Mele Ethnography |

Mele Ethnography (mai ka Helene ethnos - ka poʻe a me ka grapo - kākau wau) - ʻepekema. ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana, kapu ke aʻo ʻana i nā mele ʻōiwi. ʻIke ʻia ma nā ʻāina like ʻole a ma nā ʻano like ʻole. nā wā mōʻaukala ma lalo o nā inoa: musical folklore, music. ethnology (ma nā ʻāina o nā ʻōlelo Kelemānia a me Slavic), hoʻohālikelike. musicology (ma kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa Komohana), ethnomusicology (ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, i kēia manawa ma ka moʻomeheu ʻōlelo Palani), a me ka ethnomusicology (ma ka USSR). I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻo E. m. he ʻepekema wehewehe maʻemaʻe, hoʻoponopono kikoʻī. mea mele o ke kuʻuna waha no ka manaʻo. a me ka noiʻi mōʻaukala. Ma ka ʻepekema haole ʻEulopa o ke kenekulia 20, preim. Ma mua o ke Kaua Honua 2, ua māhele ʻia ka ethnography ākea i loko o ka haʻawina ʻāina o kona poʻe (German – Volkskunde; French – tradition populaire; English – folklore), i kū mai ma ke kumu o ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka lāhui. nā neʻe ma ʻEulopa i kinohi. Kenekulia 19; e hoʻohālikelike i ke aʻo ʻana o nā malihini, maʻamau keu-European, nā kānaka (German - Völkerkunde; French - ethnologie; English - social anthropology), i ulu ma waena. ʻO ke kenekulia 19 e pili ana i ka hoʻonui colonial o ʻEulopa. mokuʻāina. E. m. hahai i keia mahele. Ma ka moʻomeheu ʻōlelo Farani, em — ethnomusicology. Ma Kelemānia, ua puka mai kahi kuhikuhi E. m., e aʻo ana i ka mea i kapa ʻia. mele prehistoric, – Frühgeschichte der Musik (V. Viora).

I ka wā ma mua, nui nā ʻepekema bourgeois i manaʻo i ka ethnomusicology ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema wale nō ma waho o ʻEulopa. nā moʻomeheu mele, aia i kēia manawa ke ʻano i ka ʻike ākea ākea o ia mea.

ʻO Mn. nā loea, a ma luna o nā mea āpau ma USSR, e hoʻohana i nā huaʻōlelo "E. m.", "Mele. folkloristics", "ethnomusicology" like like, ma muli o ka E. m., e like me kekahi 'epekema, undergoes decomp. pae, hauʻoli diff. ʻenehana a he ʻokoʻa. ʻoihana loea. I ka USSR, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "muz. folkloristics", i ka manawa like, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "ethnomusicology", i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka huaʻōlelo "ethnomusicology", i hoʻokomo ʻia ma 1950 e J. Kunst (Netherlands) a lilo i mahalo nui ʻia i ka Amer. hoʻomaʻamaʻa.

E. m. he ʻāpana o ka musicology maʻamau, akā i ka manawa like. pili me ka ethnography, folklore, sociology. ʻO ke kumuhana o E. m. he kuʻuna. hale (a ma luna o nā mea a pau, folklore) mele. moʻomeheu. ma nā pae like ʻole o ka nohona. Development nona ia i ka dec. kuleana. He mea nui ia Nar. ʻokoʻa ka haku mele. ʻohana a me nā lāhui i loko o ko lākou mōʻaukala, me ka wā o kēia wā. ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka nohona, ʻike ʻia e ka lāhui. kikoʻī. E. m. haʻawina Nar. mele i ka manawa like, ʻo ka mea mua, he "ʻōlelo", ʻo ia hoʻi, he ʻōnaehana kikoʻī. ʻano hoʻokani mele, nā hale mele-linguistic, a ʻo ka lua - ma ke ʻano he "'ōlelo", ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke ʻano kikoʻī. hana hana. Hōʻike kēia i ka hiki ʻole o ka hoʻouna pololei ʻana iā Nar. mele ma ka pepa mele wale nō.

Production Recording nar. ʻO ke mele ka wahi nui loa o E. m. "ʻO ka mea nui a hilinaʻi loa no ka mōʻaukala o Nar. mau mele Nar. nā melodies i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kēia manawa ... Recording Nar. ʻAʻole he hana maʻalahi ke mele: ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka manawa like e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana o ka mea kākau i ke ʻano o ke mele, pehea ʻo ia e kānana ʻia ai ... Theoretical. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā manaʻo a me nā mākau ma ka moʻolelo" (KV Kvitka). Hoʻopaʻa, hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā laʻana o ka moʻolelo kuʻuna ch. arr. ma ke ano o na huakai. hana ma waena o ka poʻe kua'āina a me ke kūlanakauhale. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke mele, ka waha, ka leo me kāna transcription-notation (decoding), ʻikepili e pili ana i nā mea hoʻokani a me ka mōʻaukala (social, ethnic and cultural) o ka noho ʻana kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai kēia mau mele, nā hula, nā mele. Eia kekahi, ana ʻia nā muses, kiʻi ʻia a kiʻi ʻia. paʻa nā mea kani ma nā hula kiʻiʻoniʻoni. I ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā huahana kuʻuna a pāʻani paha. ua wehewehe kikoʻī ʻia ke ʻano like a me nā mea komo.

Ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka mea, kāna hana waihona a me ka helu ʻana i nā kāleka i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana i ʻae ʻia (e nā huakaʻi pilikino, nā noho a me nā ʻāina, nā mea hoʻokani a me nā hui hana, nā ʻano a me nā ʻāpana, nā ʻano melodic, nā ʻano a me nā ʻano mele, ke ʻano a me ke ʻano. o ka hana). ʻO ka hopena o ka systematization ka hana ʻana i nā catalogs e lawe ana i ka analytical. kūlohelohe a me ka ʻae ʻana i ka hana ʻana ma ke kamepiula. E like me ka loulou ma waena o fixation, systematization a me ka noiʻi o Nar. mele he mele-ethnographic. nā puke - nā mele mele, nā ʻāpana, ke ʻano a i ʻole ke kumuhana. nā hōʻiliʻili, nā monographs me ka hōʻoia kikoʻī, nā manaʻo, kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻonui o nā kuhikuhi, i kēia manawa me nā leo kani. Hoʻopili ʻia nā moʻolelo ethnographic me nā manaʻo, nā palapala mele, nā kiʻi kiʻi a me kahi palapala ʻāina o kēlā me kēia wahi. Laha pū ʻia ka mele mele a me ka lāhui. nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

Music-ethnographic. nā haʻawina, nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole a me nā kumu, e komo pū me nā mea kūikawā. ka nānā ʻana i nā mele (nā ʻōnaehana mele, nā ʻano, nā mele, ke ʻano, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Hoʻohana pū lākou i nā ʻano o ka ʻepekema pili. nā wahi (folkloristics, ethnography, aesthetics, sociology, psychology, versification, linguistics, etc.), a me nā ʻano o ka ʻepekema kikoʻī (ka makemakika, statistics, acoustics) a me ka palapala ʻāina.

E. m. e aʻo i kāna kumuhana e like me ka ʻikepili i kākau ʻia (nā ʻōlelo mele mua, nā hōʻike moʻokalaleo ʻole a me nā wehewehe ʻana o nā huakaʻi, nā moʻolelo, nā moʻolelo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), e like me nā mea archaeological. nā ʻeli a me nā kuʻuna i mālama ʻia. nā mea hana mele, nā nānā pololei a me nā huakaʻi. mooolelo. Hoʻoponopono i ke mele o ke kuʻuna waha i kona ʻano. ʻo ka noho ʻana he ch. mea E. m. Hou. hiki i nā moʻolelo ke hana hou i nā ʻano moe moe kahiko. mele.

ʻO ke kumu o E. m pili me M. Montaigne (ke kenekulia 16), J. G. ʻO wau a me Russo. G. Herder (ke kenekulia 18). Ka hope E. m e like me ka ʻepekema e hoʻi i nā hana a F. G. Fetisa et al. (Kenekulia 19). ʻO nā hōʻiliʻili mua o Nar. ʻaʻole i hahai ʻia nā mele e ka ʻepekema. mau pahuhopu Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia lākou e nā ethnographers, nā mea kākau moʻolelo kūloko. A laila i ka mea Nar. Ua huli ka poʻe haku mele i ka noʻonoʻo, ʻaʻole e hoʻomaʻamaʻa wale i ke mele o kā lākou kamaʻāina, etc. kanaka, akā e unuhi pū i loko o kā lākou huahana. Hāʻawi ka poʻe haku mele i ke ʻano. kōkua i ke kūkulu ʻana o E. m., ʻaʻole lākou i hana i nā bunks wale nō. nā mele, akā ua ʻimi pū iā lākou: B. Bartok, 3. Kodály (Hungary), I. Kron (Finland), J. Tierso (Palani), D. Hristov (Bulgaria), R. ʻO Vaughan Williams (Beretania Nui). ʻO ka hapa nui o nā loea o nā kenekulia 19-20. Ua hoihoi nui ia i ka moolelo kamaaina: M. A. Balakirev, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P. A ME. ʻO Tchaikovsky A. TO. Lyadov a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. (Lūkia), O. Kolberg (Polani), F. Kuhach (Iugoslavia), S. Sharp (UK), B. Stoin (Bulgaria). Noho ʻia kahi wahi kūikawā e ka hana a L. Cuba (Czech Republic), nāna i hōʻiliʻili i nā mele. moolelo pl. na kanaka hanohano. ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mōʻaukala o E. m pehea e pili ai ka ʻepekema i ka manawa i hana ʻia ai ka phonograph (1877). I ka makahiki 1890 ka mele a Amer. Na Inia, ma ka papahele 2. I ka makahiki 1890, ua hana ʻia nā leo leo mua ma ʻEulopa (ma Hungary a me Rusia). I ka makahiki 1884-85 A. J. Ua ʻike ʻo Ellis e hoʻohana nā kānaka i nā unahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka poʻe ʻEulopa, a ua manaʻo lākou e ana i ka wā ma waena o ko lākou mau kapuaʻi i ke keneta - mau haneli o ka semitone hoʻomāinoino. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā waihona phonogram nui loa ma Vienna a me Berlin. Ma ko lākou kumu, ʻepekema. nā kula E. m Mai ka makahiki 1929 aia kahi lumi waihona. moʻolelo moʻolelo ma Bucharest (Archives de la folklore de la Société des Compositeurs roumains), mai ka makahiki 1944 - Intern. waihona et al. mele ma Geneva (Archives internationales de musique populaire au Musée d'ethnographie de Geníve; i hana ʻia e kahi lumi nani. ʻo K. Brailoyu) a me ka 'Oihana o Ethnomusicology ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Art. nā hana noʻeau a me nā kuʻuna ma Paris (Departement d'ethnomusicologie du Musée national des Arts et Traditions populaires). Mai ka makahiki 1947 ka Intern. 'aha kūkā o nā kānaka mele ma UNESCO - International Folk Music Council (IFMC), nona ka nat. nā komite ma nā ʻāina like ʻole o ka honua, e hoʻopuka ana i nā mea kūikawā. ka puke "Journal of the IFMC" a me ka hoʻopukaʻana i ka puke makahiki "Yearbook of the IFMC" (mai ka makahiki 1969), ma ka USA - ka Society of Ethnomusicology, nāna i hoʻopuka i ka puke pai. "Ethnomusicology". Ma Yugoslavia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Union of Folklorists Society (Savez udruzenja folklorista Jugoslavije) i ka makahiki 1954. Hana Archive e pili ana-va English. Nar Hula a me ka Mele (English Folk Dance and Song Society, Lādana), Archives of the Museum of Man (Musée de l'Homme, Paris), Archives Nar. pesni Biblioteki kongresa (Archive of Folk song of the Library of Congress, Washington), Traditional Archive. Mele ma ke Kulanui ʻo Indiana (Indiana University Archives of Traditional Music) a me Ethnomusicological. waihona ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, nā waihona o nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻawaʻawa. un-tov, waihona o ka Intern. in-ta hoohalike. nā haʻawina mele (Archives of International Institute for comparative music study and documentation, Zap. Berlin), etc. I ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano hana hou E. m ʻO ka ethnocentrism a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā mea haiki pili i ka lāhui i lanakila ʻia me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka mōʻaukala ākea. ʻike hulina. Metodist. ʻimi ʻia ka huli ʻana i ke mele i loko o kāna mau kiʻi hoʻoikaika kino. kikoʻī - he mea hana maoli. hana. ʻenehana hou E. m hoʻohana i kahi ala ākea a ʻōnaehana i ke mele. moʻomeheu, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke aʻo iā Nar. mele ma kona syncretic a me ka synthetic. ka lokahi me na mea e ae. ʻāpana moʻolelo. ʻO E. m manaʻo ʻo ia i ka moʻolelo moʻolelo. hana kamaʻilio (K. Chistov - USSR; D. Shtokman – GDR; ʻO D. Ben-Amos – USA, etc.); Hāʻawi ʻia ka manaʻo nui i ke aʻo ʻana i kāna mea hana (ie. Mr. hui mele E. Clusen – Kelemānia; t. Mr. poe liilii o Ben-Amosa; t. Mr. nā hui kaiaulu liʻiliʻi Sirovatki - Czechoslovakia). Wahi a T. Todorova (NRB), ʻo ia hoʻi ka orientation E. m ma ke aʻo ʻana i ka moʻolelo kuʻuna ma ke ʻano he noʻeau e alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o E. m

I ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pre-revolutionary AN Serov, VF Odoevsky, PP Sokalsky, Yu. N. Melgunov, AL Maslov, EE Lineva, SF Lyudkevich, FM Kolessa, Komitas, DI Arakishvili a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ma waena o nā pueo kaulana. VM Belyaev, VS Vinogradov, E. Ya. Vitolin, U. Gadzhibekov, EV Gippius, BG Erzakovich, AV Zataevich, a me KV Kvitka, XS Kushnarev, LS Mukharinskaya, FA Rubtsov, XT Tampere, VA Uspensky, Ya. nar. nā moʻomeheu mele.

Ma Rusia, ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili a me ke aʻo ʻana o Nar. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka haku mele mele ma ke Komisina Musical and Ethnographic and ethnographic. oihana o Rus. Geographic e pili ana-va. Ma hope o ʻOkakopa, hoʻokumu ʻia nā kipi: ethnographic. ʻāpana Mokuʻāina. Institute of Music Sciences (1921, Moscow, hana a hiki i 1931), Leningrad. phonogram archive (1927, mai 1938 - ma ka Institute of Russian Literature o ka Academy of Sciences o ka USSR), ke keʻena o ka Nar. mele ma Moscow. Conservatory (1936), māhele moʻolelo kuʻuna ma ka Institute of Technology, Music and Cinematography (1969, Leningrad), All-Union Commission of the people. mele ma ke Kōmike USSR o ka USSR, ke komisina o ka musicology a me ka moʻolelo o ke Komite RSFSR o ka USSR, etc.

I kinohi. 1920s BV Asafiev, ka mea i maopopo i ke mele. ka leo e like me ke kiko'ī. komo. he mea e kamaʻilio maikaʻi ai, kākoʻo i ke aʻo ʻana i ka nar. music art-va ma ke ano he mea hana ola. kaʻina hana. Ua kāhea ʻo ia i ke aʻo ʻana i ka moʻolelo "ma ke ʻano he mele o kahi kaiapuni kūikawā, e hoʻololi mau ana i kāna mau ʻano." ʻO ka mea mua. ʻO nā hana a EV Evald (ma nā mele o Belarusian Polesie, 1934, 2nd ed. 1979) ka hoʻokō o E. m. ma keia aoao. Pueo. E. m. e ulu ana ma ke kumu o ka Marxist-Leninist methodology. Pueo. Ua loaʻa i ka poʻe ethnographers mele nā ​​ala. holomua ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻano a me nā hana noʻeau. ʻōnaehana kuʻuna. a nar hou. mele, i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili mele a me ka moʻolelo i kumu no ke aʻo ʻana i nā pilikia o ka ethnogenesis.

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka E. m. ʻoiai ke alakaʻi nei ka ʻepekema i ka hana ʻana i kahi manaʻo noʻonoʻo hou. ka pono o ka Nar. mele a me ka poʻe systemic organic. moʻomeheu mele.

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II Zemtsovsky