Temp |

ital. manawa, mai ka lat. manawa - manawa

ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka wehe ʻana i ka lole mele o kahi hana ma ke kaʻina o kāna hana a hōʻike ʻia paha e ka lohe kūloko; Hoʻoholo ʻia e ka helu o nā hakina metric kumu e hele ana i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana manawa. lat mua. ka huaolelo tempus, e like me ka olelo Helene. xronos (chronos), ʻo ia ka manaʻo o kahi manawa i hoʻoholo ʻia. ka nui. I ke au waena. i ke mele kāne kāne, ʻo tempus ka lōʻihi o ka brevis, hiki ke like me 3 a i ʻole 2 semibrevis. Ma ka hihia 1 "T." ua kapa ʻia he hemolele (perfectum), ma ka lua - imperfect (im-perfectum). ʻO kēia mau "T." e like me nā manaʻo hope o nā pūlima ʻano like ʻole; no laila ʻōlelo Pelekane. ka manawa manawa, e hōʻike ana i ka nui, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hōʻailona mensural C, e hōʻike ana i ka "T." kūpono ʻole, e hōʻike i ka nui like ʻole. I loko o ka ʻōnaehana uaki i pani i ke kani kāne kāne, ʻo T. (Italian tempo, French temps) ka mea nui. ʻo ke kani ʻana o ka uaki, ka hapaha (semiminima) a i ʻole ka hapalua (minima); 2-beat ana ma ka ʻōlelo Palani i kapa ʻia. ana a me 2 mau manawa "ana ma 2 manawa". No laila, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo T. ma ke ʻano he lōʻihi, ʻo ka waiwai e hoʻoholo ai i ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana (Italian movimento, French mouvement). Hoʻololi ʻia i nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe (ma mua o Kelemania), Italia. Ua hoʻomaka ka huaʻōlelo tempo i ka movimento, a ua hāʻawi ʻia ke ʻano like i ka Lūkini. ka hua'ōlelo "T." ʻO ka manaʻo hou (e pili ana i ka mea kahiko, e like me ka manaʻo o ka pinepine i ka acoustics i ka manaʻo o ka nui o ka manawa) ʻaʻole ia e hoʻololi i ke ʻano o nā ʻōlelo like ʻo Lʻistesso tempo ("ʻo ia T.") , Tempo I ("hoʻi i ka T mua." ), Tempo precedente ("hoʻi i ka T mua."), Tempo di Menuetto, etc. Ma kēia mau hihia a pau, ma kahi o ka tempo, hiki iāʻoe ke hoʻokomo i ka movimento. Akā, no ka hōʻike ʻana i ʻelua o ka wikiwiki o T., pono ka inoa doppio movimento, no ka mea, ʻo ka doppio tempo ke ʻano ʻelua o ka lōʻihi o ke kuʻi, a no laila, ʻelua ka lōʻihi o ka T lohi.

Ke hoʻololi nei i ke ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo "T." hōʻike i kahi manaʻo hou i ka manawa i ke mele, ke ʻano o ka puʻupuʻu uaki, i pani ʻia ma ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia 16-17. mensural: hāʻawi nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka lōʻihi i nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka wikiwiki. Nalo nā lōʻihi a me kā lākou lakio i kā lākou wehewehe ʻana a loaʻa i nā loli ma muli o ka hōʻike. Ua ʻokoʻa ʻo K. Monteverdi mai ka mechanically ʻo "T. lima” (“… tempo de la mano”) “T. ka hopena o ka ʻuhane” (“tempo del affetto del animo”); ua paʻi ʻia ka ʻāpana e koi ana i kēlā ʻano hana ma ke ʻano he helu, ʻokoʻa me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i paʻi ʻia e like me ka moʻomeheu o otd. nā leo (8th book of madrigals, 1638), no laila, ʻike maopopo ʻia ka pilina o "expressive" T. me ka noʻonoʻo vertical-chord hou. Oh express. nui nā mea kākau o kēia au (J. Frescobaldi, M. Pretorius, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) e kākau e pili ana i nā deviations mai T.; ike Tempo rubato. ʻO T. me kaʻole o ia mau deviations i ka rhythm uaki,ʻaʻole ia he mea maʻamau, akā, he hihia kūikawā, e koi pinepine ana i kahi kūikawā. nā hōʻailona ("ben misurato", "streng im ZeitmaYa", etc.; ua hoʻohana ʻo F. Couperin i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 18 i ka hōʻailona "mesurй"). ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka pololei o ka makemakika ʻoiai ke hōʻike ʻia nei he "tempo" (cf. "ma ke ʻano o ka recitative, akā i ka manawa" ma ka symphony 9 a Beethoven; "a tempo, ma libero" - "Nights in the gardens of Spain" na M. de Falla). Pono e ʻike ʻia ʻo "Normal" ʻo T., e ʻae ana i nā deviations mai ka theoretical. ka lōʻihi o nā memo i loko o kekahi mau ʻāpana (HA Garbuzov; e ʻike i ka Zone); akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ke mele, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o kēia mau palena. Ma ke kaila hoʻokō aloha, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā ana, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka beat i ka lōʻihi o nā mea aʻe (ʻike ʻia kēlā mau pilina paradoxical, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka hana ʻana o kāna hana ponoʻī a AN Scriabin), ʻoiai ʻaʻohe hōʻailona o nā loli i T. i nā memo, a ʻaʻole ʻike pinepine ka poʻe hoʻolohe iā lākou. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka mea kākau i ka nui, akā i ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo. manaʻo: ʻaʻole lākou e hahai mai ka mele, akā ua kuhikuhi ʻia e ia.

ʻO nā haʻihaʻi like ʻole i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā memo a me nā mea i hōʻike ʻole ʻia i loko o ia mau mea e hoʻonele i ka wae manawa ("helu helu", German Zdhlzeit, tempo i ka manaʻo kumu) o kahi waiwai mau a ʻae iā mākou e kamaʻilio wale e pili ana i kāna waiwai awelika. E like me kēia mau inoa metronomic i ka nānā mua ʻana e hoʻoholo i ka lōʻihi o nā memo, ʻoiaʻiʻo e hōʻike i ko lākou alapine: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka helu (= 100 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me = 80) hōʻike i kahi manawa pōkole. I ka metronomic, ʻo ia ka helu o nā beats i kēlā me kēia manawa, ʻaʻole ka like o nā wā ma waena o lākou. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ka poʻe haku mele i ka metronome ʻaʻole pono lākou i kahi mechanical. metronome uniformity. L. Beethoven i kāna metronomic mua. ʻO ka hōʻailona (ke mele "North or South") i kākau i kahi leka: "E pili ana kēia i nā ana mua, no ka mea, aia ka manaʻo i kāna ana ponoʻī, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike piha ʻia e kēia inoa."

“Ua hele mai o T. hoʻopau i ka "(a i ʻole "T. mau manaʻo") i ka wehewehe ʻana i loko o ka ʻōnaehana mensural. ka lōʻihi o nā memo (integer valor, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e nā ʻāpana). ʻO kēia ka mea e pono ai nā inoa waha o T. I ka wā mua, ʻaʻole lākou i pili nui i ka wikiwiki e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke mele, "e pili", a he mea kakaʻikahi (no ka mea hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ke ʻano o ke mele me ka ʻole o nā kuhikuhi kūikawā). Ua wehewehe ʻia nā R. 18th century a pau. ka pilina ma waena o nā inoa waha a me ka wikiwiki, i ana ʻia (e like me ka mele mensural) e ka pulse maʻamau (e pili ana i 80 beats i kēlā me kēia minuke). Hiki ke unuhi ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻo a I. Quantz a me nā mea manaʻo ʻē aʻe i ka metronomic. notation ma hope. ala:

Noho ʻia kahi kūlana waena e allegro a me andante:

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19, ʻaʻole mālama ʻia kēia mau ratio o nā inoa o T. a me ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana. He pono no ka mika holo pololei, i pane ʻia e ka metronome i hoʻolālā ʻia e IN Meltsel (1816). ʻO ka waiwai nui o ka metronomic L. Beethoven, KM Weber, G. Berlioz, a me nā mea'ē aʻe i hāʻawi i nā kuhikuhi (ma keʻano he alakaʻi nui ma T.). ʻO kēia mau kuhikuhi, e like me nā wehewehe ʻana o Quantz, ʻaʻole pili mau i ka mea nui. ʻāpana manawa: i ka ambulance T. moʻokāki bh hele me nā lōʻihi lōʻihi ( ma kahi o C, ma kahi o в ), ma nā mea lohi - nā mea liʻiliʻi ( и ma kahi o C, ma kahi o в ). Ma ka mele kahiko ma T. lohi, ʻo ia ka mea e helu a alakaʻi i ka 4, ʻaʻole ma ka 8 (no ka laʻana, ʻo ka hapa 1 o ka sonata no ka piano, op. 27 No 2 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka symphony 4 a Beethoven). I ka wā ma hope o Beethoven, ʻo ia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka moʻolelo mai ka mea nui. Me he mea lā he ʻano nui nā ʻāpana metric, a ʻo ke koho ʻana i kēia mau hihia ua pau ka hoʻohana ʻana (Berlioz i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka "Fantastic Symphony" a me Schumann i ka "Symphonic Etudes" no ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka piano i ka mea mua. ʻO nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a Metronomic Beethoven e pili ana (me nā nui e like me 3/8), e hoʻoholo mau ʻaʻole ka mea nui. kaʻana like (hui manawa), a me kāna mahele (hui helu). Ma hope mai, ua nalowale ka ʻike o ia mau hōʻailona, ​​a ua hoʻomaka kekahi T., i hōʻike ʻia e Beethoven, e like me ka wikiwiki loa (no ka laʻana, = 120 i ka neʻe ʻelua o ka symphony 2, kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai ʻo T. ʻo . = 1) .

Ka pilina o nā inoa o T. me ka wikiwiki i ke kenekulia 19. mamao loa mai ka maopopo ole i manaoia e Quantz. Me ka inoa like T. metric kaumaha. kaʻana like (ex. hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ) koi emi ka māmā holo (akā ʻaʻole ʻelua; hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo he = 80 ma kahi o = 120). ʻO ka hua'ōlelo waha T. hōʻike, no laila, ʻaʻole nui ma ka wikiwiki, akā ma ka "nui o ka neʻe" - ka huahana o ka wikiwiki a me ka nui (ke piʻi aʻe ka waiwai o ka helu 2 i nā mele aloha, inā ʻaʻole nā ​​hapaha a me nā hapa hapa e hana. e like me nā ʻāpana manawa, akā nā waiwai mele ʻē aʻe). ʻAʻole pili wale ke ʻano o T. i ka mea nui. pulse, akā, mai ka intralobar pulsation (hana ʻana i kahi ʻano "tempo overtones"), ka nui o ka beat, etc. Metronomic. ʻO ka wikiwiki ka mea i hoʻokahi wale nō o nā kumu he nui e hoʻokumu iā T., ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka waiwai, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ke mele. Huli pinepine ka poʻe haku haku R. 19 i ka metronome ma mua o nā makahiki mua ma hope o ka hana ʻana a Mälzel. Loaʻa nā hōʻailona metronomic a Chopin a hiki i ka op. 27 (a ma nā hana ʻōpio posthumously i paʻi ʻia me ka op. 67 a me ka ʻole op.). Ua hōʻole ʻo Wagner i kēia mau ʻōlelo aʻo e hoʻomaka ana me Lohengrin. ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻo F. Liszt lāua ʻo I. Brahms iā lākou. I ka con. ʻO ke kenekulia 19, ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he pane i ka hana. arbitrariness, lilo hou keia mau hoailona. ʻO PI Tchaikovsky, ka mea i hoʻohana ʻole i ka metronome i kāna mau haku mele mua, e hōʻailona pono i nā manawa me ia i kāna mau mele hope. He helu o nā mea haku mele o ke kenekulia 20, ka nui. ʻO ke kuhikuhi neoclassical, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wehewehe ʻana a metronomic T. ma mua o ka waha a i kekahi manawa e hoʻoneʻe loa iā lākou (e nānā, no ka laʻana, Stravinsky's Agon).

E hoʻomaopopo ': Skrebkov SS, ʻO kekahi mau ʻikepili e pili ana i nā agogics o ka hana a ka mea kākau o Scriabin, ma ka puke: AN Skryabin. Ma ka 25 makahiki o kona make ana, M.-L., 1940; ʻO Garbuzov NA, ʻO ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka manawa a me ke kani, M., 1950; Nazaikinsky EV, On the musical tempo, M., 1965; nona iho, On the psychology of musical perception, M., 1972; Harlap MG, Rhythm of Beethoven, ma ka puke: Beethoven, Sat. st., hoopuka. 1, M., 1971; kona iho, Clock system of musical rhythm, ma ka puke: Problems of musical rhythm, Sat. Art., M., 1978; Ke alakaʻi nei i ka hana. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa, mōʻaukala, aesthetics. (Editor-compiler L. Ginzburg), M., 1975; Quantz JJ, Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversiere zu spielen, V., 1752, 1789, facsimile. paʻi hou ʻia, Kassel-Basel, 1953; Berlioz H., Le chef d'orchestre, théorie de son art, P., 1856 .2-1972); Weingartner PF, Uber das Dirigieren, V., 510 (Unuhi Lūkini - Weingartner F., E pili ana i ke alakaʻi ʻana, L., 524); Badura-Skoda E. und P., Mozart-Interpretation, Lpz., 1896).

MG Harlap