John Cage |
ʻO John Cage
ʻO ka mea haku mele ʻAmelika a me ka theorist, kāna hana hoʻopaʻapaʻa i hoʻoikaika ikaika ʻaʻole i nā mele hou wale nō, akā ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o ka waena o ke kenekulia 20, e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea "random" (aleatoric) a me "raw" life phenomena. Ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ʻo Cage e nā aʻo ʻana o Zen Buddhism, e like me ke ʻano ʻaʻohe ʻano o loko, a i ʻole hierarchy o nā hanana. Ua hoʻoikaika pū ʻia ʻo ia e nā manaʻo hou o ka pilina o nā mea āpau, i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka sociologist M. McLuhan a me ka mea kākau ʻo B. Fuller. ʻO ka hopena, ua hele mai ʻo Cage i nā mele i hoʻokomo i nā mea o ka "noise" a me ka "silence", hoʻohana i nā leo kūlohelohe, "loaʻa", a me nā mea uila a me nā aleatorics. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hua o kēia mau ʻike i ke ʻano o nā hana noʻeau, akā ua kūlike kēia me ka manaʻo o Cage, e like me ia ʻano ʻike "e hoʻolauna iā mākou i ke ʻano o ke ola a mākou e noho nei. .”
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Cage i ka lā 5 o Kepakemapa, 1912 ma Los Angeles. Ua aʻo ʻo ia ma ke Kulanui ʻo Pomona, a laila ma ʻEulopa, a ma hope o kona hoʻi ʻana i Los Angeles ua aʻo pū me A. Weiss, A. Schoenberg a me G. Cowell. ʻAʻole ʻoluʻolu ʻo ia i nā palena i kau ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana tonal Western Western, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana i nā mele me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā leo, nā kumu o ia mau mea ʻaʻole nā mea kani, akā nā mea like ʻole e hoʻopuni ana i ke kanaka i kēlā me kēia lā, nā rattles, crackers, a me nā kani. hana ʻia e nā kaʻina hana maʻamau e like me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā gong vibrating i loko o ka wai. I ka makahiki 1938, ua hana ʻo Cage i ka mea i kapa ʻia. he piano i hoʻomākaukau ʻia kahi i waiho ʻia ai nā mea like ʻole ma lalo o nā kaula, a ʻo ka hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka piano i kahi hui percussion liʻiliʻi. I nā makahiki 1950 mua, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻokomo i ka ʻaleatoric i kāna mau haku mele, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano manipulations me nā dice, kāleka, a me ka Book of Changes (I Ching), he puke Kina kahiko no ka kilokilo. Ua hoʻohana nā mea haku mele ʻē aʻe i kekahi manawa i nā mea "random" i kā lākou haku mele ma mua, akā ʻo Cage ka mea mua i hoʻohana i ka aleatoric systematically, e lilo ia i kumu nui o ka haku mele. ʻO ia kekahi o ka poʻe mua i hoʻohana i nā leo kikoʻī a me nā hiki kūikawā o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kani kuʻuna i loaʻa i ka wā e hana ana me kahi leo leo.
ʻEkolu o nā mele kaulana loa a Cage i hana mua ʻia i ka makahiki 1952. Aia ma waena o lākou ka ʻāpana kaulana ʻo 4'33”, ʻo ia hoʻi he 4 mau minuke a me 33 kekona o ka hāmau. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka hāmau ʻana o kēia hana i ka pau ʻole o ke kani, ʻoiai ʻo Cage, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua ʻimi ʻo ia e huki i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe hoʻolohe i nā leo kūlohelohe o ke kaiapuni kahi i hana ʻia ai 4'33. Ua kākau ʻia ʻo Imaginary Landscape No. 4 (Imaginary Landscape No. 4) no 12 radios, a ma ʻaneʻi nā mea a pau - ke koho ʻana i nā kahawai, ka mana o ke kani, ka lōʻihi o ka ʻāpana - ua hoʻoholo ʻia e ka manawa. ʻO ka hana untitled, i hana ʻia ma Black Mountain College me ke komo ʻana o ka mea pena ʻo R. Rauschenberg, ka mea hula a me ka choreographer M. Cunningham a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua lilo i prototype o ke ʻano "hanana", kahi e hui pū ʻia ai nā mea kupaianaha a me nā mele me ka manawa like ʻole, pinepine. hana pupule a ka poe hana. Me kēia mea i hana ʻia, a me kāna hana i nā papa haku mele ma New School for Social Research ma New York, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Cage i ka hopena o ka hanauna holoʻokoʻa o nā mea hana kiʻi i lawe i kāna ʻike: ʻo nā mea āpau e hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni (" hale keaka” ʻo ia nā mea a pau i ka manawa like), a ua like kēia hale keaka me ke ola.
E hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1940, haku a hoʻokani ʻo Cage i nā mele hula. ʻAʻole pili kāna mau haku mele i ka choreography. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau haku mele (e hoʻohana ana i ka heluhelu ʻana i kekahi manawa ma ke ʻano "hana") i hana pū ʻia me ka hui hula o M. Cunningham, a ʻo Cage ke alakaʻi mele.
ʻO nā hana moʻokalaleo a Cage, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Silence (Silence, 1961), He Makahiki mai ka Pōʻakahi (He Makahiki mai ka Pōʻakahi, 1968) a me For the Birds (For the Birds, 1981), hele loa ma mua o nā pilikia mele, e uhi i nā manaʻo holoʻokoʻa e pili ana i " pāʻani aimless" o ka mea pena kiʻi a me ka lokahi o ke ola, ke ʻano a me ke kiʻi. Ua make ʻo Cage ma New York ma ʻAukake 12, 1992.
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