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Greek rytmos, mai reo – kahe

ʻO ke ʻano i ʻike ʻia o ke kahe o nā kaʻina hana i ka manawa. ʻO ke ʻano o nā hōʻike o R. i decomp. nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o ke kiʻi (ʻaʻole i ke kino wale nō, akā i ka spatial hoʻi), a me waho o ka hana. spheres (R. o ka olelo, hele, hana kaʻina hana, etc.) i hoala mai i na mea he nui pinepine kue i ka wehewehe ana o R. (e hoonele ana i keia huaolelo o ka terminological clarity). Ma waena o lākou, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻekolu mau pūʻulu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia.

Ma ka manaʻo ākea, ʻo R. ke ʻano kino o nā kaʻina hana i ʻike ʻia, kekahi o nā kumu ʻekolu (me ka melody a me ka harmoni). nā mea o ke mele, ka puʻunaue e pili ana i ka manawa (e like me PI Tchaikovsky) melodic. a me ka harmonic. hui pu ana. R. hoʻokumu i nā leo, hoʻomaha, ka mahele ʻana i nā ʻāpana (nā ʻāpana rhythmic o nā pae like ʻole a hiki i nā leo pākahi), ko lākou hui pū ʻana, nā ratio o ka lōʻihi, etc.; ma kahi ʻano haiki - he kaʻina o ka lōʻihi o nā leo, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ko lākou kiʻekiʻe (ka rhythmic pattern, i ka like me ka melodic).

Ke kū'ē nei kēia ala wehewehe e ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kani ʻana ma ke ʻano he ʻano kūikawā e hoʻokaʻawale i nā neʻe ʻana mai nā neʻe ʻole. Hāʻawi ʻia kēia ʻano i nā wehewehe ʻokoʻa. ʻO Mn. hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe noiʻi iā R. ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi maʻamau a i ʻole ka hana hou ʻana a me ke kūlike e pili ana iā lākou. Mai kēia manaʻo, ʻo R. ma kona ʻano maʻemaʻe ka oscillations repetitive o kahi pendulum a i ʻole nā ​​​​beats o kahi metronome. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka waiwai o Aesthetic R. e kāna hana kauoha a me ka "hoʻokele waiwai", hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻike a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka automation o ka hana muscular, no ka laʻana. i ka hele ana. Ma ke mele, ʻo ia hoʻomaopopo ʻana iā R. ke alakaʻi nei i kona ʻike ʻana me ka manawa like a i ʻole me ka beat - muses. mika.

Akā, i ke mele (e like me ka poetry), kahi nui o ka hana a R., kū'ē pinepine ia i ka mika a pili ʻole me ka hana hou ʻana, akā me ka paʻakikī e wehewehe i ka "manaʻo o ke ola", ikaika, etc. "ʻO Rhythm ka ikaika nui , ka ikaika nui o ka paukū. ʻAʻole hiki ke wehewehe "- VV Mayakovsky). ʻO ke kumu o R., e like me E. Kurt, "ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i mua, ka neʻe ʻana i loko a me ka ikaika mau." He ʻokoʻa i ka wehewehe ʻana o R., e pili ana i ka commensurability (rationality) a me ka hoʻopaʻa hou ʻana (statics), ka manaʻo a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana ma ʻaneʻi. ʻO ke ʻano o R., hiki ke hōʻike iā ia iho me ka ʻole o ka mika a ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā ʻano metrically pololei.

No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka manaʻo o R. e ʻōlelo i ke kumu o kēia huaʻōlelo mai ka huaʻōlelo "e kahe", kahi i hōʻike ai ʻo Heraclitus i kāna mea nui. kūlana: "Ke kahe nei nā mea a pau." Hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo Heraclitus i ka "philosopher of the world R." a e kū'ē i ka "philosopher of world harmony" Pythagoras. Hōʻike nā ʻepekema ʻelua i ko lākou ʻike honua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā manaʻo o nā kumu ʻelua. ʻāpana o ka manaʻo kahiko o ke mele, akā, huli ʻo Pythagoras i ke aʻo ʻana o nā lākiō kūpaʻa o nā leo kani, a ʻo Heraclitus - i ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mele i ka manawa, kāna ʻatikala a me ka antich. Hiki i nā mele ke wehewehe i kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o Main R. mai nā hale manawa ʻole he mea kūʻokoʻa: "ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hele i ke kahawai hoʻokahi ʻelua." I ka manawa like, i ka "honua R." Hoʻololi ʻo Heraclitus i ka "ala i luna" a me "ke ala i lalo", ʻo nā inoa o ia - "ano" a me "kato" - pili pū me nā huaʻōlelo o antich. rhythms, denoting 2 parts of rhythmic. ʻāpana (i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo "arsis" a me "thesis"), ʻo nā lakio o ka lōʻihi ma ke ʻano R. a i ʻole nā ​​"logos" o kēia ʻāpana (ma Heraclitus, "world R." ua like pū me "world Logos"). No laila, kuhikuhi ka ʻatikala o Heraclitus i ke ala i ka synthesis of dynamic. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana o R. i ka noʻonoʻo, maʻamau i ka wā kahiko.

ʻAʻole hoʻokaʻawale loa nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo (dynamic) a me ka noʻonoʻo (static), akā hoʻokō kekahi i kekahi. Hoʻomaopopo maʻamau ka "Rhythmic" i kēlā mau neʻe e hoʻoulu ai i kahi ʻano resonance, empathy no ka neʻe ʻana, i hōʻike ʻia i ka makemake e hana hou ia (e pili pono ana nā ʻike i ka ʻiʻo, a mai nā manaʻo o waho i nā kani, ka ʻike e hele pinepine ʻia. e nā manaʻo o loko. playback). No kēia mea, pono, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻaʻole chaotic ka neʻe ʻana, aia kekahi ʻano i ʻike ʻia, hiki ke hana hou ʻia, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole mechanical ka repetition. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo R. ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻehaʻeha a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo, e nalowale ana me ka hoʻopaʻi hou ʻana e like me ka pendulum. I R., pela, ua huiia ke kuokoa. a me ka ikaika. nā hōʻailona, ​​akā, no ka mea, e mau ana ka manaʻo o ka rhythm a, no laila, ma ke ʻano. Ma ke ʻano kumuhana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia nā palena e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā neʻe rhythmic mai nā chaotic a me nā mechanical, e hana ai i ke kānāwai a me ka wehewehe. ke kumu kumu. nā haʻawina kūikawā o ka haʻiʻōlelo (ma ka paukū a me ka prose) a me ke mele. R.

ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻāʻī a me nā hoʻoholo (nā piʻi a me nā pae iho) hāʻawi i ka rhythmic. nā hale o nā nūpepa. ʻano, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole wale ma ke ʻano he hana hou ʻana i kekahi. ke kaʻina o nā māhele (e hoʻohālikelike i ka manaʻo o kahi manawa i ka acoustics, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), akā ʻo ia hoʻi me kona "pōʻai," e hoʻāla ai i ka hana hou ʻana, a me ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana, e hiki ai ke ʻike i ke kani me ka ʻole o ka hana hou ʻana. ʻOi aku ka nui o kēia hiʻohiʻona ʻelua, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pae rhythmic. ʻāpana. Ma ke mele (a me ka ʻōlelo noʻeau), kapa ʻia ka manawa. ke kukulu ana i ka manao piha. Hiki ke hana hou ʻia ka manawa (ma ke ʻano hui pū) a i ʻole he ʻāpana hoʻohui o kahi ʻano nui; i ka manawa like e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonaʻauao liʻiliʻi loa, hiki ke kūʻokoʻa i kahi ʻoki. hana.

Hoʻolima. Hiki ke hana ʻia ka manaʻo e ka haku mele holoʻokoʻa ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻāʻī (piʻi piʻi, arsis, tie) hoʻonā (pae iho, thesis, denouement) a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana e nā caesuras a i ʻole pause i nā ʻāpana (me kā lākou arsis a me nā theses) . ʻOkoʻa me nā mea haku mele, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, nā ʻōlelo i ʻike pololei ʻia i kapa ʻia ʻo rhythmic pono. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻonohonoho i nā palena o ka mea i ʻike pololei ʻia, akā ma ke mele hiki iā mākou ke kuhikuhi iā R. nā huaʻōlelo a me nā ʻāpana articulatory i loko o nā muses. nā manawa a me nā ʻōlelo, ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo wale ʻia e ka semantic (syntactic), akā i ka physiological. kūlana a hoʻohālikelike i ka nui me ia physiological. ʻO nā manawa manawa, e like me ka hanu a me ka pulse, ʻo to-rye nā prototypes o ʻelua ʻano rhythmic. nā hanana. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pulse, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hanu, ʻoi aku ka mamao mai ka mīkini. ka hana hou ʻana a kokoke i ka manaʻo o R., ua ʻike maopopo ʻia kona mau manawa a ua wehewehe maopopo ʻia, akā ʻo ko lākou nui, e like me ka approx. 4 mau kuʻi o ka pulse, maʻalahi e haʻalele i kēia maʻamau. ʻO ka hanu ke kumu o ka ʻōlelo a me ke mele. ʻōlelo, hoʻoholo i ka waiwai o ka mea nui. ʻāpana huaʻōlelo – kolamu (ma ke mele ua kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo ia he "huaʻōlelo", a no ka laʻana, A. Reicha, M. ʻO Lucy, A. F. Lvov, "rhythm"), hana i nā hoʻomaha a me nā ʻano. ʻano mele. cadences (ʻoiaʻiʻo "hāʻule" - ka pae iho o ka rhythmic. units), ma muli o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka leo i ka hopena o ka exhalation. I ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā hoʻolaha melodic a me nā hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke ʻano o ka "free, asymmetrical R." (Lvov) me ka ʻole o ka rhythmic waiwai mau. nā ʻāpana, ʻano o nā mea he nui. nā ʻano moʻolelo kuʻuna (e hoʻomaka me ka primitive a pau me ka Lūkini. mele lingering), mele Gregorian, mele znamenny, etc. etc. ʻO kēia melodic a i ʻole ke kani ʻana o R. (no ka mea e pili ana ka laina laina ma mua o ka ʻaoʻao modal o ke mele) ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka manawa puʻupuʻu, ʻike ʻia i nā mele e pili ana i nā neʻe kino (hula, pāʻani, hana). Loaʻa ka repeatability i loko o ia ma luna o ka formality a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā manawa, ʻo ka hopena o kahi manawa he manaʻo e hoʻomaka ai i kahi manawa hou, he pā, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka Crimea, ʻo ke koena o nā manawa, e like me nā mea koʻikoʻi ʻole. hiki ke pani ʻia me kahi hoʻomaha. Pulsating periodicity he hiʻohiʻona o ka hele ʻana, nā neʻe hana automated, ma ka haʻiʻōlelo a me ke mele e hoʻoholo ai i ka tempo - ka nui o nā manawa ma waena o nā pilikia. Māhele ma ka puʻupuʻu o nā kani kani kani mua. nā ʻāpana o ke ʻano hanu i nā ʻāpana like, i hana ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka loina kaʻa, ma ka huli ʻana, hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hopena kaʻa i ka wā o ka ʻike ʻana a laila rhythmic. ka hoao ana. T. o., i ka wā mua o ka moʻolelo, ua kūʻē ʻia nā mele o ke ʻano lōʻihi e nā mele "wikiwiki", e hoʻopuka ana i nā mele mele. manaʻo. No laila, i ka wā kahiko, ʻo ke kūʻē ʻana o R. a me ke mele ("kāne" a me "wahine" hoʻomaka), a me ka ʻōlelo maʻemaʻe o R. ʻike ʻia ka hula (Aristotle, "Poetics", 1), a ma ke mele e pili ana i ka percussion a me nā mea kani. Rhythmic i kēia au. pili pū ʻia ke ʻano i ka preim. ka hele wāwae a me ke mele hula, a me ka manaʻo o R. pili pinepine i ka pulse ma mua o ka hanu ʻana. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka manaʻo hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao i ka pulsation periodicity e alakaʻi i ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā tensions a me nā hoʻoholo ʻana me nā puʻupuʻu like ʻole (no laila ke kuhi hewa ʻana o nā kenekulia i nā huaʻōlelo "arsis" a me "thesis", e hōʻike ana i nā manawa rhythmic nui. a ho'āʻo e ʻike i kekahi me ke koʻikoʻi). Ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau puʻu e like me R.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka loiloi kumuhana o ka manawa ma ka pulsation (e loaʻa ai ka pololei loa e pili ana i nā waiwai kokoke i nā manawa manawa o ka pulse maʻamau, 0,5-1 sec) a, no laila, ka quantitative (ana ana i ka manawa) rhythm i kūkulu ʻia ma luna o nā lakio o nā lōʻihi, i loaʻa i ka maʻamau. olelo i ka wa kahiko. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻokani ʻia ka hana koʻikoʻi e nā hana physiological i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka hana ʻiʻo. nā ʻano, a me ka nani. koi, proportionality maʻaneʻiʻaʻole he stereotype, akā, art. canon. ʻAʻole nui ka manaʻo o ka hula no kāna kaʻa, akā no kona ʻano plastic, kuhikuhi ʻia i ka hihiʻo, no ka rhythmic. ka ʻike ma muli o ka psychophysiological. Pono nā kumu e ho'ōki i ka neʻe ʻana, hoʻololi i nā kiʻi, e mau ana i kekahi manawa. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka mea kahiko. hulahula, R. to-rogo (e like me ka hoike a Aristides Quintilian) he hoololi hula. poses (“schemes”) i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā “hōʻailona” a i ʻole “nā kiko” (ʻo ka ʻōlelo Helene “semeyon” nā manaʻo ʻelua). ʻAʻole nā ​​puʻupuʻu i ka puʻupuʻu quantitative, akā ʻo nā palena o nā ʻāpana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka nui, kahi i māhele ʻia ai ka manawa. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka manawa ma aneʻi e pili ana i ka spatial, a ʻo ka manaʻo o ka rhythm e pili ana i ka symmetry (ʻo ka manaʻo o ka rhythm as proportionality a me ka lōkahi e pili ana i nā mele kahiko). ʻO ke kaulike o nā waiwai manawaleʻa e lilo i hihia kūikawā o kā lākou proportionality, me ka Crimea, aia kekahi mau "ʻano R." (ratio o 2 mau māhele o ka rhythmic unit - arsis and thesis) - 1: 2, 2: 3, etc. ʻO ka waiho ʻana i nā formulas e hoʻoholo mua i ka ratio o nā lōʻihi, e hoʻokaʻawale i ka hula mai nā neʻe kino ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻololi ʻia i ka pauku mele. nā ʻano, pololei me ka hula pili ʻole (no ka laʻana, i ka epic). Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka lōʻihi o nā huaʻōlelo, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi huaʻōlelo ma ke ʻano he "ana" o R. (mika), akā ma ke ʻano he kaʻina o nā huaʻōlelo lōʻihi a pōkole wale nō; ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo R. ("kahe") o ka pauku, ʻo kona māhele ʻana i nā hoki a me nā theses a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa i hoʻoholo ʻia e lākou (ʻaʻole pili me nā koʻikoʻi waha) no ka mele a me ka hula. aoao o ka hoopii syncretic. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka like ʻole o nā ʻāpana rhythmic (ma ka wāwae, pauku, stanza, etc.) ma mua o ke kaulike, ʻo ka hana hou ʻana a me ka squareness e hāʻawi i ke ala i nā hana paʻakikī, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā.

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona no nā wā o ka syncretic, akā i ka moʻolelo, a me prof. art-va quantitative R. aia, ma waho aʻe o ka mea kahiko, i ke mele o kekahi mau hikina. nā ʻāina (Indian, Arab, etc.), i ka Middle Ages. mele kāne kāne, a me ka moʻolelo o nā mea ʻē aʻe. kanaka, kahi e hiki ai ke lawe i ka mana o prof. a me ka noʻonoʻo pilikino (bards, ashugs, troubadours, etc.). Hulahula. aie ka mele o keia au i keia moolelo i kekahi mau hua helu helu, e like me dec. nā lōʻihi ma kekahi ʻano, ʻo ka hana hou ʻana (a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana i loko o kekahi mau palena) i ka-rykh kahi hula. Akā, no ke ʻano o ka naʻau e kū nei i kēia au, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hulahula e like me ka waltz, kahi ʻaʻohe mahele i nā ʻāpana. "poses" a me kā lākou mau māhele manawa kūpono o kahi lōʻihi.

ʻO ke kani o ka uaki, i ke kenekulia 17. ke hoʻololi piha i ka mensural, no ke kolu (ma hope o intonational a me quantitative) ʻano R. – ka leo, ke ano o ke kahua i kaawale ai ka poetry a me ke mele mai kekahi i kekahi (a me ka hula) a ua kukulu kela mea keia mea i kona mele ponoi. Mea maʻamau i nā mele a me nā mele. R. ʻAʻole i kūkulu ʻia lāua ʻelua ma ke ana ʻana o ka manawa, akā ma nā ratio leo. Mele kūikawā. ka mita uaki, i hana ʻia e ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā koʻikoʻi ikaika (kaumaha) a nāwaliwali (māmā), ʻokoʻa mai nā mika pauku (ʻelua syncretic musical-speech and purely speech meters) ma ka hoʻomau (ka nele o ka māhele ʻana i nā paukū, metric. huaʻōlelo); Ua like ke ana me ka hookani mau. E like me ke ana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana leo (syllabic, syllabo-tonic a me tonic), ʻoi aku ka ʻilihune o ka mika bar a ʻoi aku ka monotonous ma mua o ka quantitative a hāʻawi i nā manawa hou aku no ka rhythmic. ʻokoʻa i hana ʻia e ke kumuhana hoʻololi. a me ka syntax. hale. Ma ka leo leo, ʻaʻole ʻo ke ana ʻana (obedience i ka mika) e hele mai i mua, akā ʻo nā ʻaoʻao ikaika a me nā manaʻo o R., ʻo kona kūʻokoʻa a me kona ʻokoʻa ka waiwai ma mua o ka pololei. ʻAʻole like me ka mika, ʻo R. ʻO ka mea maʻamau i kapa ʻia ʻo kēlā mau ʻāpana o ka hale kaʻawale, ʻaʻole hoʻoponopono ʻia ka to-rye e ka metric. hīnaʻi. Ma ke mele, he hui keia o na ana (e nana p. ʻO nā kuhikuhi a Beethoven "R. o 3 mau pahu, "R. o 4 bara”; “rythme ternaire” ma ka Duke's The Sorcerer's Apprentice, etc. etc.), ʻōlelo (mai ka mele. ʻAʻole kuhikuhi ka mika i ka mahele ʻana i nā laina, ʻoi aku ka kokoke o ke mele ma kēia ʻano i ka prose ma mua o ka haʻi ʻōlelo), hoʻopiha i ka bar decomp. ka lōʻihi o ka nānā ʻana - rhythmic. kii, i Krom ia. a me nā puke aʻoaʻo kumu kula kumu o Rūsia (ma lalo o ka mana o X. ʻO Riman lāua ʻo G. Konyus) e hōʻemi i ka manaʻo o R. No laila ʻo R. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka mika i kekahi manawa ma ke ʻano he hui pū ʻana o nā lōʻihi a me ka accentuation, ʻoiai ua maopopo ke kaʻina like o nā lōʻihi me dec. ʻAʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā leo like. Kūʻē iā R. ʻO ka mika ka mea hiki wale nō ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻike maoli ʻia o ke kumumanaʻo i kuhikuhi ʻia, no laila, ʻo ka accentuation maoli, i hui pū ʻia me ka uaki, a kūʻē iā ia, e pili ana iā R. ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o nā lōʻihi i ka puʻupuʻu leo ​​nalo ko lākou kūʻokoʻa. manaʻo a lilo i hoʻokahi o ke ʻano o ka accentuation - kū ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā kani ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kani pōkole. ʻO ke kūlana maʻamau o nā lōʻihi nui ma luna o nā kuʻi ikaika o ke ana, ʻo ka uhaki ʻana i kēia lula e hana i ka manaʻo o ka syncopation (ʻaʻole ia he ʻano o ka quantitative rhythm a me nā hula i loaʻa mai ia mea. mazurka-type formula). I ka manawa like, nā inoa mele o nā nui i hana i ka rhythmic. kiʻi ʻana, ʻaʻole hōʻike i nā lōʻihi maoli, akā nā māhele o ke ana, to-rye i ke mele. hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka hana a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka laulā ākea. ʻO ka hiki ke loaʻa i ka agogics ma muli o ka pili ʻana i ka manawa maoli kekahi o nā mea e hōʻike ai i ka rhythmic. kiʻi kiʻi, hiki ke ʻike ʻia inā ʻaʻole kūlike nā lōʻihi maoli me nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ma nā memo. ʻAʻole pono ke ʻano metronomically a me ka manawa i ka puʻupuʻu beat, akā pale ʻia; ʻO ka hoʻokokoke ʻana e hōʻike maʻamau i nā ʻano kaʻa (march, hulahula), ʻo ia ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka Classical.

Hōʻike ʻia ke kaʻa kaʻa i nā hana square, ʻo ka "pololei" i hāʻawi iā Riemann a me kāna poʻe hahai i kumu e ʻike ai i nā muses i loko o lākou. mika, e like me ka mika pauku, e hoʻoholo i ka mahele ʻana o ka manawa i nā kumu a me nā ʻōlelo. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka pololei e kū mai ana ma muli o nā ʻano psychophysiological, ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana i kekahi. lula, ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia he mika. ʻAʻohe kānāwai no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā māmalaʻōlelo ma ka pahu pahu, a no laila ʻaʻole pili ia (me ka nānā ʻole ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻole o ka squareness) i ka metric. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia nā huaʻōlelo a Riemann i loko ona. musicology (no ka laʻana, ʻo F. Weingartner, ke kālailai ʻana i nā symphonies a Beethoven, kapa ʻia ke ʻano rhythmic i wehewehe ʻia e ke kula Riemann ma ke ʻano he metric structure) a ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ma Great Britain a me Palani. Kāhea ʻo E. Prout iā R. "ʻo ke kauoha e like me ke kau ʻana o nā cadenzas i kahi ʻāpana mele" ("Musical Form", Moscow, 1900, p. 41). Hoʻohālikelike ʻo M. Lussy i nā leo metrical (clock) me ka rhythmic – phrasal ones, a ma kahi huaʻōlelo haʻahaʻa (“rhythm”, ma nā huaʻōlelo a Lussy; ua kapa ʻo ia i kahi manaʻo piha, manawa "huaʻōlelo") maʻamau ʻelua o lākou. He mea nui ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻāpana rhythmic, ʻaʻole like me nā metric, e ka subordination i hoʻokahi ch. ke kaumaha, akā ma ka conjugation o ka like, akā ʻokoʻa i ka hana, nā accents (hōʻike ka mika i ko lākou kūlana maʻamau, ʻoiai ʻaʻole obligatory; no laila, ʻo ka ʻōlelo maʻamau he ʻelua-beat). Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia mau hana me ka mea nui. nā manawa i loaʻa i kekahi R. - arsis and thesis.

Muses. Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo R., e like me ka pauku, e ka launa pū ʻana o ke ʻano semantic (thematic, syntactic) a me ka mita, e pāʻani ana i kahi hana kōkua i ka wili o ka uaki, a me nā ʻōnaehana paukū accent.

ʻO ka hana dynamizing, articulating, a ʻaʻole dissecting o ka mita uaki, e hoʻoponopono (ʻaʻole like me nā mika pauku) wale nō accentuation, a ʻaʻole nā ​​kikoʻī (caesuras), i hōʻike ʻia i nā paio ma waena o ka rhythmic (real) a me ka metric. accentuation, ma waena o nā caesuras semantic a me ka hoʻololi mau ʻana o ka metric kaumaha a māmā. mau manawa.

I ka moʻolelo o ka uaki puolo 17 - mua. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻekolu mau mea nui i ke kenekulia 20. au. Hoʻopau ʻia e ka hana a JS Bach lāua ʻo G. f. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Handel's Baroque i ka DOS. nā loina o ke mele hou e pili ana me ka homophonic harmonic. noonoo ana. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke au e ka mea hou o ka bass maʻamau, a i ʻole bass mau (basso continuo), ka mea e hoʻokō ai i kahi ʻano o nā harmonies ʻaʻole i hoʻopili ʻia e caesuras, nā hoʻololi i kūpono i ka metric. accentuation, akā hiki ke haʻalele. ʻO Melodica, kahi i lanakila ai ka "kinetic energy" ma luna o ka "rhythmic" (E. Kurt) a i ʻole "R. ka poʻe" ma luna o "ka hola R." (A. Schweitzer), ua ʻike ʻia e ke kūʻokoʻa o ka accentuation (e pili ana i ka tact) a me ka manawa, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka recitative. Hōʻike ʻia ke kūʻokoʻa o ka manawa ma nā haʻalele ʻana i ka manaʻo mai kahi manawa koʻikoʻi (K. Monteverdi hoʻohālikelike i ka tempo del'-affetto del animo me ka mechanical tempo de la mano), i ka hopena. nā decelerations, kahi a J. Frescobaldi i kākau mua ai, ma ka tempo rubato ("concealed tempo"), i hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ke ʻano he neʻe ʻana o ke mele e pili ana i ka hoʻokani pila. ʻO ka manawa koʻikoʻi e lilo i mea ʻokoʻa, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e nā hōʻailona e like me mesurй e F. Couperin. Hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻino ʻana i ka pilina pololei ma waena o nā hōʻike mele a me nā lōʻihi maoli i ka ʻike holoʻokoʻa o ka helu hoʻolōʻihi: ma muli o ka pōʻaiapili.

Hiki ke manaʻo

, etc., a

Hoʻomau mele. hana ʻia ka lole (me ka basso continuo) polyphonic. 'o ia ho'i - ka like 'ole o nā cadences ma nā leo like 'ole (no ka la'ana, ka ho'omau 'ana o ka ne'e 'ana o nā leo e hele pū ana ma ka pau 'ana o nā stanzas ma nā ho'onohonoho mele a Bach), ka hemo 'ana o ka rhythmic pākahi. kiʻi ʻana i ka ʻoni like ʻole (general forms of motion), ma ke poʻo hoʻokahi. laina a i ʻole ma ka puʻupuʻu hoʻohui, hoʻopiha i nā kū o kekahi leo me ka neʻe ʻana o nā leo ʻē aʻe

etc.), ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā manaʻo, e ʻike, no ka laʻana, ka hui ʻana o ka cadence o ke kū'ē me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kumumanaʻo i ka 15th invention a Bach:

Hōʻike ka wā o ka classicism i ka rhythmic. ikehu, i hōʻike ʻia ma nā leo ʻālohilohi, i kahi ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana o ka mika, akā naʻe, e hoʻoikaika wale i ka ikaika. ʻo ke ʻano o ke ana, e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai nā mika quantitative. Hōʻike ʻia ka pālua o ka hopena-impulse i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ka manawa ikaika o ka paʻi ʻana ʻo ia ka hopena maʻamau o nā muses. semantic unities a, i ka manawa like, ke komo ʻana o kahi lokahi hou, ʻano ʻano, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e lilo ia i manawa mua o nā kaola, nā pūʻulu bar a me nā kūkulu. ʻO ka ʻoki ʻana o ke mele (b. nā ʻāpana o kahi ʻano hula-mele) i lanakila ʻia e ka hoʻokani pila, e hana ana i nā "paʻa pālua" a me nā "cadenzas intruding". Kūlike ʻole i ke ʻano o nā huaʻōlelo a me nā kumu, hoʻoholo pinepine ke ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka manawa, dynamics (f a me p koke ma ka laina bar), ka hui pū ʻana (ma ke ʻano, nā liga). ʻO ke ʻano sf, e hōʻike ana i ka metric. pulsation, i loko o nā pauku like e Bach, no ka laʻana, i ka manaʻo mai ka Chromatic Fantasy a me Fugue pōʻaiapuni)

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i kahi mika manawa i wehewehe ʻia me nā ʻano o ka neʻe; ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ka ʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻomohala waiwai o ka rhythmic. kiʻi, hoʻopili mau ʻia naʻe, me ka metric. kākoʻo. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o nā leo ma waena o lākou i nā palena o ka ʻike maʻalahi (maʻamau 4), nā loli rhythmic. nā māhele (ʻekolu, quintuplets, etc.) e hoʻoikaika i nā mea ikaika. Hoʻoulu ʻia metric. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kākoʻo e nā syncopations, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole i loaʻa kēia mau kākoʻo i ke kani maoli, e like me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kekahi o nā ʻāpana o ka hope o ka symphony 9 a Beethoven, kahi i ʻole ai ka rhythmic. inertia, akā pono ka ʻike o ke mele i ext. ka helu ʻana i nā metric noʻonoʻo. nā leo:

ʻOiai pili pinepine ʻia ke koʻikoʻi o ka bar me ka tempo, he mea nui ia e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o kēia mau ʻano ʻelua i ke mele kahiko. nā mele mele. Ma WA ​​Mozart, he metric ka makemake no ka kaulike. kaʻana like (e lawe ana i kāna mele i ka quantitative one) i hōʻike maopopo ʻia ma ka minuet mai Don Juan, kahi i ka manawa like. ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o nā nui like ʻole e kāpae i ka agogych. e hōʻike ana i nā manawa ikaika. He metric kaha kaha ko Beethoven. Hāʻawi ka accentuation i nā kikoʻī i nā agogics, a me ka metric gradation. ʻoi pinepine nā koʻikoʻi ma mua o ke ana, e hana ana i nā hoʻololi mau o nā ana ikaika a nāwaliwali; e pili ana i kēia, piʻi ka hana a Beethoven o nā mele square, me he mea lā "nā pahu o kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe", kahi e hiki ai ke syncope. nā accents ma nā ana nāwaliwali, akā, ʻaʻole e like me nā ana maoli, hiki ke hōʻino ʻia ka hoʻololi kūpono, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana a me ka contraction.

I ka wā o ka romanticism (ma ke ʻano ākea), ua hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona e hoʻokaʻawale i ka rhythm accentual mai ka quantitative (me ke kuleana lua o nā pilina kino a me ka mika) me ka piha loa. Int. hiki i ka mahele o nā beats i nā waiwai liʻiliʻi ʻaʻole wale ka lōʻihi o ka ind. nā kani, akā ʻaʻole ʻike pololei ʻia kā lākou helu (e hiki ai ke hana i nā kiʻi mele o ka neʻe mau o ka makani, ka wai, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). ʻAʻole koʻikoʻi nā hoʻololi i ka mahele intralobar, akā hoʻomāmā i ka metric. beats: hui pū ʻana o nā duol me nā pākolu (

) ua ʻike ʻia e like me nā quintuplets. Hoʻokani pinepine ka Syncopation i ka hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa like ma waena o nā mea aloha; ʻO nā syncopations i hana ʻia e ka lohi o ke mele (i kākau ʻia ʻo rubato i ka manaʻo kahiko) he ʻano nui loa, e like me ka ch. ʻāpana o Chopin's Fantasy. I loko o ke mele aloha, ʻike ʻia nā "nui" triplets, quintuplets, a me nā hihia ʻē aʻe o ka rhythmic kūikawā. ʻaʻole i hoʻokahi mahele, akā he nui. mahele ana. Hōʻike paʻi kiʻi ʻia nā palena metric holoi i nā mea paʻa i hele manuahi ma ka laina bar. Ma nā paio o ka manaʻo a me ke ana, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o nā leo kumu ma luna o nā metric (he mea maʻamau kēia no I. Brahms '"mele kamaʻilio"). ʻOi aku ka pinepine ma mua o ke ʻano maʻamau, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka beat i kahi pulsation noʻonoʻo, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o Beethoven (e ʻike i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Liszt's Faust symphony). ʻO ka hoʻonāwaliwali o ka pulsation e hoʻonui i ka hiki ke hana hewa i kona kūlike; ʻike ʻia ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kūʻokoʻa manawa kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka pahu pahu ma mua o ka huina o ʻelua mau pahu ma hope koke iho. ʻO ia mau ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā lōʻihi maoli a me nā hōʻike mele i hōʻailona ʻia ma kā Scriabin hana ponoʻī. prod. kahi ʻaʻohe hōʻailona o nā loli manawa i nā memo. No ka mea, e like me nā contemporaries, ua ʻike ʻia ka pāʻani o AN Scriabin e ka "rhythm. clarity", ma ʻaneʻi ua hōʻike piha ʻia ke ʻano o ka rhythmic. kaha kiʻi. ʻAʻole hōʻike ʻia ka notation no ka lōʻihi, akā ʻo "kaumaha", hiki ke hōʻike ʻia me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. No laila, hiki i nā huaʻōlelo paradoxical (ʻoi aku ka pinepine ma Chopin), i ka fn. hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana o hoʻokahi leo e nā memo like ʻole; laʻa, ke hāʻule nā ​​leo o kekahi leo ma ka helu 1 a me 3 o nā ʻekolu o ka leo hoʻokahi, me ka huaʻōlelo "pololei".

hiki i nā huaʻōlelo

. Kauka 'ano o paradoxical spellings i loko o ka mea me ka hoʻololi rhythmic. ka māhele ʻana i ka haku mele i mea e mālama ai i ke ʻano o ke kaumaha, kūʻē i nā lula o nā muses. ʻaʻole e hoʻololi i nā waiwai mele (R. Strauss, SV Rachmaninov):

R. Strauss. "Don Juan".

ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kuleana o ka mika a hiki i ka hemahema o ke ana ma ka instr. recitatives, cadences, etc., pili me ka hoonui nui o ka musical-semantic structure a me ka subordination o R. i na mea e ae o ke mele, ke ano o ke mele hou, oi loa aku i ke mele aloha. ʻōlelo.

Me nā hōʻike ʻoi loa o nā kikoʻī. nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kani leo i ka mele o ke kenekulia 19. Hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i ka hoihoi i nā ʻano mele mua e pili ana i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka moʻolelo (ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mele mele mele, ke ʻano o nā mele Lūkini, nā ʻano helu helu i mālama ʻia ma ka moʻolelo o Sepania, Hungarian, West Slavic, he nui o nā poʻe Hikina) a e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohou ʻana o ke mele i ke kenekulia 20

MG Harlap

Inā ma nā kenekulia 18-19. ma prof. mele ʻEulopa. Ua noho ʻo orientation R. i kahi kūlana haʻahaʻa, a laila ma ke kenekulia 20. ma ke ano helu. nā styles, ua lilo ia i mea wehewehe, mea nui. I ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻomaka ke kani ʻana o ke mele ma ke ʻano he mea nui o ka mea nui. hanana i loko o ka mōʻaukala ʻEulopa. mele, e like me ka Middle Ages. nā ʻano, isorhythm 14-15 mau kenekulia. I loko o ke mele o ke au o ka classicism a me ka romanticism, hoʻokahi wale nō papa mele i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kāna hana hoʻoikaika ikaika i nā hoʻokumu ʻana o ke kenekulia 20. - "ka manawa 8-stroke maʻamau", i hoʻāpono ʻia e Riemann. Eia naʻe, ʻokoʻa loa ka mele mele 20th century mai ka rhythmic. phenomena o ka wā i hala: he kikoʻī e like me nā muses maoli. hanana, ʻaʻole hilinaʻi i ka hula a me ke mele. a i ʻole mele mele. R.; ʻo ia ka manaʻo. hoʻokumu ʻia ke ana ma luna o ke kumu o ka irregularity, asymmetry. He hana hou o ke mele i ke mele o ke kenekulia 20. hōʻike ʻia i kāna hana hoʻokumu, i ke ʻano o ka rhythmic. kumuhana, polyphony mele. Ma ke ʻano o ka paʻakikī o ke kūkulu ʻana, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻokokoke i ka harmoni, melody. ʻO ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o R. a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i kona kaumaha ma ke ʻano he mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka helu o nā ʻōnaehana haku mele, me ka stylistically kanaka, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā mea kākau i ka theoretical. palapala.

alakaʻi mele. R. 20th kenekulia i ka loina o ka irregularity hoike ia iho i loko o ka normative variability o ka manawa kakau, huikau nui, contradictions ma waena o ke kumu a me ka beat, a me ka likeʻole o ka rhythmic. kiʻi kiʻi, ʻaʻohe-squareness, polyrhythms me ka mahele rhythmic. nā ʻāpana no kekahi helu o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, polymetry, polychronism o nā kumu a me nā ʻōlelo. ʻO IF Stravinsky ka mea nāna i hoʻomaka i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka puʻupuʻu irregular e like me kahi ʻōnaehana, e hoʻokala ana i nā ʻano o kēia ʻano i hele mai mai MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, a me Rusia. ka hua'ōlelo a me ka'ōlelo Lūkini pono'ī. Ke alakaʻi nei i ke kenekulia 20 ʻO Stylistically, kū'ē ka wehewehe ʻana i ka rhythm e ka hana a SS Prokofiev, nāna i hoʻohui i nā mea o ka maʻamau (ka invariability of tact, squareness, multifaceted regularity, etc.) hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano o nā kenekulia 18 a me 19. . ʻO ka maʻamau e like me ka ostinato, multifaceted regularity i mahi ʻia e K. Orff, ʻaʻole ia e hele mai ka Classical. prof. moʻomeheu, akā mai ka manaʻo e hana hou i ka archaic. hula hoʻolaha. hana nani

ʻO Stravinsky's asymmetric rhythm system (theoretically, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia e ka mea kākau) e pili ana i nā ʻano o ka hoʻololi kino a me ka leo a ma ka polymetry motivic o ʻelua a ʻekolu mau papa.

ʻO ka ʻōnaehana rhythmic o O. Messiaen o kahi ʻano ʻano like ʻole (i haʻi ʻia e ia i loko o ka puke: "The Technique of My Musical Language") e pili ana i ka ʻokoʻa kumu o ke ana a me nā ʻano aperiodic o nā ana hui ʻia.

ʻO A. Schoenberg lāua ʻo A. Berg, a me DD Shostakovich, he rhythmic. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hewa ʻole ma ke kumu o "mele. prose", i nā ʻano o ka ʻole-squareness, ke ʻano o ka uaki, "peremetrization", polyrhythm (kula Novovenskaya). No A. Webern, ka polychronicity o nā manaʻo a me nā huaʻōlelo, ua lilo ka neutralization like o ka tact a me ka rhythmic. kiʻi e pili ana i ke koʻikoʻi, ma nā hana hope. – rhythmic. canons.

Ma ka helu o nā ʻano hou loa, ka papahele 2nd. Ke kenekulia 20 ma waena o nā ʻano rhythmic. ʻO nā hui kahi wahi kaulana i noho ʻia e ka rhythmic. hui maʻamau me ka moʻo o nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, ma mua o nā ʻāpana pitch (no L. Nono, P. Boulez, K. Stockhausen, AG Schnittke, EV Denisov, AA Pyart, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Haʻalele i ka ʻōnaehana uaki a me ka hoʻololi manuahi o nā māhele rhythmic. nā ʻāpana (e 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) i alakaʻi ʻia i ʻelua ʻano kūʻē o R. notation: notation in seconds and notation me ka ʻole o ka lōʻihi. E pili ana i ke ʻano o ka super-polyphony a me ka aleatoric. he leka (no ka laʻana, ma D. Ligeti, V. Lutoslavsky) e ʻike paʻa. R., nele i ka puʻupuʻu leo ​​a me ka maopopo o ka manawa. Rhythmich. nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kaila hou loa prof. ʻokoʻa ke mele mai ka rhythmic. waiwai o ke mele nui, hale a me estr. mele o ke kenekulia 20, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, ka maʻamau a me ke koʻikoʻi, mālama ka ʻōnaehana uaki i kona ʻano nui.

VN Kholopova.

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