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mai ka lat. temperatio - ratio pololei, proportionality

ʻO ka hoʻolikelike ʻana i nā pilina waena ma waena o nā ʻanuʻu o ka ʻōnaehana pitch i ke mele. Kāpena. T. ʻano o nā pae hope i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēlā me kēia muses. nā ʻōnaehana: e hoʻololi i nā ʻōnaehana "kūlohelohe" (no ka laʻana, Pythagorean, pure, ie e. e pili ana i nā wā ʻokoʻa mai ka unahi kūlohelohe), hele mai nā unahi hana ʻino - ʻaʻole kūlike a ʻaʻahu T. (12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, 53-wikiwiki, etc.). ʻO ka pono o T. e pili ana i nā koi o nā muses. ka lohe ʻana, me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mele kani-kiʻekiʻe. ʻōnaehana, ʻano mele. hōʻike, me ka hiki ʻana mai o nā ʻano hou a me nā ʻano, a me ka hopena, me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mele. mea hana. No laila, ma Dr. ʻO Helene, i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi hoʻokani maikaʻi loa o ka tetrachord, manaʻo ʻo Aristoxenus e puʻunaue i kahi kuata i 60 mau ʻāpana like a no ʻelua b. kekona (a – g, g – f) koho 24 mahele, a no ka m. kekona (f – e) – 12; ma kahi kokoke loa i kēia manawa. ʻaʻahu 12-wikiwiki T. ʻO nā ʻimi ikaika loa ma kahi o T. pili i nā kenekulia 16-18. e. i ka manawa o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka homophonic-harmonic. hale kūʻai, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano mele nui. hana, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana nui-liʻiliʻi piha o nā kī. I ka Pythagorean i hoʻohana mua ʻia a me nā kani maʻemaʻe (cf. Stroy) aia nā ʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe liʻiliʻi ma waena o ka enharmonic. nā kani (cf. Enharmonism), ʻaʻole i kūlike kekahi i kekahi i ke kiʻekiʻe, no ka laʻana, ʻo kāna a me c, dis a me es. He mea nui kēia mau ʻokoʻa e hōʻike. hoʻokani mele, akā ua hoʻopilikia lākou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kani a me ka harmonic. ʻōnaehana; he mea pono e hoʻolālā i nā mea kani me nā kī he mau kakini ma ka octave, a i ʻole e haʻalele i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kī mamao. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo T. Ua ho'āʻo ka poʻe mele e mālama i ka waiwai o b. Ua like ka hapakolu me ka hoʻokani maʻemaʻe (Temperament A. ʻO Shlyka, P. Arona, leo waena T. a pela aku); no keia, ua loli iki ka nui o kekahi hapalima. Eia naʻe, ʻo dep. ʻaʻohe kani ka hapalima (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Mr. wolf hapalima). Ma nā hihia ʻē aʻe, eg. in midtone T., b. ua māhele ʻia ka hapakolu o kahi hoʻokani maʻemaʻe i ʻelua mau leo ​​holoʻokoʻa o ka nui like. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana i nā kī āpau. A. ʻO Werkmeister lāua ʻo wau. Neidhardt (con. 17 - noi. 18 mau kenekulia) haʻalele ʻia b. ʻekolu hapakolu o kahi kauoha maʻemaʻe a hoʻomaka e puʻunaue i ka koma Pythagorean ma waena o ka decomp. hapalima. No laila, ua kokoke lākou i ka lole 12-wikiwiki T. I ka hoʻokani ʻana i nā ʻanuʻu he 12, ua hoʻemi ʻia nā hapalima maʻemaʻe a pau i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻelima mai ka unahi maoli e ka 1/12 o ka piko Pythagorean (e pili ana i 2 keneta, a i ʻole 1/100 o ka leo holoʻokoʻa); ua pani ʻia ka ʻōnaehana, ua māhele ʻia ka octave i 12 semitones like, ua like ka nui o nā wā āpau o ka inoa hoʻokahi. Ma kēia ʻōnaehana, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā kī āpau a me nā chords o ka decomp loa. nā hale, me ka uhaki ʻole i nā kuʻuna i hoʻokumu ʻia no ka ʻike ʻana i nā wā a me ka hoʻopili ʻole ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā mea kani me kahi leo paʻa o nā leo (e like me ka organ, clavier, harp). ʻO kekahi o nā helu helu pololei loa o ka 12-wikiwiki T. hana ʻia e M. Mersenne (ke kenekulia 17); Ua waiho ʻia ka papa ʻaina o ka neʻe ʻana ma ka pōʻai o ka hapalima me ka hoʻi ʻana i ka wahi hoʻomaka ma kāna "Music Grammar" na N. Diletsky (1677). ʻO ka ʻike mua loa o ke akamai. ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana tempered e I. C. Bach (The Well-Tempered Clavier, ch. 1, 1722). 12-wikiwiki T. ʻo ia ka hopena maikaʻi loa i ka pilikia ʻōnaehana. ʻO kēia T. ua hoʻokumu i nā kūlana no ka hoʻomohala ikaika ʻana o ka harmonic modal. nā ʻōnaehana i nā kenekulia 19 a me 20. Ke hīmeni a hoʻokani i nā mea kani me ka pitch paʻa ʻole, hoʻohana nā mea hoʻokani i ka mea i kapa ʻia. Mr. zone nenoaiu, e pili ana i Krom tempered nenoaiu mea kūikawā hihia. Ma ka huli ʻana, ʻo T. pili pū kekahi i ka hoʻolālā zone, e hoʻoholo ana i nā waiwai awelika o nā pae pae. Kūkulu ʻia e N. A. ʻO Garbuzov theoretician. ka manaʻo o ke ʻano zonal o ka lohe pitch (e nānā. Zone) i hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka psychophysiological. ke kumu o ka 12-wikiwiki T. I ka manawa like, ua manaʻo ʻo ia ʻaʻole hiki ke kūpono kēia ʻōnaehana. No ka lanakila o ka leo kani. nā hemahema o 12-wikiwiki T. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā hoʻoponopono me ka nui o nā ʻanuʻu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kēlā me kēia octave. ʻO ka mea hoihoi loa o lākou, ʻo ia ka ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana me 53 mau ʻanuʻu i kahi octave, i hoʻolālā ʻia e N. Mercator (ke kenekulia 18), Sh. ʻO Tanaka lāua ʻo R. Bosanquet (ke kenekulia 19); hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻopuka pololei i nā manawa o ka Pythagorean, maʻemaʻe a me 12-step equal temperament tunings.

I ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e hana i nā diff. nā koho T. hoʻomau. Ma Czechoslovakia i ka makahiki 20, ua hoʻomohala ʻo A. Khaba i nā ʻōnaehana 1/4-tone, 1/3-tone, 1/6-tone a me 1/12-tone. Ma ka Sov. ʻO Union ma ka manawa like, ua alakaʻi ʻo AM Avraamov a me GM Rimsky-Korsakov i nā hoʻokolohua me kahi ʻōnaehana leo haʻahaʻa; Ua hāʻawi ʻo AS Ogolevets i ka 17- a me 29-step T. (1941), PP Baranovsky a me EE Yutsevich - 21-step (1956), EA Murzin - 72-step system T. 1960).

E hoʻomaopopo ': ʻO Khaba A., Harmonic kumu o ka ʻōnaehana hapahā-leo, "I nā kahakai hou", 1923, No 3, Shtein R., Quarter-tone mele, ibid., Rimsky-Korsakov GM, Substantiation of the quarter-tone musical system, i: De musisa. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o Vremnik i ka mōʻaukala a me ke kumumanaʻo o ke mele, vol. 1, L., 1925; Ogolevets AS, Fundamentals of the harmonic language, M., 1941; kāna, Introduction to modern musical thinking, M., 1946; Garbuzov NA, Intrazonal intonation lohe a me ke ano o kona ulu ana, M. - L, 1951; Musical Acoustics, ed. HA Garbuzova, M., 1954; Baranovsky PP, Yutsevich EE, Ke kālailai Pitch o ka ʻōnaehana melodic manuahi, K., 1956; Sherman NS, Hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana ʻano like ʻole, M., 1964; Pereverzev NK, Nā pilikia o ka leo mele, M., 1966; Riemann H., Katechismus der Akustik, Lpz., 1891, 1921

ʻO Yu. N. Rags