Tenor |

ital. tenore, mai ka lat. tensor - ka neʻe mau ʻana, ka neʻe like ʻana, ka ʻuʻuku o ka leo, mai teneo - pololei, paʻa (path); Palani tenor, teneur, taille, haute contra, German. tenor, ʻōlelo Pelekane

ʻO kahi huaʻōlelo ambiguous, i ʻike mua ʻia i ka Middle Ages a no ka manawa lōʻihi ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi manaʻo paʻa: ʻokoʻa kona ʻano me nā manaʻo o nā huaʻōlelo tonus (psalmodized tone, church mode, full leo), modus, tropus (system, mode. ), accentus (accent, stress, hoʻokiʻekiʻe i kou leo) ua hōʻike pū ia i ka lōʻihi o ka hanu a i ʻole ka lōʻihi o ke kani, i waena o nā mea manaʻo o ka Middle Ages - i kekahi manawa ka ambitus (volume) o ke ʻano. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua hoʻoholo pololei ʻia nā waiwai o ia mea.

1) Ma ke mele Gregorian, ua like ʻo T. (ua kapa ʻia ma hope he tuba (2), corda (French corda, Spanish cuerda)) me ka repercussion (2), ʻo ia hoʻi, kekahi o nā leo koʻikoʻi o ke oli, i kūlike me ka mana a wehewehe pū me nā hopena. leo (hopena, e like me ke kūlana me ka tonic) pili i ke mele (e nānā i nā mode Medieval). I ka decomp. ʻano mele mele a me nā mele kokoke iā ia T. serves ch. leo o ka heluhelu (leo, kahi i heluhelu ʻia ai kahi hapa nui o ka kikokikona).

2) I ka wā waena. mele polygonal (ma kahi o nā kenekulia 12-16) ka inoa o ka pāʻina, kahi i haʻi ʻia ai ke mele alakaʻi (cantus firmus). ʻO kēia mele ke kumu, ka hoʻomaka hoʻohui ʻana o nā pahuhopu he nui. haku mele. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo ma kēia ʻano e pili ana i ke ʻano treble (1) - kahi ʻano like ʻole o ka organum (ma nā ʻano mua o ka organum, kahi hana e like me T. i hoʻokani ʻia e vox principalis - ka leo nui); Hana ʻo T. i nā hana like ma nā polygons ʻē aʻe. nā ʻano: motte, mass, ballad, etc. I ʻelua pahu hopu. haku mele ʻo T. ka leo haʻahaʻa. Me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka bassus countertenor (counterpoint in a lower voice), ua lilo ʻo T. i kekahi o nā leo waena; ma luna o T. hiki ke kau i ka countertenor altus. Ma kekahi mau ʻano, he inoa ʻokoʻa ka leo ma luna o ka T.: motetus ma kahi motet, superius ma kahi māhele; Ua kapa ʻia nā leo kiʻekiʻe he duplum, triplum, quadruplum a i ʻole - discantus (e nānā iā Treble (2)), ma hope - soprano.

Ma ka inoa o ke kenekulia 15 "T." i kekahi manawa hoʻonui i ka countertenor; ka manaʻo o "T." no kekahi mau mea kākau (no ka laʻana, ʻo Glarean) ua hoʻohui ʻia me ka manaʻo o cantus firmus a me ke kumumanaʻo ma ke ʻano maʻamau (ma ke ʻano he mele poʻo hoʻokahi i hana ʻia i loko o ka haku mele he nui); ma Italia i nā kenekulia 15 a me 16. inoa "T." pili i ke mele kākoʻo o ka hula, i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka leo waena, kahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai ka leo luna (superius) a me lalo (countertenor).

G. de Macho. Kyrie mai Mass.

Eia kekahi, ʻo nā noʻonoʻo e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana ma Op. c.-l. he mele kaulana i hāʻawi ʻia ma T. (German Tenorlied, Tenormesse, Italian messa su tenore, French messe sur tenor).

3) Ka inoa o ka choral a i ʻole ʻāpana hui i manaʻo ʻia no ka hana a T. (4). I loko o kahi polygon harmonic a i ʻole polyphonic. hale kūʻai, kahi e lawe ʻia ai ka papa mele ma ke ʻano he laʻana. hōʻike (no ka laʻana, ma nā hana hoʻonaʻauao ma ka harmoni, polyphony), - leo (1), aia ma waena o bass a me alto.

4) Leo kāne kiʻekiʻe (4), nona ka inoa i loaʻa mai i kāna hana nui ma ka polygonal mua. ke mele o ka pāʻina T. (2). ʻO ka laulā o T. ma nā ʻāpana solo he c – c2, ma ka hīmeni c – a1. ʻO nā kani ma ka leo mai f a i ka f1 ka papa inoa waena, nā kani ma lalo o ka f aia ma ka papa inoa haʻahaʻa, ʻo nā kani ma luna o ka f1 ma ka papa inoa o luna a kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole i loli ka manaʻo o ka laulā o T.: i nā kenekulia 15-16. T. in decomp. ʻO nā hihia, ua unuhi ʻia ʻo ia ma kahi kokoke i ka viola, a i ʻole, e waiho ana ma ka ʻāina baritone (tenorino, quanti-tenore); i ke kenekulia 17 ka leo maʻamau o T. aia i loko o h – g 1. A hiki i kēia manawa, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻāpana o T. ma ke kī tenor (e like me ka ʻāpana o Sigmund ma Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung; lede” na Tchaikovsky ), ma ka papa himeni kahiko. Loaʻa pinepine nā helu i ka alto a me ka baritone; ma nā puke hou o kēia wā, ʻo T. notated in violin. kī, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻololi ʻana i lalo i kahi octave (e kuhikuhi pū ʻia

or

). Ua loli nui ka hana figurative a me semantic o T. i ka manawa. I loko o ka oratorio (Handel's Samson) a me nā mele kapu kahiko, he kuʻuna kūpono no nā wā ma hope o ka unuhi ʻana i ka māhele tenor solo ma ke ʻano he moʻolelo-dramatic (The Evangelist in Passion) a i ʻole sublime (Benedictus from Bach's mass in h-moll, nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa ma " All-Night Vigil" na Rachmaninov, ka hapa waena o "Canticum sacrum" na Stravinsky). E like me nā keaka ʻItalia i ke kenekulia 17, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā hana tenor maʻamau o nā koa ʻōpio a me nā mea aloha; ʻike ʻia kahi kikoʻī ma hope iki. hapa o T.-buffa. I ka opera-series o na wahine. ua pani na leo a me na leo o ka castrati i na leo kane, a ua haawiia mai ia T. na hana liilii. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ma kahi ʻano democratic ʻē aʻe ke ʻano o ka opera buffa, nā ʻāpana tenor i kūkulu ʻia (lyrical a me ka comic) he mea nui. Ma ka wehewehe ʻana o T. i nā opera o nā kenekulia 18-19. ua hoʻoikaika ʻia e WA ​​Mozart ("Don Giovanni" - ka ʻāpana o Don Ottavio, "E hana nā mea a pau" - Ferrando, "The Magic Flute" - Tamino). Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Opera i ke kenekulia 19 i nā ʻano nui o nā pāʻina tenor: lyric. Hoʻohanohano ʻia ʻo T. (Italian tenore di grazia) e kahi timbre māmā, kahi papa inoa luna ikaika (i kekahi manawa a hiki i ka d2), māmā a me ka neʻe (Almaviva ma Rossini's The Barber of Seville; Lensky); pāʻani. ʻO T. (Italian tenore di forza) ua ʻike ʻia e ka kala baritone a me ka mana kani nui me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (Jose, Herman); ma ke keaka mele. Hoʻohui ʻo T. (Italian mezzo-carattere) i nā ʻano o nā ʻano ʻelua ma nā ʻano like ʻole (Othello, Lohengrin). ʻO kahi ʻano kūikawā he ʻano T.; ʻO ka inoa ma muli o ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻana i nā hana ʻano (trike). I ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā pili ka leo o ka mea mele i kekahi ʻano a i ʻole kekahi, pono nā kuʻuna hīmeni o kekahi lāhui. nā kula; ʻae, ma ka ʻōlelo Italia. mele i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka mele. a me ka pahu. He pili ka T., ua oi aku ka maopopo o ia mea. opera (no ka laʻana, ʻo Max hoʻomaha ʻole i The Free Shooter a me Sigmund unshakable ma The Valkyrie); i ka mele Lūkini he ʻano kūikawā o ka lyric drama. ʻO T. me ka papa inoa o luna a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kani ikaika mai ka Glinka's Ivan Susanin (ka wehewehe a ka mea kākau a Sobinin – ʻo ka "ʻano mamao" pili maoli i ke ʻano leo o ka pāʻina). ʻO ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka timbre-colorful i ka con music opera. 19 - noi. Ke kenekulia 20, ka hui ʻana o ka opera a me ke keaka. ʻO ka hale keaka a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hana o ka recitative (ʻoi loa i nā opera o ke kenekulia 20) i pili i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā timbres tenor kūikawā. ʻO ia, no ka laʻana, hiki i ka e2 a kani e like me ka falsetto T.-altino (Astrologer). Ke hoʻololi nei i ke koʻikoʻi mai cantilena a hōʻike. ʻO ka haʻi ʻana o ka huaʻōlelo ke ʻano kikoʻī. nā kuleana, e like me Yurodivy lāua ʻo Shuisky ma Boris Godunov, Alexei ma The Gambler and Prince in Prokofiev's Love for Three Oranges, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Aia ka moʻolelo o ka hoʻopiʻi i nā inoa o nā mea hoʻokani T. koʻikoʻi. Ma Italia, kaulana loa ʻo G. Rubini, G. Mario, i ke kenekulia 20. – E. Caruso, B. Gigli, M. Del Monaco, G. Di Stefano, i waena ona. ʻO nā mea pena kiʻi opera (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea hoʻokani o nā hana a Wagner) i kū i Czech. mele JA Tikhachek, Kelemānia. poe mele W. Windgassen, L. Zuthaus; i waena o nā Lūkini a me nā pueo. mele-T. — NN Figner, IA Alchevsky, DA Smirnov, LV Sobinov, IV Ershov, NK Pechkovsky, GM Nelepp, S. Ya. Lemeshev, I S. Kozlovsky.

5) ʻuhane keleawe ākea ākea. mea kani (Italian Flicorno tenore, French saxhorn tynor, German Tenorhorn). E pili ana i nā mea hana transposing, i hana ʻia ma B, kākau ʻia ka ʻāpana o T. ma ka b. ʻaʻohe mea kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kani maoli. Mahalo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mīkini ʻekolu-valve, loaʻa iā ia kahi pālākiō chromatic piha, ʻo ka laulā maoli ʻo E - h1. Pōʻalua a me luna. Hōʻike ʻia nā papa inoa T. i kahi kani mālie a piha; Hoʻohui ʻia nā mana melodic T. me ka ʻenehana. ka neʻe ʻana. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo T. ma waena. Ke kenekulia 19 (bh designs by A. Saks). Me nā mea kani ʻē aʻe mai ka ʻohana saxhorn—ʻo ka cornet, baritone, a me ka bass—ʻo ka T. ke kumu o ka ʻuhane. kahi orkestra, kahi, ma muli o ka haku mele ʻana, ua māhele ʻia ka hui T. i 2 (ma ke keleawe liʻiliʻi, i kekahi manawa i hui pū ʻia) a i ʻole 3 (ma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a hui pū ʻia); 1st T. i ka manawa like he alakaʻi, melodic. nā leo, 2 a me 3 e hele pū ana, nā leo pili. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo T. a i ʻole baritone me ke alakaʻi melodic. leo ma nā huakaʻi ʻekolu. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana kuleana o T. ma Myaskovsky's Symphony No. 19. ʻO kahi mea kani pili pili ʻo ka Wagner horn (tenor) tuba (1).

6) Ka wehewehe ʻana i ka wehewehe ʻana ma ke poʻo inoa decomp. nā mea kani, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano tenor o ko lākou kani a me ka laulā (e kū'ē i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻohana hoʻokahi); no ka laʻana: saxophone-T., tenor trombone, domra-T., tenor viola (kapa ʻia ʻo viola da gamba a me taille), etc.

Moʻolelo: 4) ʻO Timokhin V., nā mele Italia maikaʻi loa, M., 1962; kāna, Masters of vocal art of the XX century, no. 1, M., 1974; Lvov M., Mai ka moolelo o ka leo leo, M., 1964; kāna, nā mele Lūkini, M., 1965; Rogal-Levitsky Dm., Modern orchestra, vol. 2, M., 1953; Gubarev I., Bana keleawe, M., 1963; ʻO Chulaki M., Nā mea kani o kahi hoʻokani pila, M.-L., 1950, M., 1972.

TS Kyuregyan

Leo kāne kiʻekiʻe. Laulā nui mai i liʻiliʻi i i octave mua (i kekahi manawa a hiki i re a ma mua paha F ma Bellini). Aia nā kuleana o nā mele mele a me nā tenor dramatic. ʻO nā hana maʻamau o ka tenor lyric ʻo Nemorino, Faust, Lensky; ma waena o nā ʻāpana o ka tenor dramatic, ʻike mākou i nā kuleana o Manrico, Othello, Calaf a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

No ka manawa lōʻihi i ka opera, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka tenor i nā hana lua. A hiki i ka hopena o ka 18th - ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19, ua lanakila ʻo castrati i ke kahua. Ma ka hana a Mozart wale nō, a laila ma Rossini, i alakaʻi ʻia nā leo tenor (ma ka buffa operas).

Ma waena o nā tenor kaulana loa o ke kenekulia 20 ʻo Caruso, Gigli, Björling, Del Monaco, Pavarotti, Domingo, Sobinov a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. See also countertenor.

E. Tsoodokov