e lawe mai i ke mele i ka mana'o o ka pa'a, i kekahi manawa a hiki i ka static; ʻike ʻo ia i kāna noi nui loa i ka hopena, a me nā ʻāpana mua o ke mele. hana (no ka laʻana, ka pauku hope ma ke kahua o ka make ʻana o Boris mai ka opera "Boris Godunov", ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka 1st chorus ma "Matthew Passion" na JS Bach). Hoʻohui ka OP ma luna i ke kākoʻo bass paʻa ʻole me nā consonances paʻa ʻole i nā leo kiʻekiʻe, mamao loa mai ka tonic, e lilo ana i lalo i ka hana mana o ka bass. Hāʻawi ia i ke mele i ke ʻano o ka manaʻolana ikaika. ʻO kāna hoʻohana maʻamau ma mua o ka reprise (ʻoi loa ma ka sonata allegro - no ka laʻana, ʻo wau kahi ʻāpana o ka sonata 8 ma c-moll no ka piano e Beethoven), ma mua o kahi coda; loaʻa ma nā hoʻolauna.

O. p. ʻAʻole hiki i ka bass wale nō, akā i nā leo ʻē aʻe (i kapa mau ʻia ke kani hoʻomau) - ma luna (French pédale supérieure, Italian pédale, English inverted pedal, no ka laʻana, III ʻāpana o ka 3rd Tchaikovsky quartet) a me waena (French. pédale intérieure a i ʻole médiaire, Italian pédale, English internal pedal, no ka laʻana, ka pāʻani “The Gallows” mai ka pōʻai piano ʻo “Night Gaspard” na Ravel). Nā laʻana o pālua O. p. ʻike ʻia - i ka manawa like. ma nā leo tonic a me ka mana. E like me O. o ka mea, ma Krom tonic e noho alii ana. hana hiʻona o ke mele. ka moʻolelo o nā lāhui like ʻole ("bagpipe fifths"), hoʻohana ʻia ia ma prof. mele, ʻoi aku ka hoʻohālike ʻana i ka nar. ka pāʻani mele (no ka laʻana, ka hapa ʻelima o ka symphony 6 a Beethoven); mana lua O. p. - ma nā leo o ka mana (lalo) a me ka tonic (i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hopena o ka symphony 5th a Beethoven). I kekahi manawa aia nā OP ma nā ʻanuʻu ʻē aʻe (no ka laʻana, ma ke kolu o ka ʻanuʻu o ke keiki liʻiliʻi - ma ka trio mai ka ʻāpana II o ka symphony 6 o Tchaikovsky; ke kani mau ʻana o ka ʻanuʻu ʻehā - ma ka piano "Serenade" na Rachmaninov). Ka hopena o O. p. mālama ʻia nō hoʻi i nā hihia inā ʻaʻole kikoo ka leo i hoʻokumu ʻia, akā e hana hou ʻia (no ka laʻana, ʻo ke kiʻi IV mai ka opera Sadko e Rimsky-Korsakov) a i ʻole ke kani ʻana o nā melodic pōkole. kiʻi (e nānā iā Ostinato).

E like me ke akamai. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hanana o O. o ka mea i ka nar. mele (ka hoʻokani pila ma ka hoʻokani ʻana i nā ʻeke a me nā mea kani like. ʻO ke kumu o ka huaʻōlelo "O. p." pili me ka hana o ka polyphony mua, organum. Guido d'Arezzo (ke kenekulia 11) i wehewehe ʻia ma "Micrologus de disciplina artis musicae” (1025-26) ʻelua leo “floating” organum me ka neʻe ʻole o nā leo (“Organum suspensum”):

ʻO Franco o Cologne (ke kenekulia 13), e ʻōlelo ana (ma ka ʻatikala "Ars cantus mensurabilis") e pili ana i ka organum, hoʻohana pū i ka huaʻōlelo "OP" - "organicus punctus". ʻO ka "point" ma ʻaneʻi, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana o ka organum, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ke kani hoʻomau o ka cantus e ka melodic. ʻO ke kaha kiʻi o ka leo kiʻekiʻe ("point" ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻano kani ponoʻī). Ma hope mai, hoʻomaka ka OP e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ia ka leo pedal lōʻihi o ke okana, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mele okana e like me ka ʻenehana. nā mana o ka mea kani (ʻo ka huaʻōlelo Farani point d'orgue ma ka palapala mele mele Farani ʻo ia hoʻi he improvisational cadenza o kahi soloist, a i ʻole, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka fermata). I ka polyphonic I nā ʻano o ka Middle Ages a me ka Renaissance, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā phenomena o OP e ka cantus firmus technique (na G. de Machaux, Josquin Despres, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), ua hāʻawi ʻia nā leo o ia mau leo ​​lōʻihi.

I nā kenekulia 17-19. O. p. loaʻa (ʻoi loa ma nā ʻano mele kahiko.) dynamic. ua lilo nā waiwai i mau levers ikaika o ka hoʻomohala ʻana. I ke kenekulia 19 O. p. hoʻomaka ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he coloristic, genre-characteristic. 'o ia ho'i (no ka la'ana, 'o Chopin's "Lullaby", "The Old Castle" mai "Pictures at an Exhibition" na Mussorgsky, II hana mai ka opera "Prince Igor", "Song of the Indian Guest" mai ka opera "Sadko"). I ke kenekulia 20, nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana iā O. p. (a ostinato) ua puka mai. Ka waiwai o O. p. hiki ke loaʻa kahi chord (no ka laʻana, coda II o Shostakovich's 8th symphony) a i ʻole kahi consonance paʻakikī. O. p. Hiki iā ia ke lawe i ke ʻano o kahi kāʻei kua (e like me ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka The Rite of Spring) a me nā ʻano kikokikona ʻokoʻa (e like me ke ʻano, he precursor i ka reprise ma ka hapa ʻehā o ka 2nd piano Prokofiev's sonata - 15 mau leo ​​hoʻokiʻekiʻe accented eis as he alakaʻi-leo precursor i ka reprise ma ke kī o d-moll).

E hoʻomaopopo ': e nana ma Art. Harmony.

ʻO Yu. N. Kholopov