Orkestra |

mai ka Greek orxestra – he poepoe, hope semicircular anuu o ka kahiko keaka, kahi, e hana ana i ka rhythmic neʻe, ka chorus o ka pōʻino a me ka comedy mele i ko lakou mau māhele, mai orxeomai – I hula.

He pūʻulu o nā mea hoʻokani pila i manaʻo ʻia no ka hana pū ʻana o nā hana mele.

A hiki i ka ser. ʻO ke kenekulia 18 ka huaʻōlelo "Oh." maopopo i ka wa kahiko. manaʻo, pili ia i kahi o ka poʻe mele (Walther, Lexikon, 1732). Ma ka hana a I. Mattheson "Rediscovered Orchestra" ("Das neu-eröffnete Orchestra", 1713) ka hua'ōlelo "O." me ka manaʻo kahiko i loaʻa i kahi mea hou. I kēia manawa ua wehewehe mua ʻia e JJ Rousseau ma ka Dictionary of Music (Dictionnaire de la musique, 1767).

He nui nā kumu hoʻohālikelike o O.: ʻo ka mea nui ka mahele o O. e like me ka instr. haku mele. Hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā haku mele, me nā mea kani o nā hui like ʻole (symphonic O., estr. O.), a me ka homogeneous (no ka laʻana, string orchestra, brass band, O. percussion instruments). Loaʻa i nā haku mele like ʻole ko lākou mahele ponoʻī: no ka laʻana, hiki i ke kaula ke komo i nā mea kani kūlou a ʻohi ʻia paha; I ka makani O., ua ʻike ʻia kahi hui homogeneous - kahi hui keleawe ("gang") a i hui pū ʻia, me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā woodwinds, i kekahi manawa percussion. ʻO Kauka ke kumu o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o O. mai ko lākou koho ʻana i nā muses. hoʻomaʻamaʻa. Aia kekahi laʻana, he pūʻali koa, estr. O. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻano kūikawā o O. e nā lehulehu. nat. ensembles a me O. Nar. nā mea kani, ʻelua homogeneous i ka haku mele (domrovy O.), a hui pū ʻia (ʻo ka Neapolitan orchestra, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mandolins a me nā kīkā, taraf). Ua lilo kekahi o lākou i ʻoihana (ʻo ka Great Russian Orchestra, i hana ʻia e VV Andreev, nā mea kani o O. Uzbek, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e AI Petrosyants, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). No O. nat. Hōʻike ʻia nā mea kani o ʻApelika a me Indonesia e nā haku mele me ka predominance o ka percussion, no ka laʻana. gamelan, O. pahu, O. xylophones. Ma nā ʻāina ʻEulopa ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hui pū ʻana. lilo ka hana i ka symphonic. ʻO., ʻo ia nā mea kani, ka makani a me nā mea kani. Hoʻokani ʻia nā ʻāpana string a pau i ka symphony. O. na kahi hui holoʻokoʻa (ʻelua mau mea mele); okoa keia O. me ka instr. ensemble, kahi e hoʻokani ai kēlā me kēia mea hoʻokani otd. pāʻina.

Moolelo o ka symphony. ʻO O. nā lā i ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia 16-17. Ua noho mua nā mea hana nui - i ka wā kahiko, ka Middle Ages, i ka Renaissance. I nā kenekulia 15-16. ma na hoolaulea. ua ohiia na hihia adv. ensembles, to-rye i nā ʻohana a pau o nā mea kani: nā kaula kulou a uhuki, nā makani lāʻau a me ke keleawe, nā kī. Eia naʻe, a hiki i ka 17th c. ʻaʻohe hui e hana mau ana; ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā mele i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā ʻahaʻaina a me nā hanana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke ʻano o O. i kēia manawa. pili ka manaʻo o ka huaʻōlelo me ka puka ʻana mai i ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia 16-17. nā ʻano mele homophonic hou, e like me ka opera, oratorio, solo wok. ʻaha mele, kahi i hoʻomaka ai ʻo O. e hoʻokō i ka hana o ka hoʻokani pila o nā leo leo. I ka manawa like, lawe pinepine nā hui e like me O. i nā inoa ʻē aʻe. ʻAe, Italian. haku mele con. 16 - noi. ʻO ke kenekulia 17 i ka manawa pinepine ua hōʻike ʻia lākou e nā huaʻōlelo "concert" (no ka laʻana, "Concerti di voci e di stromenti" y M. Galliano), "chapel", "choir", etc.

Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka ulu ʻana o O. e nā mea he nui. mea a me ke akamai. kumu. Ma waena o lākou he 3 mea nui loa: ka ulu ʻana o ka orc. nā mea kani (ka hana hou, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā mea kahiko, ka nalowale ʻana o nā mea kani kahiko mai ka hana mele), ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka orc. hana (nā ʻano hou o ka pāʻani ʻana, kahi o nā mea hoʻokani pila ma ke kahua a i ʻole ka lua orc, ka hoʻokele o O.), kahi e pili ai ka mōʻaukala o nā orcs ponoʻī. hui, a, hope, hoʻololi i ka orc. manaʻo haku mele. No laila, ma ka moʻolelo o O., pili pono nā mea nani a me nā mele. Nā ʻāpana. No laila, i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hopena o O., ʻaʻole mākou i manaʻo nui i ka mōʻaukala o ka mea kani a i ʻole ork. kaila, ehia mau mea waiwai o ka ulu ana o O. Ua maheleia ka moolelo o O. ma keia ano i ekolu manawa: O. mai 1600 a i 1750; A. 2nd papahele. 18 - noi. Ke kenekulia 20 (ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua 1 1914-18); O. 20th century (ma hope o ke Kaua Honua I).

O. i ka manawa 17 - 1st papahele. Ke kenekulia 18 Mai ka Renaissance, ua hoʻoili ʻo O. i kahi mea kani waiwai ma ke ʻano o ka timbre a me ke koho tessitura. ʻO nā loina koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka orc. ʻO nā mea hana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 17: 1) ka mahele o nā mea hana ma ke kino. ʻO keʻano o ke kino kani i nā kaula a me nā makani, i manaʻoʻia e A. Agazzari a me M. Pretorius; ʻo ka hope kekahi i hoʻokaʻawale i nā pahu. Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka Pretorius, ʻo ka hui ʻana o, no ka laʻana, ʻo nā kaula e pili ana i nā mea kani āpau "me nā kaula i hoʻopaʻa ʻia", ʻaʻohe mea ʻokoʻa i ka timbre a me ke kani kani - viols, violins, lires, lutes, harps, trumpet, monochord, clavichord. , cembalo, etc. 2) Hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea kani i loko o ka ʻano like e like me ka tessitura i hoʻoholo ʻia e ko lākou nui. ʻO kēia ke ala i ala mai ai nā ʻohana o nā mea kani homogeneous, maʻamau me 4, i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano tessitura e pili ana i nā leo kanaka (soprano, alto, tenor, bass). Hōʻike ʻia lākou ma nā papa o nā mea kani ma ka ʻāpana 2 o ka "Code of Musical Science" ("Syntagma musicum", ʻāpana II, 1618). Nā haku mele o ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia 16-17. no laila, he mau ʻohana lālā o ke kaula, ka makani a me ke kuʻi. Ma waena o nā ʻohana string, nā viols (treble, alto, bass large, double bass; nā ʻano kūikawā - viol dʻamour, baritone, viola-bastard), lires (me da braccio), violins (4-string treble, tenor, bass, 3-string Palani - pochette, liʻiliʻi treble i hoʻokani ʻia i ka hā o ke kiʻekiʻe), lutes (lute, theorbo, archilute, etc.). ʻO nā mea kani (he ʻohana o nā ʻohe longitudinal) he mea maʻamau i waena o nā mea kani; nā mea kani me ka ʻohe ʻelua: ʻohe (ma waena o lākou he pūʻulu o nā pahu mai kahi pommer bass a i kahi paipu treble), nā kiwi kekee - krummhorns; nā mea hana embouchure: lāʻau a me ka iwi zinc, trombones decomp. nui, paipu; percussion (timpani, sets of bele, etc.). Wok-instr. ʻO ka manaʻo o nā mea haku mele 17th century i hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia ma ke kumu tessitura. ʻO nā leo a me nā mea kani a pau o ka treble tessitura, a me nā mea kani o ka alto, tenor a me bass tessitura, ua hui pū ʻia (ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ko lākou mau ʻāpana ma ka laina hoʻokahi).

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui loa o ka puka ʻana ma ka verge o 16-17 mau kenekulia. ʻano homophonic, a me ka homophonic-polyphonic. nā leka (JS Bach, GF Handel a me nā mea haku mele ʻē aʻe), lilo i basso hoʻomau (e nānā i ka Bass General); ma keia mea, me ka melodic. nā leo a me nā mea kani (violins, violas, nā mea kani makani like ʻole) i ʻike ʻia ka mea i kapa ʻia. hui hoʻomau. Ua loli ka mea hana, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia kāna hana (hana i ka bass a me ka harmoni polygonal e pili pū ana). I ka wā mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka opera (e like me nā kula ʻopera Italia), ua komo ka hui continuo i ka okana, cembalo, lute, theorbo, a me ka lira; ma ka papahele 2. ʻO ke kenekulia 17 ka nui o nā mea hana i loko o ia mea ua hoʻemi nui ʻia. I nā lā o Bach, Handel, nā haku mele Farani. Ua kaupalena ʻia ka Classicism i kahi mea kani (ma ke mele halepule - he okana, hoʻololi ʻia me ka cembalo, ma nā ʻano honua - hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha cembalo, i kekahi manawa he theorbo i ka opera) a me nā kīʻaha - he cello, kahi pālua ʻelua (Violono), pinepine a bassoon.

No ka papa 1 o O. Hōʻike ʻia ke kenekulia 17 e ka paʻa ʻole o nā haku mele, i kumu ʻia e nā kumu he nui. ʻO kekahi o lākou ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kuʻuna Renaissance i ke koho ʻana a me ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea kani. Ua hōʻano hou ʻia ka mea kani. Haʻalele lākou i ke mele. nā hana o ka lute, viol, hoʻoneʻe ʻia e nā violins - nā mea kani i ʻoi aku ka ikaika. Ua hāʻawi hope ʻia nā pahu i nā bassoons i hana ʻia mai ka pommer bass a me nā oboes i kūkulu hou ʻia mai ka paipu treble; ua pau ka zinc. Hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā ʻōheʻe lōʻihi e nā ʻohe hoʻololi i ʻoi aku ma mua o lākou i ka mana kani. Ua emi ka nui o nā ʻano ʻano tessitura. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i pau kēia kaʻina hana i ke kenekulia 18; no ka laʻana, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā kaula e like me ka violino piccolo, violoncello piccolo, a me ka lute, viola da gamba, viol d'amour, i hōʻike pinepine ʻia i ka orchestra Bach.

ʻO Kauka ke kumu o ka paʻa ʻole o nā haku mele, ʻo ia ke koho maʻamau o nā mea hana i ka adv. hale opera a hale pule paha. Ma ke ʻano maʻamau, ua kākau nā mea haku mele ʻaʻole no ka haku mele i ʻae ʻia, akā no ka haku mele ʻana o ka O. hale keaka a priv. hale pule. I kinohi. ʻO ke kenekulia 17 ma ka ʻaoʻao poʻomanaʻo o ka helu, ua hana pinepine ʻia ka palapala: "buone da cantare et suonare" ("pono ​​no ka hīmeni ʻana a me ka pāʻani"). I kekahi manawa ma ka helu a i ʻole ma ka ʻaoʻao poʻo inoa, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka haku mele i loaʻa ma kēia hale keaka, e like me ka helu o ka opera ʻo Orfeo a Monteverdi (1607), āna i kākau ai no ka ʻaha. hale keaka ma Mantua.

Ke hoʻololi nei i nā mea hana e pili ana i nā aesthetics hou. noi, kokua i ka hoololi o loko. nā hui O. Hoʻokū mālie o ka ork. Ua hele mua nā haku mele ma ka laina o ke kumu o kēia wā. mākou i ka manaʻo o ka orc. he hui e hoʻohui i nā mea kani pili i ka timbre a me ka ikaika. waiwai. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka pūʻulu kaula kuʻekuʻe timbre-homogeneous — violins o nā ʻano nui like ʻole — i hana mua ʻia i ka hana o ka hana (no ka manawa mua ma 1610 i ka opera kulou Parisian "24 Violins of the King"). I ka makahiki 1660-85, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka Royal Chapel o Charles II ma Lākana e like me ke kumu hoʻohālike Parisian - he mea kani he 24 violins.

ʻO ka crystallization o ka pūʻulu string me ka ʻole o nā viols a me nā lutes (violins, violas, cellos, double basses) ʻo ia ka lanakila nui loa o ka opera 17th-century, i ʻike mua ʻia i ka hana hoʻokalakupua. Ua kākau ʻia ka opera a Purcell ʻo Dido and Aeneas (1689) no ka harp kūlou me ka continuo; ka hoʻohui ʻana o kahi ʻekolu o nā mea kani makani - ʻo Cadmus lāua ʻo Hermione na Lully (1673). ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia nā hui lāʻau a me nā keleawe i ke ʻano o ka baroque orthodoxy, ʻoiai ʻo nā kumu lāʻau nui āpau, me nā clarinets (flutes, oboes, bassoons), ke hoʻokomo ʻia nei i O. Ma nā helu o JB Lully, he trio makani. ua helu pinepine ʻia: 2 oboes (a i ʻole 2 ʻohe) a me kahi bassoon, a ma ka opera a F. Rameau ("Castor and Pollux, 1737) he hui piha ʻole o nā ʻohe: nā ʻohe, nā oboes, bassoons. Ma ka orkestra a Bach, kona hoihoi i na mea kani o ke kenekulia 17. pili pū i ke koho ʻana i nā mea kani makani: ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano kahiko o ka oboe - oboe dʻamore, oboe da caccia (ka prototype o ka pū kani Pelekane hou) i hui pū ʻia me kahi bassoon a i ʻole me 2 flutes a me kahi bassoon. Hoʻokumu pū ʻia nā hui ʻana o nā mea kani keleawe mai nā hui o ke ʻano Renaissance (no ka laʻana, zinc a me 3 trombones ma Scheidt's Concertus Sacri) i nā hui keleawe-percussion kūloko (3 pū a me timpani ma Bach's Magnificat, 3 pū me timpani a me nā pū i kāna cantata ponoʻī. Helu 205). Ka nui. ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka haku mele a O. i kēlā manawa. Nā kaula. liʻiliʻi a piha ʻole ka hui i kekahi manawa, ʻoiai ʻo ke koho ʻana i nā mea kani makani he maʻamau (e nānā i ka Papa 1).

Mai ka papahele 1. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka mahele o ke kenekulia 18. nā haku mele e pili ana i ka hana kaiaulu o ke mele, kahi o kāna hana, ke anaina. ʻO ka māhele ʻana o nā haku mele i loko o ka hale pule, ke keaka a me ka ʻaha mele i pili pū me nā manaʻo o ka hale pule, ke mele a me ke keʻena. ʻO ke koho ʻana a me ka helu o nā mea kani i kēlā me kēia haku mele ua loli nui; akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka piha ʻana o ka opera opera (ua hoʻokani ʻia nā oratorio a Handel ma ka hale opera) i nā mea kani makani ma mua o ka ʻaha mele. E pili ana i ka dif. i nā kūlana hoʻolālā, me nā kaula, nā ʻohe a me nā oboe, nā pū a me ka timpani, aia nā trombones i loko o ia mea (ma ka Scene of Hell ma Monteverdi's Orpheus, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hui o ka zinc a me nā trombones). I kekahi manawa ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻohe liʻiliʻi (“Rinaldo” na Handel); i ka hapakolu hope loa o ke kenekulia 17. he pepeiaohao. I ka halepule. O. pono e hookomo i kahi okana (i ka hui continuo a i ole ma ke ano he mea kani). I ka halepule. O. ma op. ʻO Bach, me nā kaula, nā makani lāʻau (flutes, oboes), i kekahi manawa nā paipu me ka timpani, nā pū, nā trombones, pāpālua i nā leo o ka papa mele (cantata No 21), e hōʻike pinepine ʻia. E like me ka ekalesia, pela no ka operatic O. creatures. Ua hoʻokani ʻia ke kuleana e nā mea kani obligate (e nānā i ka Obligate) me ka hīmeni solo: violin, cello, flute, oboe, etc.

ʻO ka haku mele ʻana o O. i hilinaʻi loa i ka wahi a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻokani mele. No nā hoʻolauleʻa. adv. nā hana baroque (coronation, male), ma nā hale pule me ka liturgical. kani ke mele instr. nā ʻahamele a me nā leʻaleʻa i hana ʻia e ka ʻaha. nā mea hoʻokani pila.

Secular priv. Ua mālama ʻia nā ʻahamele ma ka hale opera a ma ke ākea - ma nā masquerades, nā kaʻina, nā mea ahi, "ma ka wai", a me nā keʻena o nā hale kākela ʻohana a i ʻole nā ​​hale aliʻi. Pono kēia mau ʻano ʻaha mele a pau i ka dec. haku mele O. a me ka helu o ka poe hana. Ma "Music for Fireworks" na Handel, i hoʻokani ʻia ma London's Green Park i ka lā 27 ʻApelila 1749, ka makani a me ke kuʻi wale (ʻo 56 mau mea kani); i loko o ka 'aha mele, hana 'ia i ka mahina ma hope ma ka Foundling Hospital, ka haku mele, me ka 9 pu, 9 pu, 24 oboes, 12 bassoons, percussion, ua hoʻohana pū i nā mea kani. I ka hooulu ana o ka conc maoli. ʻO ka hana nui i hoʻokani ʻia e nā ʻano ʻano o ka wā Baroque e like me ka concerto grosso, solo concerto, orc. suite. ʻIke ʻia ka hilinaʻi o ka haku mele i ka mea i loaʻa – maʻamau liʻiliʻi – ʻike ʻia ma aneʻi. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o kēia anga, hoʻonohonoho pinepine ka mea haku mele i nā hana virtuoso a me nā timbre kūikawā e pili ana i ke ʻano keʻena o nā ʻaha mele homophonic-polyphonic. kumu. ʻO kēia nā 6 Brandenburg Concertos o Bach (1721), kēlā me kēia me kahi haku mele o nā soloists-performers, i helu pololei ʻia e Bach. I kekahi mau hihia, hōʻike ka mea haku mele i ka decomp. nā ʻano like ʻole o ka haku mele ad libitum (A. Vivaldi).

Nā mea ola. ʻO ke ʻano o ka orchestra o ka wā Baroque i hoʻopili ʻia e nā kumu stereophonic (ma ke ʻano o kēia manawa) o nā mele multi-choir. Ua lawe ʻia ka manaʻo o ka juxtaposition spatial o nā kani i ke kenekulia 17. mai ka papa himeni. polyphony antiphonal o ke kenekulia 16. Kahi o kekahi mau himeni. a instr. nā hale pule i loko o nā mele o nā hale pule nui i hana i ka hopena o ka māhele spatial o ka sonority. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia kēia hana e hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ka Halepule o St. Mark ma Venice, kahi i hana ai ʻo G. Gabrieli, ua kamaʻāina ʻo ia iā G. Schutz, nāna i aʻo pū me ia, a me S. Scheidt a me nā mea haku mele ʻē aʻe. He hōʻike kiʻekiʻe loa o ka moʻomeheu o multi-choir wok.-instr. Ua hana ʻia ka leka ma 1628 ma ka Salzburg Cathedral e O. Benevoli, kahi ʻahaʻaina nui, no ka mea, ua lawe ʻo ia i 8 mau mele (e like me nā contemporaries, aia he 12). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hopena o ka manaʻo multi-choir ʻaʻole wale i ka polyphonic cult. mele (ua kākau ʻia ʻo Matthew Passion a Bach no 2 mau mele a me 2 mau keaka), akā ma nā ʻano ʻano honua. ʻO ke kumu o ka concerto grosso ka mahele ʻana o ka lehulehu holoʻokoʻa o nā mea hana i ʻelua mau hui like ʻole e hana ana i ka decomp. nā hana: concertino - he hui o nā soloists a me ka concerto grosso (concert nui) - he hui hui pū, ua hoʻohana pū ʻia ma O. oratorio, opera (Handel).

ʻO ke ʻano o nā mea hoʻokani mele O. o ka manawa 1600-1750 i hōʻike i nā manaʻo āpau i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna. E like me nā kiʻi i hāʻawi ʻia e nā theoreticians o ka 18th century a me nā kaha kiʻi e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻokolokolo, ʻokoʻa ka wahi o nā mea hoʻokani mele O. Hoʻokipa o nā mea hoʻokani pila ma ka hale opera, conc. hale hale a hale pule paha e pono ai nā hoʻonā kanaka. ʻO ke kikowaena o ka opera opera ʻo ia ka chambalo o ka mea hoʻokani pila a me nā kīʻaha kaula e kū kokoke ana iā ia - ke cello a me nā kī pālua. Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka luna band nā kaula. mea kani, ma ka hema - makani mea kani (woodwinds and horns), ohi kokoke i ka lua, accompaniing cembalo. Loaʻa ʻia nā aho ma ʻaneʻi. basses, theorbo, bassoons, i hui pū me ka cembalo lua i ka hui continuo.

Kahi o nā mea hoʻokani pila ma kahi hoʻokani pila ma ke kenekulia 18. (mai ka puke: Quantz J., Versuch einer Anweisung, die Flöte traversiere zu spielen, Berlin, p. 134).

Ma ka hohonu (ma ka ʻākau) hiki ke kau i nā paipu a me ka timpani. I loko o ka mele mele, aia nā soloists i mua ma kahi kokoke i ka bandmaster, ka mea i kōkua i ke koena o ka sonority. ʻO ke kikoʻī o ia hoʻonohonoho noho ʻana, ʻo ia ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea kani i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā pūʻulu kani i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia: 2 mau hui continuo, kahi hui concertino i kahi concerto, i kekahi manawa ma kahi opera, 2 mau hui like ʻole (nā kaula, nā lāʻau) a puni 2 cembalos. . Pono kēlā ʻano hoʻolālā i ka hoʻokele multi-stage. ʻO kekahi hapa o ka poʻe hoʻokani i hahai i ka chambalo e hui pū ana, ʻo O. ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, hahai i ka chambalo a ka haku band. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ke ʻano o ka mana ʻelua (e nānā i ka Conducting).

A. 2nd papahele. 18 - noi. 20th kenekulia O. keia manawa, e uhi ana ia decomp. stylistic phenomena e like me ke kula kahiko Viennese, romanticism, lanakila ana i ke aloha. nā ʻano, impressionism a me nā mea like ʻole kekahi i kekahi, i loaʻa iā lākou iho. ʻo ka ulu ʻana o nā kula aupuni, ʻike ʻia nō naʻe ma ke kaʻina hana maʻamau. ʻO kēia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka orc. mea, pili pili pono me ka mahele maopopo o ke kikokikona ma ke kumu o ka harmonic homophonic. noonoo ana. Ua ʻike ʻia i loko o ke ʻano hana o ka orc. lole (e hōʻike ana i nā hana o ka melody, bass, sustained harmony, orc. pedal, counterpoint, figuration in it). Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kumu o kēia kaʻina hana i ka wā o nā muses Viennese. mea kahiko. Ma ka hopena o ia mea, ua hana ʻia kahi orc. apparatus (ma ke ʻano o ka haku mele ʻana o nā mea kani a me ka hui hana kūloko), ua lilo ia, me he mea lā, kahi hoʻomaka no ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o nā mea aloha a me nā haku mele ma Lūkini. nā kula.

ʻO ka hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o ke oʻo ʻana he homophonic harmonic. nā ʻano ma ka orc. noʻonoʻo mele - maloʻo i ka hapahā 3. 18th century basso continuo groups ʻO ka hana pū o ka cembalo a me ke okana i hakakā me ka ulu nui o ka orc pono. ka lokahi. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā orc malihini. Ua noʻonoʻo ka poʻe o kēia wā i ke kani ʻana o ka pahu kani. Eia nō naʻe, ma kahi ʻano hou - nā symphonies - kahi mea kani kīpē e hana ana i ka hana basso continuo (chembalo) he mea maʻamau - ma kekahi mau symphonies o ke kula Mannheim (J. Stamitz, A. Fils, K. Cannabih), i ka wā mua. nā mele mele a J. Haydn. I ka halepule. Ma ke mele, ola ka hana basso continuo a hiki i ka makahiki 90. Ke kenekulia 18 (Mozart's Requiem, Haydn's Masses).

Ma ka hana a nā haku mele o ka Viennese classic. Ke noʻonoʻo hou nei ke kula i ka māhele ʻana i ka hale pule, keaka a me ke keʻena haku mele o O. Mai kinohi mai. ʻO ke kenekulia 19 ka huaʻōlelo "church O." ua hāʻule maoli i ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "keʻena" i nā hui, e kūʻē i ka orc. hoʻokō. I ka manawa like, ua lilo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o ka operatic a me nā hui mele o ka opera. Inā ʻo ka haku mele O. ʻo ia ke kenekulia 18. ʻike ʻia e ka piha a me nā ʻano mea hana like ʻole, a laila ka conc maoli. ʻO ka haku mele, a me nā ʻano o ka symphony a me ka concerto solo ponoʻī, aia i kona wā kamaliʻi, e pau ana me L. Beethoven wale nō.

Ua hele like ka crystallization o nā haku mele a O. me ka hana hou ʻana o ka mea kani. Ma ka papahele ʻelua. ʻO ke kenekulia 2 ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nani. nā manaʻo mai ke mele. nalowale nā ​​hana. mea kani – theorbos, viols, oboes d'amore, longitudinal flutes. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā mea kani hou e hoʻonui ai i ka timbre a me ka pālākiō tessitura o O. ʻO ka ubiquity i ka opera i nā makahiki 18. Ua loaʻa i ke kenekulia 80 kahi clarinet i hoʻolālā ʻia (c. 18) e I. Denner. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka clarinet i ka symphony. O. pau i ka hoomaka ana. ʻO ke kenekulia 1690 ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻuhane lāʻau. pūʻulu. ʻO ka basset horn (corno di bassetto), kahi ʻano like ʻole o ka clarinet, i ola i kahi manawa pōkole o ka pōmaikaʻi. I ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻuhane haʻahaʻa. Ua huli ka poʻe haku mele i ka contrabassoon (Haydn's oratorio).

Ma ka papahele ʻelua. ʻO ke kenekulia 2, ua hilinaʻi ka haku mele i ka haku mele i loaʻa iā O. ʻO ka maʻamau ka haku mele o ka mele kahiko. O. 18-1760s. hoemi i 70 obo, 2 kiwi a me na kaula. ʻAʻole i hui ʻia ma ʻEulopa. O. a me ka helu o na mea kani i loko o na kaula. pūʻulu. adv. O., ma Krom ua oi aku mamua o 2 kaula. nā mea kani, ua manaʻo ʻia he nui. Eia naʻe, aia ma ka papahele ʻelua. ʻO ke kenekulia 12 e pili ana i ka democratization o nā mele. ola, ua ulu ka pono o nā haku mele paʻa o O. I keia manawa, hou mau O., pl. ʻO ia ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia: O. "Spiritual Concerts" (concert spirituel) ma Paris, O. Gewandhaus ma Leipzig (2), O. Ob-va concerts o ka conservatory ma Paris (18). (E nana i ka papa 1781)

Ma Rusia, ua lawe ʻia nā ʻanuʻu mua i ka hana ʻana o O. i ka hapa 2nd wale nō. 17th century I ka makahiki 1672, e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o ka adv. t-ra i Moscou ua konoia i ka haole. nā mea hoʻokani pila. I kinohi. Ua hoʻokomo ʻo Peter I i ke kenekulia 18 i nā mele regimental i Rūsia (e nānā i ka Military Music). I ka makahiki 30. ʻO ke kenekulia 18 me Rusia Ke ulu nei ka hale keaka a me ke ola ʻahamele ma ka pā. I ka makahiki 1731, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā mokuʻāina o ka ʻaha mua ma St. O., he haole. nā mea hoʻokani pila (me ia nā haumāna Lūkini). Aia i loko o ka orchestra nā aho, nā ʻohe, nā bassoons, kahi hui keleawe me nā trombones ʻole, timpani, a me nā clavi-chambalos (a hiki i 40 mau kānaka i ka huina). I ka makahiki 1735, ua konoia kekahi Italia i Sana Peteroboro. he hui keaka i alakaiia e F. Araya, na Rusia i hookani ma O. adv. nā mea hoʻokani pila. Ma ka papahele ʻelua. 2th century adv. Ua māhele ʻia ʻo O. i 18 mau pūʻulu: "nā mea kani kamera o ka O mua." (e like me ka moku'āina 2-1791 kanaka, accompanist K. Canobbio) a me "ka lua O. mea hookani pila like" (47 kanaka, accompanist VA Pashkevich). ʻO ka O. mua loa he poʻe haole, ʻo ka lua - mai nā Lūkini. nā mea hoʻokani pila. Ua laha nui na kauwa; ʻoihana nui kekahi o lākou. Ua kaulana nui ka orchestra o NP Sheremetev (nā ʻāina o Ostankino a me Kuskovo, 43 mau mea hoʻokani pila).

In symph. ʻO ka hana a L. Beethoven i hoʻopili hope i ka "classical", a i ʻole "Beethovenian", haku mele o nā symphonies. A: nā kaula, hui pū ʻia o nā makani lāʻau (2 ʻohe, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons), 2 (3 a i ʻole 4) pū, 2 pū, 2 timpani (i ka hapalua ʻelua o ke kenekulia 2 ua helu ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he liʻiliʻi. hōʻailona haku mele O.). Me ka 19th symphony (9), ua hoʻokumu ʻo Beethoven i ke kumu no kahi mele nui (ma ka manaʻo hou) o nā symphonies. A: nā kaula, nā hui makani lāʻau me nā mea kani hou (1824 ohe a me kahi ʻohe liʻiliʻi, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons a me contrabassoon), 2 pū, 4 pū, 2 trombones (hoʻohana mua ʻia i ka hopena o ka symphony 3), timpani , huinakolu, kimebala, pahu pahu. Aneane i ka manawa like. (5) Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia nā trombones 1822 i ka "Unfinished Symphony" a F. Schubert. I loko o nā keaka opera o ke kenekulia 3. e pili ana i nā kūlana kahua i hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea kani i hoʻokomo ʻole ʻia i ka conc. ka haku ʻana o ka hōʻailona A: piccolo, contrabassoon. I ka hui percussion, ma waho aʻe o ka timpani, e lawe ana i ka rhythmic. ʻO ka hana, ua ʻike ʻia kahi hui hoʻomau, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā ʻāpana hikina (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Turkish a i ʻole "Janissary music"): kahi pahu bass, kimebala, triangle, i kekahi manawa he pahu pahele ("Iphigenia in Tauris" na Gluck, "The ʻO ka ʻaihue mai ka Seraglio” na Mozart). Ma ke keena I kekahi mau hihia, puka mai na bele (Glcckenspiel, Mozart's Magic Flute), tam-toms (Gosseca's Funeral March for the Death of Mirabeau, 18).

nā makahiki mua o ke kenekulia 19. hōʻailona ʻia e ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻuhane. nā mea kani i hoʻopau i nā hemahema e like me ka leo wahaheʻe, nele i ka chromatic. unahi mea kani keleawe. ʻO ka ʻohe, a ma hope aku nā ʻuhane lāʻau ʻē aʻe. ua hoʻolako 'ia nā mea kani me ka valve mechanical (ka mea i hana 'ia e T. Boehm), nā pū kani maoli a me nā paipu i hoʻolako 'ia me ka valve mechanical, i hana i ko lākou unahi chromatic. I ka makahiki 30. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo A. Sachs i ka clarinet bass a hoʻolālā i nā mea kani hou (saxhorns, saxophones).

Ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi manaʻo hou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o O. e ka romanticism. Me ka ulu ʻana o ke mele papahana, ka ʻāina a me ka nani. mea i loko o ka opera, ʻike ʻia ka ʻimi no ka orc. kala a me ke keaka. hōʻike timbre. I ka manawa like, noho mua nā mea haku mele (KM Weber, P. Mendelssohn, P. Schubert) i loko o ke ʻano o ka haku mele ʻelua o ka opera (ma ka opera me ke komo ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano: he ʻohe liʻiliʻi, he pū Pelekane, etc.). ʻO ka hoʻohana waiwai ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai a O. aia ma MI Glinka. Coloristic ka waiwai o kona O. ua loaa ma ke kumu o ke kaula. nā pūʻulu makani a me nā pālua (me nā mea kani hou); Hoʻopili ʻo ia i nā trombones i nā pū a me nā paipu (3, kakaʻikahi 1). Ua hana nui ʻo G. Berlioz i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hou aʻe o O.. Ke hōʻike nei i nā koi nui no ka pāʻani, ka pālākiō o ke kani, ua hoʻonui nui ʻo Berlioz i ka haku mele o O. I ka Fantastic Symphony (1830), ua hoʻonui ʻo ia i nā kaula. pūʻulu, e hōʻike pololei ana i ka helu o nā mea hoʻokani i ka helu: ma ka liʻiliʻi he 15 mua a me 15 lua violins, 10 violas, 11 cellos, 9 pālua basses. Ma keia op. e pili ana i kona hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia, ua neʻe ka haku mele mai ka ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka opera a me ka ʻaha mele. haku mele ma ke komo ʻana i ka hōʻailona. O. ke ano o ke kala. hoʻolālā i nā mea hana, e like me ka ʻōlelo Pelekane. horn, small clarinet, harps (2), bele. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka hui keleawe, ma waho aʻe o 4 mau pū, 2 pū a me 3 trombones, ua komo pū me 2 cornets-a-piston a me 2 ophicleides (ma hope i pani ʻia e nā tuba).

Ua lilo ka hana a R. Wagner i manawa ma ka moolelo o O. Koloristich. ʻo ka ʻimi ʻana a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka nui o ke ʻano i loko o Lohengrin i alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka orc. a hiki i ka haku mele ʻekolu (ʻo ka maʻamau 3 ohe a i ʻole 2 ʻohe a me kahi ʻohe liʻiliʻi, 3 oboe a i ʻole 2 oboes a me kahi pū Pelekane, 3 clarinets a i ʻole 2 clarinets a me bass clarinet, 3 bassoons a 2 bassoons a contrabassoon, 4 pū, 3 pū, 3 trombone, bass tuba, pahu, kaula). I ka makahiki 1840 i hoʻopau ʻia ai ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā mea hou. hui keleawe, i komo pū me 4 pū, 2-3 pū, 3 trombones a me kahi tuba (i hoʻokomo mua ʻia e Wagner i ka Faust overture a ma ka opera Tannhäuser). I loko o ka "Ring of the Nibelung" ua lilo ʻo O. i lālā koʻikoʻi o nā muses. keaka. ʻO ke kuleana nui o ka timbre i nā hiʻohiʻona leitmotif a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pāʻani. hōʻike a me ka dinamika. ʻO ka mana o ke kani i hoʻoikaika i ka haku mele e hoʻokomo i kahi pālākiō ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i loko o O. (ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano tessitura o nā mea kani makani lāʻau a me nā paipu). ʻO ka haku mele ʻana o O., no laila, ua hoʻonui ʻia i ka pāhā. Ua hoʻoikaika ʻo Wagner i ka hui keleawe me kahi quartet o nā pūni Farani (a i ʻole "Wagner") tuba i hoʻolālā ʻia i kāna kauoha (e ʻike iā Tuba). Ua ulu nui nā koi i hana ʻia e ka mea haku mele ma ka ʻenehana virtuoso orc. nā mea hoʻokani pila.

ʻO ke ala i hōʻike ʻia e Wagner (i hoʻomau ʻia e A. Bruckner ma ke ʻano symphony) ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō. I ka manawa like i ka hana a I. Brahms, J. Bizet, S. Frank, G. Verdi, ma waena o nā haku mele Lūkini. Ke hoʻomohala hou nei ke kula i ka laina "maʻamau" o ka orchestration a me ka noʻonoʻo hou ʻana i kekahi mau mea aloha. nā ʻano. I loko o ka orchestra o PI Tchaikovsky, ka ʻimi no ka psychological. ua hui pū ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana o ka timbre me ka hoʻohana waiwai nui o ka ork. kālā. Hōʻole i ka hoʻonui orc. apparatus in symphonies (pair haku mele, pinepine me 3 flutes), ka haku mele ma ka papahana hana, ma hope operas a me ballets huli i ka complement. kala kala orc. nā palettes (e laʻa me English horn, bass clarinet, harp, celesta in The Nutcracker). Ma ka hana a NA Rimsky-Korsakov, nani nā hana ʻē aʻe. kala, nā kiʻi i hoʻoikaika i ka haku mele e hoʻohana nui (me ka hele ʻole ma mua o nā haku paʻa-ʻekolu a me nā mele ʻekolu) ʻo ka timbres nui a me nā hiʻohiʻona o O. K supplement. ua hoʻohui ʻia ka clarinet liʻiliʻi, nā ʻano alto o ka ʻohe a me ka pū i nā mea kani, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka helu o nā mea percussion e lawe ana i nā hana hoʻonaninani a me nā hana hoʻonaninani, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā kīpē (e like me ka moʻomeheu Glinka - fp., a me ke ʻano). ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o ka orchestra e NA Rimsky-Korsakov, i hāpai ʻia e Lūkini. nā haku mele o ka hanauna ʻōpio (AK Glazunov, AK Lyadov, IF Stravinsky i ka wā mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana), ua loaʻa ka mana i ka pōʻai orc. kala a ma ka hana o Western-European. haku mele – O. Respighi, M. Ravel.

He kuleana nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo timbre i ke kenekulia 20. hookani ka orkestra o C. Debussy. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nānā ʻana i ke kala i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hana o ke kumuhana i ka ʻokoʻa. nā kumu a i ʻole ke ʻano-kumu a me ka waihoʻoluʻu. nā mea o ka lole, a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka fonich. aoao O. ma ke ano he kumu. Ua hoʻoholo kēia mau ʻano i ka ʻokoʻa maʻalahi o ka orc. nā pepa pepa.

ʻO ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o nā manaʻo Wagnerian i alakaʻi i ka verge o nā kenekulia 19-20. i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hana a kekahi mau haku mele (G. Mahler, R. Strauss; Rimsky-Korsakov ma Mlada, AN Scriabin, a me Stravinsky hoʻi i The Rite of Spring) o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo super-orchestra - hoʻonui ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ʻO ka haku mele ʻehā ʻo O. Mahler lāua ʻo Scriabin i hoʻohana i kahi haku mele nui e hōʻike i ko lāua mau manaʻo honua. nā manaʻo. ʻO ka apogee o kēia au ka mea hoʻokani. haku mele mele 8 a Mahler (8 soloists, 2 hui himeni, himeni keiki, elima haku mele O. me na kaula i hooikaikaia, he nui o na percussion a me na mea hoonani, a me ka okana).

ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hui paʻa nā mea kani percussion i ke kenekulia 19. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hui hoʻonaninani percussion. Ma waho aʻe o ka timpani, ua komo pū kekahi pahu nui a pahele, pahu kani, kimebala, triangle, castanets, tom-toms, bele, glockenspiel, xylophone. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia ka harp (1 a me 2), celesta, pianoforte, a me ka ʻōkana i ka O. nui, ʻaʻole pinepine - "nā mea kani no ka manawa": he rattle, he mīkini makani, he pāpaʻi, a pēlā aku. a me con. Ke hoʻomau nei nā orc hou i ke kenekulia 19. ensembles: New York Philharmonic Orchestra (1842); orchestra Column in Paris (1873); Orchestra of the Wagner Festival in Bayreuth (1876); Boston Orchestra (1881); ka Lamoureux orchestra in Paris (1881); ʻO ka Aha Hoʻokani ("Court Musical Choir") ma St. Petersburg (1882; i kēia manawa Academic Symphony of O. Leningrad Philharmonic).

I ka 19th-century O., i ka like me O. o ka wā Baroque, lanakila ka monochoirism. Eia nō naʻe, i ka mele a Berlioz, ua loaʻa hou ka noiʻi multi-choir. Ma Tuba mirum mai Berlioz's "Requiem", i kākau ʻia no ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā symphonies nui. O., ua maheleia na mea hana i 5 mau hui: symphony. O. a me 4 mau mea kani keleawe ma na kihi o ka luakini. I loko o ka opera (e hoʻomaka ana me Don Giovanni a Mozart) ua ʻike pū ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole: O. "ma ke kahua", "ma hope o ke kahua", nā leo o nā mea mele a me nā instr. solo "ma hope o ke kahua" a i ʻole "luna" (Wagner). ʻokoʻa o nā ākea. ʻO kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā mea hoʻokani i loaʻa i ka ulu ʻana i ka orchestra a G. Mahler.

Ma ka hoʻonohonoho noho o nā mea hoʻokani mele O. ma ka papahele 2nd. Ke kenekulia 18 a hiki i ke kenekulia 19. ʻO ka ʻāpana i mālama ʻia ka dismemberment a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā paʻakikī timbre, kahi ʻano o Baroque O.. Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 1775 IF Reichardt i hoʻopuka i kahi kumu hou o ka noho ʻana, ʻo ke kumu o ka hui ʻana a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā timbres. Aia ka violin mua a me ka lua ma ka ʻākau a me ka hema o ka mea alakaʻi i ka laina hoʻokahi, ua māhele ʻia nā viola i ʻelua ʻāpana a ua hana ʻia ka lālani aʻe, ʻo ka ʻuhane. ua kau ʻia nā mea hana ma hope o lākou i ka hohonu. Ma kēia kumu, ua kū mai ka wahi o ka orc. nā mea hoʻokani pila, i laha ma ka 19th a ma ka 1st floor. ʻO ke kenekulia 20 a ma hope iho ua loaʻa iā ia ka inoa o ka "European" noho hoʻonohonoho: nā violins mua - ma ka hema o ke alakaʻi, ʻo ka lua - ma ka ʻākau, violas a me cellos - ma hope o lākou, woodwinds - ma ka hema o ke alakaʻi, keleawe. - ma ka ʻākau (ma ka opera) a i ʻole ma nā laina ʻelua: lāʻau mua, ma hope o lākou - keleawe (ma ka ʻaha mele), ma hope - nā pahu, nā kī pālua (e ʻike i ke kiʻi ma luna).

O. i ke kenekulia 20. (ma hope o ke Kaua Honua 1 1914-18).

Hāʻawi ke kenekulia 20 i nā ʻano hana hou. hana O. Along with the traditional. Ua ʻike ʻia nā keaka lekiō a me ke kīwī a me nā keaka studio ma ke ʻano he ʻaha mele a me ka ʻaha mele. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka lekiō a me ka opera opera a me nā ʻaha mele symphony, ma kahi o ka mea hana, aia wale nō i nā hoʻonohonoho noho o nā mea hoʻokani pila. Nā haku mele symphonic. ʻO nā kūlanakauhale o nā kūlanakauhale nui loa o ka honua ua aneane hui pū ʻia. A ʻoiai ke hoʻomau nei nā helu e hōʻike i ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā kaula i mea e hiki ai iā Op. Hiki ke hoʻokani ʻia e ka O. liʻiliʻi, kahi symphony nui. O. 20th century e pili ana i ka hui o 80-100 (i kekahi manawa hou aku) mea hookani pila.

I ke kenekulia 20, ua hui ʻia nā ala ʻelua o ka ulu ʻana o nā haku mele O. Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi o lākou me ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana i nā kuʻuna. hōʻailona nui. A. Ke hoʻomau nei ka poʻe haku mele e huli i ka haku mele (P. Hindemith, "Artist Mathis", 2; DD Shostakovich, Symphony No. 1938, 15). Ua noho ʻia kahi wahi nui e ka haku mele ʻekolu, hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ma muli o nā hoʻohui. mea kani (M. Ravel, opera "Child and Magic", 1972; SV Rachmaninov, "Symphonic Dances", 1925; SS Prokofiev, symphony No. 1940, 6; DD Shostakovich, symphony No. 1947, 10; V. Lutonyslavsky, symphony Helu 1953, 2). ʻO ka manawa pinepine, huli nā haku mele i ka haku mele ʻehā (A. Berg, opera Wozzeck, 1967; D. Ligeti, Lontano, 1925; BA Tchaikovsky, symphony No 1967, 2).

I ka manawa like, e pili ana i nā ʻano ideological a me nā stylistic hou i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua puka mai kahi hui mele. I nā hōʻailona he nui. a wok.-symp. Hoʻohana nā haku mele i kahi hapa o ka haku mele ʻana o kahi symphony nui. O. – kapaia. non-normative, or individualized, composition of O. No ka laʻana, ma Stravinsky's "Symphony of Psalms" (1930) mai ka moʻomeheu. ʻO nā clarinets, nā violin a me nā viola i kāʻili nui ʻia.

No ke kenekulia 20, ʻo ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka hui percussion he hiʻohiʻona, ua haʻi ʻo to-rye iā lākou iho he orc piha. hui. I ka 20-30s. hahau. ua hoʻomaka e hāʻawi ʻia nā mea kani me ka rhythmic, coloristic, akā ke kumuhana. nā hana; ua lilo lākou i mea nui o ke ʻano. Ma kēiaʻano, ua loaʻa kūʻokoʻa ka hui pahu pahu no ka manawa mua. manaʻo ma ka hōʻailona. O., i ka mua ma ka O. o non-normative a me ke keʻena haku mele. ʻO nā laʻana ʻo Stravinsky's The Story of a Soldier (1918), Bartók's Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta (1936). Ua ʻike ʻia no kahi haku mele me ka nui o ka percussion a i ʻole no lākou wale nō: no ka laʻana, ʻo Stravinsky's Les Noces (1923), kahi i hui pū ʻia me ka poʻe soloists a me kahi papa mele, 4 piano a me 6 mau hui percussion; Ua kākau ʻia ʻo "Ionization" na Varèse (1931) no nā mea kani percussion wale nō (13 mea hoʻokani). ʻO ka hui percussion e hoʻomaluʻia e nā mea kani i weheweheʻoleʻia. ʻO nā pitches, i waena o lākou nā mea kani like ʻole o ka ʻano like (he pūʻulu o nā pahu nui a i ʻole nā ​​kimebala, nā gongs, nā poloka lāʻau, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) ua laha. ʻO nā R. a pau loa a ʻoi aku ka papahele 2nd. 20th kenekulia paʻi. Ua noho ka hui i kahi kūlana like me ka string a me nā pūʻulu makani ma ka normative ("Turangalila" na Messiaen, 1946-48) a ma nā mele non-normative o O. ("Antigone" na Orff, 1949; "Colors of the Heavenly City” na Messiaen no ka piano solo, 3 clarinets, 3 xylophones a me na mea kani metala, 1963; Luke Passion na Penderecki, 1965). Ma ka 'Oihana Ua hoʻonui pū ʻia ka hui percussion. I ka makahiki 1961, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi mea kūikawā ma Strasbourg. hui hoʻokani pila (140 mea kani a me nā mea kani like ʻole).

ʻO ka makemake e hoʻonui i ka pālākiō timbre o O. ua alakaʻi i ka episodic. hoʻokomo i ka hōʻailona. O. mea hana mana. ʻO ia nā "Martenot waves" i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1928 (A. Honegger, "Joan of Arc ma ke kahua", 1938; O. Messiaen, "Turangalila"), electronium (K. Stockhausen, "Prozession", 1967), ionics ( B. Tishchenko, 1st symphony, 1961). Ke ho'āʻo nei e hoʻokomo i kahi haku mele jazz ma O.. I nā makahiki 60-70. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o ka leo leo i loko o ka lako o O. ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ke kani (EV Denisov, The Sun of the Inca, 1964). Ua wehewehe ʻo K. Stockhausen (Mixtur, 1964) i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka haku mele ʻana o O. ʻo ia hoʻi he "mea uila ola." Me ka makemake no ka hana hou ʻana o ka timbre ma ka symphony. O. aia nā manaʻo i ke ola hou ʻana o nā mea hana a me nā otd. nā loina o O. Baroque. Mai ka hapaha mua o ke kenekulia 1 oboe d'amore (C. Debussy, "Spring Dances"; M. Ravel, "Bolero"), basset horn (R. Strauss, "Electra"), viol d'amour (G. Puccini, "Chio -Chio-san"; SS Prokofiev, "Romeo a me Juliet"). E pili ana i ka hoihoi hou ʻana i ke kenekulia 20. ʻAʻole iʻikeʻia nā mea hana mele o ka Renaissance a me nā mea hana o nā kenekulia 20-15. (M. Kagel, "Music for Renaissance Instruments", 16; komo 1966 mea hoʻokani, A. Pärt, "Tintinnabuli", 23). Ma O. 1976th century. ʻike ʻia ka noʻonoʻo a me ke kumu o ka haku mele ʻana. Ch. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Ives i hoʻololi i kekahi hapa o ka haku mele ʻana o O. ma ka pāʻani The Question Left Unanswered (20). Hāʻawi ʻia ka koho manuahi o ka haku mele i loko o nā hui O. i kuhikuhi ʻia e ka helu ma L. Kupkovich's Ozveny. Ua hoʻomohala hou ʻia ka manaʻo stereophonic o O. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua mua ma ka māhele spatial o O. no Ives ("The Question Left Unanswered", 1908th Symphony). I ka makahiki 4. loaʻa ka plurality o nā kumu kani e ka diff. ala. ʻO ka mahele o ka orc holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻohana ʻia ka nui o nā "hui" a i ʻole "hui" (ma kahi ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka wā ma mua - ʻaʻole timbre, akā ke ʻano kikoʻī) hoʻohana ʻia e K. Stockhausen ("Groups" no 70 O., 3; "Kappe" no 1957 O. a me chorus. , 4). Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka haku o ka O. "Group" (1960 poʻe) i ʻekolu mau paʻakikī like (ʻo kēlā me kēia me kāna alakaʻi ponoʻī), i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i kahi ʻano U; Aia nā noho o ka poʻe hoʻolohe i ke ākea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma waena o nā mea hoʻokani pila. 109. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Mattus i ka opera The Last Shot (3, ma muli o ka moʻolelo a BA Lavrenyov The Forty-First) i ʻekolu O. aia ma kahi orc. lua, ma hope o ke anaina a ma hope o ke kahua. Ua hoʻonoho ʻo J. Xenakis ma "Terretektor" (1967) i nā mea hoʻokani mele 1966 o kahi mele symphonic nui ma ke ʻano o ke kukui e pili ana i ka mea alakaʻi i ke kikowaena; ʻAʻole kū wale ka poʻe a puni O., akā ma waena o nā consoles, hui pū me nā mea hoʻokani pila. Hoʻohana ʻia ka "Moving stereophony" (ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea kani me nā mea kani i ka wā o ka hana) ma "Klangwehr" na M. Kagel (88) a me ka 1970nd symphony na AG Schnittke (2).

3 Pūnaewele.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻonohonoho noho hoʻokahi no nā mea mele O. i ka wā e hoʻohana ai. op. haku mele normative; i kēia mau hihia, hana ka haku mele i nā hōʻailona kūpono i ka helu. I ka hoʻohana maʻamau o O. ma ke ʻano he paʻakikī monochoric hoʻokahi i ka papahele 1. ʻO ke kenekulia 20 ka hoʻonohonoho noho "ʻEulopa" i hōʻike ʻia ma luna. Mai ka makahiki 1945, ua hoʻomaka e hoʻolaha nui ʻia ka ʻōnaehana i kapa ʻia ʻo "so-called" e L. Stokowski. Amer. noho. Aia ka violin 1 a me 2 ma ka hema o ka mea alakaʻi, aia nā cello a me nā viola ma ka ʻākau, aia nā pahu pālua ma hope o lākou, aia nā mea kani makani i waenakonu, ma hope o nā kaula, nā pahu, ka mea hoʻokani piano. ka hema.

Hāʻawi i ka paʻa paʻa o ke kani o nā kaula i ka papa inoa kiʻekiʻe "Amer." ʻAʻole i waho ka hoʻonohonoho noho, i ka manaʻo o kekahi mau alakaʻi, a ua hōʻole ʻia. ʻaoʻao (no ka laʻana, hoʻonāwaliwali i ka pilina hana o nā cellos a me nā pahu pālua i mamao loa mai kekahi i kekahi). Ma kēiaʻano, aia nā manaʻo e hoʻihoʻi i ka "European" kahi o nā mea mele O. ʻO ka hana o ka symphony. O. ma nā kūlana studio (lekiō, televise, hoʻopaʻa leo) hoʻopuka i kekahi mau kikoʻī. pono noho. I kēia mau hihia, hoʻoponopono ʻia ke kaulike leo ʻaʻole wale e ka conductor, akā e ka tonemaster pū kekahi.

ʻO ka radicalness loa o nā loli i ʻike ʻia e O. i ke kenekulia 20 e hōʻike ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia ka mea ola o ka hana. makemake o ka poʻe haku mele a hoʻomau i ka hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻana ma kāna haku mele a me ka mea hou (non-normative).

E hoʻomaopopo ': ʻO Albrecht E., ʻO ka wā i hala a me kēia manawa o ka orkestra. (Essay on the social status of musicians), St. Petersburg, 1886; ʻO ke ola mele a me ke mele o Rusia kahiko. CO., L., 1927; Pindeizen Nick., Essays on the history of music in Russia from ancient times to the end of the 2th century, (vol. 1928), M.-L., 29-2; Nā mea a me nā palapala e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala mele, vol. 1934 – XVIII kenekulia, ed. MV Ivanov-Boretsky. Moscow, 1. Shtelin Jakob von, Izvestiya o ke mele v Rossii, trans. mai Kelemānia, ma ka Sat: Musical heritage, no. 1935, M., 1935; ia, Mele a me ka ballet ma Rusia i ka makahiki 1961, trans. mai Kelemānia., L., 1969; Rogal-Levitsky DR, Nā kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka orkestra, M., 1969; Barsova IA, Buke e pili ana i ka orkestra, M., 1971; Blagodatov GI, History of the symphony orchestra, L., 1973; Musical Aesthetics of Western Europe in the 1973th-3th Centuries, Sat, comp. VP Shestakov, (M., 1975); Levin S. Ya., Nā mea kani makani i ka moʻolelo o ka moʻomeheu mele, L., XNUMX; Fortunatov Yu. A., Moolelo o na ano hoolele. Polokalamu no nā kumu mele a me ka haku mele o nā kulanui mele, M., XNUMX; Zeyfas HM, Concerto grosso in baroque music, in: Problems of Musical Science, vol. XNUMX, M., XNUMX.

IA Barsova