Sofia Asgatovna Gubaidlina (Sofia Gubaidlina) |
Sofia Gubaidlina
I kela hora, uhane, poems Ka honua ma na wahi a pau a oukou e makemake ai E noho alii, — halealii uhane, Soul, poems. M. Tsvetaeva
ʻO S. Gubaidlina kekahi o nā mea haku mele Soviet koʻikoʻi o ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Hōʻike ʻia kāna mele e ka mana manaʻo nui, kahi laina nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a, i ka manawa like, ke ʻano maʻalahi o ka hōʻike ʻana o ke kani - ke ʻano o kāna timbre, ka hana hana.
ʻO kekahi o nā hana koʻikoʻi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e SA Gubaidulina ʻo ia ka synthesize i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka moʻomeheu o ke Komohana a me ka Hikina. Ua maʻalahi kēia e kona kumu mai kahi ʻohana Lūkini-Tatar, ke ola mua ma Tataria, a laila ma Moscow. ʻAʻole no ka "avant-gardism", ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka "minimalism", ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka "wave folklore hou" a i ʻole kekahi ʻano hou o kēia wā, he ʻano hiʻohiʻona kāna nona iho.
ʻO Gubaidulin ka mea kākau o nā hana he nui ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻopuka nā leo leo i kāna mau hana a pau: ʻo ka "Facelia" mua i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka mele a M. Prishvin (1956); cantatas "Night in Memphis" (1968) a me "Rubaiyat" (1969) ma st. poe poe hikina; ka oratorio "Laudatio pacis" (ma ke kahua o J. Comenius, me ka hui pū me M. Kopelent a me PX Dietrich - 1975); "Perception" no nā mea hoʻokani solo a me ka hui kaula (1983); "Hoʻolaʻa iā Marina Tsvetaeva" no ka papa mele a cappella (1984) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka hui nui loa o nā haku mele: Piano Sonata (1965); ʻElima mau haʻawina no ka harp, double bass and percussion (1965); "Concordanza" no ka hui o na mea kani (1971); 3 string quartets (1971, 1987, 1987); "Ke mele no ka harpsichord a me nā mea kani mai ka hōʻiliʻili o Mark Pekarsky" (1972); "Detto-II" no cello a me 13 mea kani (1972); He ʻumi Etudes (Preludes) no cello solo (1974); Concerto for bassoon and low strings (1975); "Light and Dark" no ke kinona (1976); "Detto-I" - Sonata no ka okana a me ka percussion (1978); "De prolundis" no ke pihi accordion (1978), "Jubilation" no eha percussionists (1979), "In croce" no cello a me ka okana (1979); "I ka hoʻomaka ʻana he mele" no 7 mau pahu pahu (1984); "Quasi hoketus" no ka piano, viola a me bassoon (1984) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka wahi o nā hana symphonic a Gubaidulina e komo pū me "Steps" no ka orchestra (1972); "Hour of the Soul" no ka percussion solo, mezzo-soprano a me ka symphony orchestra ma st. Marina Tsvetaeva (1976); Concerto no elua orkestra, variety and symphony (1976); 'aha mele no ka piano (1978) a me ka violin a me ka ho'okani pila (1980); ʻO ka symphony “Stimmen… Verftummen…” (“I Lone… It Has Been Silent…” – 1986) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokahi haku mele he uila uila, "Vvente - non vivante" (1970). He mea koʻikoʻi ke mele o Gubaidulin no ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni: "Mowgli", "Balagan" (cartoons), "Vertical", "Department", "Smerch", "Scarecrow", etc. me G. Kogan ), ua aʻo koho ma ka haku mele ʻana me A. Lehman. Ma ke ʻano he haku mele, ua puka ʻo ia mai ka Moscow Conservatory (1954, me N. Peiko) a me ke kula puka (1959, me V. Shebalin). Makemake ʻo ia e hoʻolaʻa iā ia iho i ka noʻonoʻo, ua koho ʻo ia i ke ala o kahi mea pena manuahi no ke koena o kona ola.
ʻAʻole ʻike liʻiliʻi ʻia ʻo Gubaidulin i ka wā o ka "stagnation", a ʻo perestroika wale nō ka mea i ʻike nui iā ia. ʻO nā hana a ka haku Soviet i loaʻa ka loiloi kiʻekiʻe loa ma waho. No laila, i ka Boston Festival of Soviet Music (1988), ua kapa ʻia kekahi o nā ʻatikala: "The West Discovers the Genius of Sofia Gubaidulina."
Ma waena o nā mea hoʻokani mele a Gubaidulinina nā mea hoʻokani kaulana loa: alakaʻi G. Rozhdestvensky, violinist G. Kremer, cellists V. Tonkha a me I. Monighetti, bassoonist V. Popov, ka mea hoʻokani bayani F. Lips, percussionist M. Pekarsky a me nā mea'ē aʻe.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano haku mele pākahi a Gubaidulina ma waena o nā makahiki he 60, e hoʻomaka ana me ʻElima Etudes no ka lira, ka pahu pālua a me ka hoʻokani ʻana, i hoʻopiha ʻia me ke kani ʻuhane o ka hui ʻana o nā mea kani. Ua ukaliʻia e 2 cantatas, thematically addressed to the East - "Night in Memphis" (ma nā kikokikona mai nā mele kahiko oʻAigupita i unuhiʻia e A. Akhmatova a me V. Potapova) a me "Rubaiyat" (ma nā paukū na Khaqani, Hafiz, Khayyam). Hōʻike nā cantata ʻelua i nā kumuhana kanaka mau loa o ke aloha, ke kaumaha, ka mehameha, ka hōʻoluʻolu. I ke mele, hoʻohui ʻia nā mea o ka melody melismatic oriental me ka dramaturgy maikaʻi o ke komohana, me ka ʻenehana haku mele dodecaphonic.
I ka makahiki 70, ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia e ke ʻano "maʻalahi hou" i hoʻolaha nui ʻia ma ʻEulopa, a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka polystylistics, i hoʻohana ikaika ʻia e nā haku haku mele o kāna hanauna (A. Schnittke, R. Shchedrin, etc. ), ua hoʻomau ʻo Gubaidulin i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā wahi o ka hōʻike leo (no ka laʻana, ma Ten Etudes for Cello) a me ka dramaturgy mele. ʻO ka concerto no ka bassoon a me nā kaula haʻahaʻa he kamaʻilio "keaka" ʻoi ma waena o ka "hero" (kahi bassoon solo) a me ka "hui" (he pūʻulu cellos a me nā pahu pālua). I ka manawa like, hōʻike ʻia kā lākou hakakā, e hele ana ma nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻole ʻana: ʻo ka "hui" e hoʻokau i kona kūlana ma luna o ka "hero" - ka hakakā kūloko o ka "hero" - kāna "ʻae i ka lehulehu" a me ka moral fiasco o ka nui "ʻano".
ʻO ka "Hour of the Soul" no ka percussion solo, mezzo-soprano a me ka orchestra ka mea kū'ē i nā loina kanaka, lyrical a me ka hakakā, inhuman principles; ʻO ka hopena he hopena leo mele i hoʻoikaika ʻia i nā pauku "Atlantean" o M. Tsvetaeva. Ma nā hana a Gubaidulin, ua ʻike ʻia kahi wehewehe hōʻailona o nā hui like ʻole: "Light and Dark" no ke kino, "Vvente - non vivente". ("Living - inanimate") no ka uila uila, "In croce" ("Crosswise") no cello a me ka okana (2 mea kani ke hoʻololi i kā lākou mau kumuhana i ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana). I ka makahiki 80. Hoʻokumu hou ʻo Gubaidulin i nā hana o kahi hoʻolālā nui a nui, a hoʻomau i kāna kumuhana "hikina" punahele, a hoʻonui i kona nānā ʻana i nā mele leo.
Hāʻawi ʻia ka māla o ka hauʻoli a me ke kaumaha no ka ʻohe, viola a me ka lira me kahi ʻono hikina i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia. I loko o kēia haku mele, nani ka melismatics maʻalahi o ke mele, nani ka hui ʻana o nā mea kani kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka concerto no ka violin a me ka orchestra, i kapa ʻia e ka mea kākau "Offertorium", hoʻokomo i ka manaʻo o ka mōhai a me ka hānau hou ʻana i ke ola hou ma ke ʻano mele. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo mai kā JS Bach "Musical Offering" ma ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻokani pila a A. Webern e hana ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona mele. ʻO ke kolu o ka string quartet (hoʻokahi hapa) e hoʻokaʻawale i ka moʻomeheu o ka quartet maʻamau, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka ʻokoʻa o ka pāʻani pizzicato "man-made" a me ka pāʻani kakaka "ʻaʻole i hana ʻia", i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi manaʻo hōʻailona. .
Manaʻo ʻo Gubaidulin i ka "Perception" ("Perception") no ka soprano, baritone a me 7 mau mea kani i 13 mau ʻāpana ʻo ia kekahi o kāna mau hana maikaʻi loa. Ua ala mai ia ma muli o ka launa pū ʻana me F. Tanzer, i ka wā i hoʻouna ai ka haku mele i nā kikokikona o kāna mau mele, a hāʻawi ka mea haku mele i nā pane waha a me nā pane iā lākou. ʻO kēia ke ala i kū ai ke kamaʻilio hōʻailona ma waena o ke kāne a me ka wahine ma nā kumuhana: Creator, Creation, Creativity, Creature. Ua hoʻokō ʻo Gubaidulin ma ʻaneʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻāpana leo a hoʻohana i nā ʻano leo holoʻokoʻa ma mua o ka hīmeni maʻamau: hīmeni maʻemaʻe, hīmeni aspirated, Sprechstimme, ʻōlelo maʻemaʻe, ʻōlelo aspirated, ʻōlelo leo, hawanawana. I kekahi mau helu, ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi lipine magnetic me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka poʻe i komo i ka hana. ʻO ka lyrical-philosophical dialogue o kahi kāne a me ka wahine, ua hele i nā pae o kona hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā helu helu (No. 1 "Nānā", No. 2 "We", No. 9 "I", No. 10 "ʻO wau a me ʻoe"), hiki i kona kiʻekiʻe ma ka helu 12 "The Death of Monty" ʻO kēia ʻāpana koʻikoʻi loa he ballad e pili ana i ka lio ʻeleʻele Monty, nāna i lawe i nā makana ma nā heihei, a ua kumakaia ʻia, kūʻai ʻia, hahau ʻia. , make. No. 13 "Voices" lawelawe ma ke ano he hoopau hope. ʻO nā huaʻōlelo wehe a hoʻopau o ka hopena – “Stimmen… Verstummen…” (“Voices… Silenced…”) ua lilo ia i poʻomanaʻo no ka ʻumikūmālua-movement First Symphony nui a Gubaidulin, nāna i hoʻomau i nā manaʻo noʻeau o “Perception”.
Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ke ala o Gubaidulina ma ke kiʻi e nā huaʻōlelo mai kāna cantata "Night in Memphis": "E hana i kāu mau hana ma ka honua ma ke kauoha a kou puʻuwai."
V. Kholopova
