Organum |

Lat. ʻO Organum, mai Helene. mea kani - mea kani

Ka inoa nui o kekahi. nā ʻano mua loa o ʻEulopa. polyphony (ka hopena o ka 9th - mid-13th century). I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻo ka leo wale nō i kapa ʻia ʻo O., ma hope ua lilo ka huaʻōlelo i kapa inoa no ke ʻano o ka polyphony. Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻokomoʻo O. i nā mea a pau mai ka wā kahiko. polyphony; i loko o ka haiki, kona mua, ko'iko'i 'ano (ka ne'e like 'ana ma ka ha a me ka lima, me ka hoʻohui 'ana o ko lakou octave extensions), e like me na mea i kūkulu 'ia i loko o ka hoʻolālā o O. a loaʻa iā lākou iho. inoa o nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o nā polygols. palapala.

O. uhi i kekahi. kula poligonal. nā leka, ʻoi aku, ʻaʻole pili mau genetically i kekahi i kekahi. ʻO nā ʻano nui o O. (a me nā pae nui o kona hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mōʻaukala): like (9th-10th century); manuahi (11th - mid-12th century); melismatic (ke kenekulia 12); metrized (hope 12th - 1st hapa o ka 13th kenekulia).

ʻO ka mōʻaukala O., ʻike ʻia, ma mua o ka mea i kapa ʻia. paraphony i loko o nā mele Roma hope loa (e like me ka ʻike e hele mai ana mai ka Ordo romanum, 7-8 mau kenekulia; ua kapa ʻia kekahi poʻe mele o ka pope Schola Cantorum he paraphonists; ua manaʻo ʻia ua hīmeni lākou i nā ʻehā a me nā hapalima). ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "organicum melos", kokoke i ke ʻano o "O.", ʻike mua ʻia e John Scotus Eriugena ("De divisione naturae", 866). ʻO nā laʻana O. mua i iho mai iā mākou i loko o ka manaʻo inoa ʻole. nā kuʻikahi "Musica enchiriadis" a me "Scholia enchiriadis" (ke kenekulia ʻeiwa). Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo O. ma ke mele mele, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā consonances kūpono. ʻO ka leo alakaʻi i ke mele mele, naz. principalis (vox principalis – leo nui), a me (ma hope) tenor (tenor – holding); leo hoʻopālua - organalis (vox organalis - organ, or organum, leo). ʻAʻole i kuhikuhi pono ʻia ke kani, monorhythmic nā leo (principle punctus contra punctum a i ʻole nota contra notam). Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻohālikelike e alakaʻi ana i ka hapahā a i ʻole ka hapalima, aia nā pālua octave o nā leo (aequisonae – nā leo like):

Nā laʻana o kahi organum like mai nā kuʻikahi Musica enchiriadis (luna) a me Scholia enchiriadis (lalo).

Ma hope o ka ʻōlelo Pelekane. ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o O. - gimel (cantus gemellus; gemellus - pālua, māhoe) hiki ke neʻe i ke kolu (ʻo kahi hiʻohiʻona kaulana o gimel ka himeni iā ​​St. Magnus Nobilis, humilis).

I ke au o Guido d'Arezzo, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kekahi ʻano ʻano O. – manuahi O., a i ʻole diaphonia (i ka wā mua, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "diaphonia" he ʻepekema a me ka manaʻo, a ʻo "O." - he inoa hana i kēlā me kēia lā o ka mea like; i ka hoʻomaka I ke kenekulia 12, ua lilo nā huaʻōlelo "diaphonia" a me "o." i wehewehe no nā ʻano hana haku mele like ʻole). He monorhythmic nō hoʻi, akā ʻo nā leo i loko o ia mea he laina laina ʻole; Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka neʻe ʻana, ka neʻe kūʻē, a me ke keʻa ʻana o nā leo. ʻO kahi hōʻike o nā kumu a me nā hiʻohiʻona o O. manuahi - ma Guido d'Arezzo i ka Microlog (c. 1025-26), ma ka Milanese treatise Ad Organum faciendu (c. 1150), ma John Cotton i kāna hana De musica ( ma kahi o 1100); ʻO nā kumu ʻē aʻe ʻo ka Winchester Troparion (ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia 1), nā manuscript o nā monasteries o Saint-Martial (Limoges, c. 11) a me Santiago de Compostela (c. 1150). ʻO O. (a like me ka like) ʻelua leo leo maʻamau.

He laʻana organum mai ka ʻatikala "Ad Organum faciendu".

ʻO O. parallel a me O. manuahi, e like me ke ʻano maʻamau o ke kākau ʻana, pono e hoʻopili ʻia i ka homophony (e like me ke ʻano o ka hale kūʻai chord a i ʻole kona mau leo ​​kiʻekiʻe) ma mua o ka polyphony ma ke ʻano maʻamau.

Ua hānau ʻia kahi mele hou ma O. warehouse - polyphony e pili ana i ka lokahi o nā harmonies vertical. He moʻolelo koʻikoʻi kēia i ka waiwai o O., ka mea i hōʻailona i kahi laina ʻoi ma waena o ka monodic fundamentally. noʻonoʻo i ka moʻomeheu mele o nā mea a pau dr. honua (me ka Hikina ʻē aʻe), ʻoiai nā ʻano monodic mua o Kristo. mele (1st millennium AD), ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, a ma muli o kēia hui hou (ma ke ʻano - polyphonic), ka New Western moʻomeheu, ma kekahi. No laila, ʻo ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia 9-10 kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi i ka mele. nā moʻolelo. I nā wā ma hope (a hiki i ke kenekulia 20), ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ke mele, akā ua mau ka polyphonic. ʻOiai i loko o ke ʻano o ka manuahi O., i kekahi manawa ke kūʻē ʻana i hoʻokahi leo o nā principalis o kekahi ma ka organalis. Ua lilo kēia ʻano kākau i mea nui ma ka melismatic. A. ʻO ke kani lōʻihi o ka tenor (punctus organicus, punctus organalis) i helu ʻia no kekahi. kani i kahi mele lōʻihi:

Organum mai nā manuscript o ka monastery o Saint-Martial.

Loaʻa iā Melismatic O. (diaphonie basilica) kahi polyphonic i ʻōlelo ʻia. ʻano ʻano. Nā laʻana melismatic. O. - ma nā code o Santiago de Compostela, Saint-Martial, a oi aku hoʻi i ke kula Paris o Notre Dame (ma Leonin "Magnus liber organi", i kapa ʻia ʻo optimus organista - ka mea hoʻokani mele maikaʻi loa, ma ke ʻano o "ka mea hoʻokani kino maikaʻi loa. ”). I ka con. ʻO ke kenekulia 12, ma waho aʻe o nā kuʻuna. ʻelua leo (dupla) O., ʻike ʻia nā laʻana mua o nā leo ʻekolu (tripla) a me nā leo ʻehā (quadrupla). Ma kekahi mau leo ​​Organalis he mau inoa: duplum (duplum – second), triplum (triplum – third) a me quadruplum (quadruplum – fourth). Liturgich. Ua hoʻomau ka tenor i ka manaʻo o ch. koho. Mahalo iā melismatic. ka hoʻonani ʻana o kēlā me kēia leo hoʻomau o ka tenor, piʻi ka nui o ka haku mele i ʻumi manawa o ka lōʻihi.

ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mele mele a me ka metrization koʻikoʻi o ka hale pule (mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 12) e hōʻike ana i ka mana o nā mea i mamao loa mai kona ʻano liturgical kumu. kumu, a hui O. me ka honua a me Nar. kiʻi. ʻO kēia ka emi ʻana o ka lole o O. I loko o ka organum o Leonin, melismatic. ʻāpana o ka haku mele ʻana me nā metrized. ʻIke ʻia, ua hoʻoholo pū ʻia ka metrization e ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o nā leo: ʻo ka hui ʻana o nā leo ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua i ʻoi aku ka pololei o kā lākou rhythmic. ka hoʻohui ʻana. Vershina O. – ʻelua, ʻekolu a ʻehā ʻāpana Op. Perotin (Ke Kula o Notre Dame), i kapa ʻia ʻo optimus dis-cantor (ʻo ka discantist maikaʻi loa):

Perotin. "Sederunt principes" mālie (c. 1199); organum quadruplum.

I loko o ke kāʻei o O., ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ke kani a me ka hoʻohālike (Saint-Martial, Notre-Dame), a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā leo (Notre-Dame).

I nā kenekulia 12-13. Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo O. i loko o ke ʻano o ka motet, ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona mua i pili loa i ka metrized O.

I loko o kona mōʻaukala, ʻo O. - ʻo ke mele ʻana me ka hoʻokahi a me ka hui, ʻaʻole ka choral, ka mea i noho monophonic (e like me G. Khusman). ʻO ka lua a me ka polyphony O. he mea hoʻonani o ka hale pule. oli, himeni mua 'ia ia mau oli ma na hoolaulea/manawa wale no (e la'ana, o ka Mele Kalikimaka). Wahi a kekahi mau ʻike, ua hana ʻia ʻo O. mua me ke komo ʻana o nā mea kani.

E hoʻomaopopo ': Gruber RI, Moʻolelo o ka moʻomeheu mele, vol. 1, mahele 1-2, M.-L., 1941; Riemann H., Geschichte der Musiktheorie im IX.-XIX. Jahrhundert, Lpz., 1898; Handschin J., Zur Geschichte der Lehre vom Organum, "ZfMw", 1926, Jg. 8, Heft 6; ʻO Chevallier L., Les theories harmoniques, ma ka puke: Encyclopédie de la musique …, (n. 1), P., 1925 (Unuhi Lūkini – Chevalier L., History of the doctrine of harmony, ed. a me nā mea hoʻohui M V . Ivanov-Boretsky, Moscow, 1932); Wagner R., La paraphonie "Revue de Musicologie", 1928, No 25; Perotinus: Organum quadruplum “Sederunt principes”, hrsg. v. R. Ficker, W.-Lpz., 1930; Besseler H., Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, Potsdam, (1937); Georgiades Thr., Musik und Sprache, B.-Gott.-Hdlb., (1954); Jammers E., Anfänge der abendländischen Musik, Stras.-Kehl, 1955; Waeltner E., Das Organum bis zur Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts, Hdlb., 1955 (Diss.); Chominski JM, Historia harmonii i kontrapunktu, t. 1, (Kr., 1958) (Unuhi Ukrainian: Khominsky Y., History of harmony and counterpoint, vol. 1, Kiev, 1975); Dahlhaus G., Zur Theorie des frehen Organum, "Kirchenmusikalisches Jahrbuch", 1958, (Bd 42); nona iho, Zur Theorie des Organum im XII. Jahrhundert, ibid., 1964, (Bd 48); Machabey A., Remarques sur le Winchester Troper, ma: Festschrift H. Besseler, Lpz., 1961; Eggebrecht H., Zaminer F., Ad Organum faciendum, Mainz, 1970; Gerold Th., Histoire de la music…, NY, 1971; Besseler H., Güke P., Schriftbild der mehrstimmigen Musik, Lpz., (1); Reskow F., Organum-Begriff und frühe Mehrstimmigkeit, ma: Forum musicologicum. 1. Basler Studien zur Musikgeschichte, Bd 1973, Bern, 1.

ʻO Yu. H. Kholopov