Gaetano Pugnani |
Gaetano Pugnani
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua paʻi ʻo Fritz Kreisler i kahi ʻano o nā pāʻani maʻamau, ma waena o lākou ʻo Pugnani's Prelude a me Allegro. Ma hope iho, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo kēia hana, i lilo koke i mea kaulana loa, ʻaʻole i kākau ʻia e Punyani, akā na Kreisler, akā ʻo ka inoa o ka violinist Italia, i poina loa ʻia i kēlā manawa, ua huki mua i ka manaʻo. ʻO wai ʻo ia? I kona wā e ola ana, he aha kona hoʻoilina maoli, he aha kona ʻano he mea hoʻokani a haku mele? ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi pane piha i kēia mau nīnau a pau, no ka mea, ua mālama ka mōʻaukala i nā palapala palapala e pili ana iā Punyani.
ʻO nā contemporaries a me nā mea noiʻi ma hope, nāna i loiloi i ka moʻomeheu violin Italia o ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMX, helu ʻo Punyani i waena o kāna mau ʻelele kaulana loa.
Ma Fayol's Communication, kahi puke liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā violinists nui loa o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua kau ʻia ka inoa ʻo Pugnani ma hope koke o Corelli, Tartini a me Gavignier, e hōʻoia ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe āna i noho ai i ka honua mele o kona au. Wahi a E. Buchan, "ʻo ke ʻano hanohano a hanohano o Gaetano Pugnani" ka loulou hope loa i ke ʻano, ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu ʻo Arcangelo Corelli.
ʻAʻole ʻo Pugnani he mea hoʻokani maikaʻi wale nō, akā he kumu hoʻi nāna i hāpai i ka galaxy o nā violinists maikaʻi loa, me Viotti. He haku mele ʻo ia. Ua hoʻokani ʻia kāna mau keaka ma nā hale keaka nui loa ma ka ʻāina, a ua paʻi ʻia kāna mau mele mele ma Lākana, Amsterdam, a me Paris.
Noho ʻo Punyani i kahi manawa i hoʻomaka ai ka moʻomeheu mele o Italia e nalowale. ʻAʻole ʻo ka lewa ʻuhane o ka ʻāina ka mea i hoʻopuni mua iā Corelli, Locatelli, Geminiani, Tartini - nā mea mua o Punyani. ʻAʻole ma ʻaneʻi ka puʻupuʻu o ke ola kaiapuni ʻino, akā ma Farani e pili ana, kahi i holo hewa ʻole ai ka haumāna maikaʻi loa a Punyani, ʻo Viotti. Ke kaulana nei ʻo Italia no nā inoa o nā mea hoʻokani pila he nui, akā, auwe, ua koi ʻia ka helu nui o lākou e ʻimi i ka hana no kā lākou pūʻali ma waho o ko lākou ʻāina hānau. Loaʻa ʻo Boccherini i kahi malu ma Sepania, ʻo Viotti a me Cherubini ma Farani, ʻo Sarti a me Cavos ma Rūsia… Ke huli nei ʻo Italia i mea hoʻolako i nā mea hoʻokani pila no nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
He mau kumu koʻikoʻi no kēia. Ma ka waena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua māhele ʻia ka ʻāina i kekahi mau aliʻi; Ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻokaumaha nui o Austrian e nā ʻāpana ʻākau. ʻO ke koena o nā mokuʻāina "kūʻokoʻa" Italia, ma ke ʻano nui, ua hilinaʻi pū ʻia ma Austria. Ua emi loa ka waiwai. ʻO nā kūlanakauhale-repubalika kālepa i hoʻolalelale ʻia i ka wā kahiko i lilo i ʻano "nā hale hōʻikeʻike" me kahi ola hau a me ka neʻe ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻokaumaha Feudal a me nā'āina'ē i alakaʻiʻia i nā kipi a me ka neʻeʻana o ka poʻe mahiʻai i Farani, Switzerland, a me Austria. ʻOiaʻiʻo, mahalo mau nā haole i hele mai i Italia i kāna moʻomeheu kiʻekiʻe. A ʻoiaʻiʻo, kokoke i kēlā me kēia aliʻi a me ke kūlanakauhale i noho nā mea hoʻokani pila. Akā, he kakaikahi ka poʻe haole i hoʻomaopopo maoli i ka haʻalele ʻana o kēia moʻomeheu, me ka mālama ʻana i nā naʻi aupuni i hala, ʻaʻole naʻe e paʻa i ke ala no ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ua mālamaʻia nā hale mele i hoʻolaʻaʻia e nā kuʻuna kahiko -ʻo ka Academy kaulana o ka Philharmonic ma Bologna, nā keiki makuaʻole - "conservatories" ma nā luakini o Venice a me Naples, kaulana no kā lākou mau mele a me nā mele; ma waena o ka lehulehu ākea o ka lehulehu, ua mālama ʻia ke aloha i ke mele, a ʻo ka manawa pinepine ma nā kauhale mamao loa hiki ke lohe i ka pāʻani ʻana o nā mea hoʻokani pila. I ka manawa like, i ka lewa o ke ola ʻaha hoʻokolokolo, lilo nā mele i mea maʻalahi aesthetic, a i loko o nā hale pule - hoʻokipa secularly. “ʻO ka mele ʻekalesia o ke kenekulia ʻumikumamāwalu, inā makemake ʻoe, he mele honua ia," i kākau ai ʻo Vernon Lee, "ʻo ia ka mea e hīmeni ai ka poʻe haipule a me nā ʻānela e like me nā heroines a me nā koa."
Ua kahe nui ke ola mele o Italia, aneane ʻaʻole loli i nā makahiki. Noho ʻo Tartini ma Padua no nā makahiki he kanalima, e pāʻani ana i kēlā me kēia pule i ka hōʻiliʻili o St. Anthony; No nā makahiki he iwakālua, ua noho ʻo Punyani ma ka lawelawe a ke Aliʻi o Sardinia ma Turin, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he violinist ma ka hale pule. Wahi a Fayol, ua hānau ʻia ʻo Pugnani ma Turin i ka makahiki 1728, akā ua kuhihewa ʻo Fayol. Hāʻawi ka hapa nui o nā puke a me nā encyclopedia i kahi lā ʻokoʻa - Nowemapa 27, 1731. Ua aʻo ʻo Punyani i ka hoʻokani pila me ka haumāna kaulana o Corelli, ʻo Giovanni Battista Somis (1676-1763), ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu violin maikaʻi loa ma Italia. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Somis i kāna haumāna i ka nui o nā mea i hānai ʻia i loko ona e kāna kumu nui. Ua mahalo ko Italia a pau i ka nani o ka leo o ka violin a Somis, me ka mahalo i kana kakaka "hope ole", e mele ana me he leo kanaka la. ʻO ka hoʻohiki ʻana i ke ʻano violin leo, violin hohonu "bel canto" i hoʻoilina mai iā ia a me Punyani. I ka makahiki 1752, ua lawe ʻo ia i kahi o ka violinist mua ma ka hale hoʻokani pila o Turin, a ma 1753 ua hele ʻo ia i ka Mecca mele o ke kenekulia XNUMX - Paris, kahi i holo wikiwiki ai nā mea hoʻokani pila o ka honua i kēlā manawa. Ma Palisa, ua hana ka hale ʻaha mele mua ma ʻEulopa - ka mea mua o nā hale philharmonic e hiki mai ana o ke kenekulia XNUMX - ka Concert Spirituel kaulana (Spiritual Concert). ʻO ka hana ma ka Concert Spirituel i manaʻo ʻia he hanohano loa, a ʻo nā mea hoʻokani maikaʻi loa o ke kenekulia XNUMX i kipa aku i kona kahua. He mea paʻakikī ia no ka ʻōpio virtuoso, no ka mea, ma Paris, ua hālāwai ʻo ia me nā mea hoʻokani violin akamai e like me P. Gavinier, I. Stamitz a me kekahi o nā haumāna maikaʻi loa o Tartini, ka Farani A. Pagen.
ʻOiai ua hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia kāna pāʻani, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i noho ʻo Punyani ma ke kapikala Farani. No kekahi manawa, kaʻahele ʻo ia a puni ʻEulopa, a laila noho ʻo ia ma Lākana, loaʻa kahi hana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila o ka ʻOpera Italia. Ma Lādana, ua oo loa kona akamai ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani a haku mele. Ma ʻaneʻi ua haku ʻo ia i kāna keaka mua ʻo Nanette lāua ʻo Lubino, hana ma ke ʻano he violinist a hoʻāʻo iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi; mai ʻaneʻi, i pau ʻia e ka home maʻi home, i ka makahiki 1770, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kono a ke aliʻi o Sardinia, hoʻi ʻo ia i Turin. Mai kēia manawa a hiki i kona make ʻana, i ukali ʻia ma Iulai 15, 1798, pili nui ke ola o Punyani me kona kūlanakauhale hānau.
ʻO ke kūlana i loaʻa ai ʻo Pugnani iā ia iho ua wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia e Burney, nāna i kipa iā Turin i 1770, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma hope koke o ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea hoʻokani pila i laila. Ua kākau ʻo Burney: "ʻO kahi monotony pōʻino o kēlā me kēia lā i hoʻomau ʻia i nā parade a me nā pule e noho aliʻi ana ma ka ʻaha, ʻo ia ka mea e lilo ai ʻo Turin i wahi ʻoluʻolu loa no nā malihini ... i nā lā maʻamau, ua hoʻokomo mālie ʻia ko lākou haipule ma Messa bassa (ʻo ia hoʻi, "Silent Mass" - ʻoihana pule kakahiaka. - LR) i ka wā o kahi symphony. I nā lā hoʻomaha, hoʻokani solo ʻo Signor Punyani… Aia ka ʻoka i loko o ka hale kiʻi e kū pono ana i ke aliʻi, a ma laila nō hoʻi ke poʻo o ka violinists mua. “ʻO kā lākou uku (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Punyani a me nā mea hoʻokani pila ʻē aʻe. - LR) no ka mālama ʻana i ka hale pule aliʻi ma mua o ʻewalu guinea i ka makahiki; aka, he mama loa na hana, no ka mea, ke paani hookahi wale no lakou, a i ko lakou makemake wale no.
Ma ke mele, e like me Burney, ua hoʻomaopopo iki ka mōʻī a me kāna poʻe ukali, i hōʻike ʻia hoʻi i nā hana a nā mea hoʻokani: "I kēia kakahiaka, ua hoʻokani ʻo Signor Pugnani i kahi ʻahamele ma ka hale pule aliʻi, i hoʻopiha piha ʻia no ka hanana ... ʻAʻole pono wau e ʻōlelo i kekahi mea e pili ana i ka pāʻani o Signor Pugnani; Ua kaulana loa kāna talena ma ʻEnelani, ʻaʻole pono ia. ʻO kaʻu wale nō kaʻu e ʻōlelo aku ai ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hoʻoikaika iki; aka, aole keia he mea kupanaha, no ka mea, aole o ka Moi o Sadinia, a me kekahi o ka ohana alii nui i keia manawa, me he mea la aole i hoihoi i ka mele.
ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi i ka lawelawe aliʻi, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Punyani i kahi hana aʻo ikaika. Ua kākau ʻo Fayol, ʻo "Pugnani i kahi kula violin holoʻokoʻa ma Turin, e like me Corelli ma Roma a me Tartini ma Padua, kahi i hele mai ai nā mea hoʻokani pila mua o ka hopena o ke kenekulia ʻumikumamāwalu - ʻo Viotti, Bruni, Olivier, etc. "He mea ʻike ʻia," wahi hou āna, "ʻo nā haumāna a Pugnani he mau alakaʻi hoʻokani pila," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Fayol, ua ʻaiʻē lākou i ke talena alakaʻi o kā lākou kumu.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Pugnani he alakaʻi alakaʻi papa mua, a i ka wā i hoʻokani ʻia ai kāna mau keaka ma Turin Theatre, alakaʻi mau ʻo ia iā lākou. Ua kākau ʻo ia me ka manaʻo e pili ana i ke alakaʻi ʻana a Punyani Rangoni: “Ua noho aliʻi ʻo ia ma luna o ka orkestra e like me ke pūlani ma luna o nā koa. ʻO kāna kakaka, ʻo ia ka lāʻau o ka luna hoʻomalu, ka mea a nā mea a pau i hoʻolohe ai me ka pololei loa. Me hoʻokahi pā o ke kakaka, hāʻawi ʻia i ka manawa, ua hoʻonui ʻo ia i ka sonority o ka orchestra, a laila hoʻolohi i ke kakaka, a laila hoʻōla hou iā ia ma ka makemake. Ua kuhikuhi ʻo ia i nā mea keaka i nā nuances liʻiliʻi a lawe i kēlā me kēia kanaka i kēlā hui maikaʻi e hoʻokani ʻia ai ka hana. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo pono ʻana i ka mea i ka mea nui e noʻonoʻo ai kēlā me kēia mea hoʻokani pila, i mea e hoʻokūpaʻa a hoʻomaopopo ai i ka mea nui loa i nā ʻāpana, ua paʻa ʻo ia i ka lokahi, ʻano, neʻe a me ke ʻano o ka haku mele i hiki iā ia ke hiki ʻO ka manawa hoʻokahi e hōʻike i kēia manaʻo i nā ʻuhane. poe himeni a me kela ame keia lala o ka orkestra. No ka makahiki XNUMXth, he mea kupaianaha maoli ke akamai o ke alakaʻi a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa unuhi.
No ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina o Punyani, kūʻē ka ʻike e pili ana iā ia. Ua kākau ʻo Fayol ua hoʻokani ʻia kāna mau keaka ma nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni he nui ma Italia me ka lanakila nui, a ma ka Riemann's Dictionary of Music ua heluhelu mākou he awelika ko lākou holomua. Me he mea lā i kēia hihia he mea pono e hilinaʻi nui iā Fayol - kokoke i ka wā o ka violinist.
Ma nā haku mele a Punyani, ua ʻike ʻo Fayol i ka nani a me ke ola o nā mele, e kuhikuhi ana i kāna ʻekolu i ka nani o ke ʻano a ua ʻaiʻē ʻo Viotti i kekahi o nā kumu no kāna concerto mai ka mua, ma E-flat major.
ʻO ka huina, ua kākau ʻo Punyani i 7 mau keaka a me kahi mele mele; 9 violin concerto; paʻi ʻia 14 sonata no hoʻokahi violin, 6 string quartets, 6 quintets no 2 violins, 2 ohe a me nā kī, 2 puke no nā violin duets, 3 puke no nā trios no 2 violins a me nā bass a me 12 "symphonies" (no 8 leo - no kahi kaula. quartet, 2 oboes a me 2 kiwi).
I ka makahiki 1780-1781, ua hana ʻo Punyani, a me kāna haumāna ʻo Viotti, i kahi huakaʻi ʻaha mele ma Kelemania, e hoʻopau ana i kahi kipa i Rusia. Ma St. Petersburg, ua aloha ʻia ʻo Punyani lāua ʻo Viotti e ka ʻaha emepera. Ua hāʻawiʻo Viotti i kahi'ahamele ma ka hale aliʻi, aʻo Catherine II, i ka hoihoi i kāna pāʻani, "ua ho'āʻo i nāʻano a pau e mālama i ka virtuoso ma St. Petersburg. ʻAʻole naʻe i noho lōʻihi ʻo Viotti a hele i ʻEnelani. ʻAʻole i hāʻawi ʻo Viotti i nā ʻaha mele ākea ma ke kapikala ʻo Rūsia, e hōʻike ana i kāna hana kiʻi wale nō i nā salons o nā mea kipa. Ua lohe ʻo Petersburg i ka hana a Punyani ma nā "hana" a nā mea hoʻokani Farani ma Malaki 11 a me 14, 1781. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻokani ʻo "ka violinist hanohano ʻo Mr. Pulliani" i loko o lākou ua hoʻolaha ʻia ma St. Petersburg Vedomosti. Ma ka helu 21 no 1781 o ka nūpepa hoʻokahi, ʻo Pugnani lāua ʻo Viotti, nā mea hoʻokani pila me kahi kauā Defler, aia ma ka papa inoa o ka poʻe e haʻalele ana, "noho lākou ma kahi kokoke i ka Blue Bridge ma ka hale o ka Mea Hanohano Count Ivan Grigorievich Chernyshev." ʻO ka huakaʻi i Kelemānia a me Rūsia ka mea hope loa i ke ola o Punyani. ʻO nā makahiki ʻē aʻe a pau āna i noho ai me ka hoʻomaha ʻole ma Turin.
Hōʻike ʻo Fayol i kahi ʻatikala ma Punyani i kekahi mau ʻike ʻike mai kāna moʻolelo. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāna ʻoihana kiʻi, ma ke ʻano he violinist i loaʻa i ka kaulana, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Pugnani e hālāwai me Tartini. No kēia kumu, ua hele ʻo ia i Padua. Ua hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia ʻo ia e ka maestro hanohano. Ua hoʻoikaikaʻia e ka hoʻokipaʻana, ua huliʻo Punyani iā Tartini me kahi noi e hōʻike i kona manaʻo e pili ana i kāna pāʻani me ka pololei a hoʻomaka i ka sonata. Eia naʻe, ma hope o kekahi mau kaola, ua hoʻōki ʻo Tartini iā ia.
– Kiʻekiʻe loa kāu pāʻani!
Hoʻomaka hou ʻo Punyani.
“A i kēia manawa ke pāʻani haʻahaʻa loa nei ʻoe!”
Ua waiho ka mea hoʻokani pila i lalo i ka violin a noi haʻahaʻa iā Tartini e lawe iā ia i haumāna.
He ʻino ʻo Punyani, ʻaʻole naʻe i pili iki i kona ʻano. He ʻano ʻoliʻoli kona, aloha i ka ʻakaʻaka, a he nui nā mea hoʻohenehene e pili ana iā ia. I kekahi manawa ua nīnauʻiaʻo ia i keʻano o ka wahine mare e makemakeʻo ia inā hoʻoholoʻo ia e mare - nani, akā makani, aʻino paha, akā pono. “ʻO ka nani ka mea e ʻeha ai ke poʻo, a me ka ʻino e hōʻino i ka ʻike maka. ʻO kēia, ma kahi o, - inā he kaikamahine kaʻu a makemake wau e mare iā ia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke koho ʻana i ke kanaka nona me ke kālā ʻole, ma mua o ke kālā me ke kanaka ʻole!
I kekahi manawa aia ʻo Punyani i kahi hui kahi e heluhelu ai ʻo Voltaire i nā mele. Ua hoʻolohe ka mea hoʻokani pila me ka hoihoi nui. Huli aku ka haku wahine o ka hale, ʻo Madame Denis iā Punyani me ke noi e hana i kekahi mea no nā malihini i ʻākoakoa. Ua ʻae koke ka maestro. Eia naʻe, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e pāʻani, ua lohe ʻo ia ua hoʻomau ʻo Voltaire i ke kamaʻilio leo nui. I ka hooki ʻana i ka hana a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka violin i loko o ka hihia, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Punyani: "Ua kākau ʻo Monsieur Voltaire i nā mele maikaʻi loa, akā no ke mele, ʻaʻole maopopo ʻo ia i ka diabolo i loko."
Ua hoʻopā ʻo Punyani. I kekahi manawa, ua hoʻoholo ka mea nona ka hale hana faience ma Turin, ka mea i huhū iā Punyani no kekahi mea, e hoʻopaʻi iā ia a kauoha i kāna kiʻi e kahakaha ʻia ma ke kua o kekahi o nā ipu. Ua kāhea ka mea pena i ka mea hana i ka mākaʻi. I ka hōʻea ʻana i laila, ua huki koke ka mea hana i waho o kāna ʻeke i kahi hainaka me ke kiʻi o ka Mōʻī Frederick o Prussia a puhi mālie i kona ihu. A laila, ʻōlelo ʻo ia: "ʻAʻole wau i manaʻo he kuleana ʻoi aku ka huhū o Monsieur Punyani ma mua o ke Aliʻi o Prussia ponoʻī."
I ka wā o ka pāʻani, ua hele ʻo Punyani i kekahi manawa me ka hauʻoli piha a hoʻopau loa i ka ʻike ʻana i kona puni. I kekahi manawa, ʻoiai ʻo ia e hoʻokani ana i ka ʻaha mele i loko o kahi hui nui, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea lawe ʻia a poina i nā mea āpau, neʻe ʻo ia i waenakonu o ke keʻena a hoʻomaka i kona noʻonoʻo i ka pau ʻana o ka cadenza. ʻO kekahi manawa, i ka nalowale ʻana o kāna cadence, huli mālie ʻo ia i ka mea pena ma hope ona: "E kuʻu hoaaloha, e heluhelu i kahi pule i hiki iaʻu ke noʻonoʻo!").
He kūlana hanohano a hanohano ʻo Punyani. ʻO ke ʻano nui o kāna pāʻani i kūlike me ia. ʻAʻole ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka gallantry, no laila maʻamau i kēlā au i waena o nā violinists Italia, a hiki i P. Nardini, akā ʻo Fayol e hoʻokūpaʻa i ka ikaika, mana, grandiosity ma Pugnani. Akā ʻo kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ʻo Viotti, ka haumāna a Pugnani, nona ka pāʻani i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka hōʻike kiʻekiʻe loa o ke ʻano maʻamau i ka hana violin o ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMXth, e hoʻohauʻoli nui i ka poʻe hoʻolohe. No laila, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka nui o ke ʻano o Viotti e kāna kumu. No ka poʻe o kēia wā, ʻo Viotti ka mea maikaʻi loa o ke kiʻi violin, a no laila ʻo ka epitaph posthumous i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana iā Pugnani e ka mea hoʻokani violin Farani kaulana ʻo JB Cartier e like me ka hoʻomaikaʻi kiʻekiʻe loa: "ʻO ia ke kumu a Viotti."
L. Raaben
