Antonio Vivaldi |

ʻO Antonio Vivaldi

ʻO kekahi o nā ʻelele nui loa o ka wā Baroque, ʻo A. Vivaldi i komo i ka mōʻaukala o ka moʻomeheu mele ma ke ʻano he mea hana i ke ʻano o ka concerto instrumental, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i nā mele papahana orchestral. ʻO ka wā kamaliʻi o Vivaldi e pili ana me Venice, kahi i hana ai kona makuakāne ma ke ʻano he violinist ma ka Cathedral of St. Mark. He 6 mau keiki a ka ʻohana, ʻo Antonio ka hiapo. Aneane ʻaʻohe kikoʻī e pili ana i nā makahiki kamaliʻi o ka haku mele. Ua ʻike wale ʻia ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka hoʻokani pila a me ka harpsichord.

I ka lā 18 o Kepakemapa, 1693, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Vivaldi i mōneka, a ma Malaki 23, 1703, ua poni ʻia ʻo ia i kahuna. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomau ke kanaka ʻōpio i ka noho ʻana ma ka home (ma muli paha o kahi maʻi koʻikoʻi), i hāʻawi iā ia i ka manawa e haʻalele ai i nā haʻawina mele. No ke kala o kona lauoho, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Vivaldi ʻo "ka mōneka ʻulaʻula." Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia i kēia mau makahiki ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻoikaika nui i kāna mau hana ma ke ʻano he kahuna pule. He nui nā kumu e haʻi hou i ka moʻolelo (ʻaʻole hiki ke hilinaʻi ʻia, akā e hōʻike ana) e pili ana i kahi lā i ka wā o ka lawelawe ʻana, ua haʻalele koke ka "moneke lauoho ʻulaʻula" i ke kuahu e kākau i ke kumuhana o ka fugue, ka mea i hiki koke mai iā ia. I kekahi hihia, ua hoʻomau ka wela o ka pilina o Vivaldi me nā poʻe kahunapule, a ʻaʻole koke ʻo ia, e haʻi ana i kona olakino maikaʻi ʻole, hōʻole i ka lehulehu e hoʻolauleʻa i ka nui.

I Kepakemapa 1703, hoʻomaka ʻo Vivaldi e hana ma ke ʻano he kumu (maestro di violino) ma ka hale hānai aloha aloha Venetian "Pio Ospedale delia Pieta". ʻO kāna mau hana, ʻo ia ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻokani pila a me ka viola dʻamore, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kani a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā violin hou. ʻO nā "lawelawe" ma ka "Pieta" (hiki iā lākou ke kapa ʻia he mau ʻahamele) i waenakonu o ka nānā ʻana o ka lehulehu Venetian mālamalama. No nā kumu o ka hoʻokele waiwai, i ka makahiki 1709 ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Vivaldi, akā ma 1711-16. Ua hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia ʻo ia ma ke kūlana hoʻokahi, a mai Mei 1716 ua lilo ʻo ia i alakaʻi ʻaha mele o ka Pieta orchestra.

ʻOiai ma mua o ke koho hou ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Vivaldi iā ia iho ʻaʻole wale ma ke ʻano he kumu, akā ma ke ʻano he haku mele (ʻo ia ka mea kākau o nā mele kapu). E like me kāna hana ma Pieta, ke ʻimi nei ʻo Vivaldi i nā manawa e hoʻolaha ai i kāna mau palapala honua. 12 trio sonata op. 1 i paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 1706; i 1711 ka mea kaulana loa o ka violin concertos "Harmonic Inspiration" op. 3; i ka makahiki 1714 - kekahi hōʻiliʻili i kapa ʻia ʻo "Extravagance" op. 4. Ua ʻike nui ʻia nā concerto violin a Vivaldi ma ʻEulopa Komohana a ʻoi aku hoʻi ma Kelemania. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoihoi nui iā lākou e I. Quantz, I. Mattheson, ʻo ka JS Bach Nui "no ka leʻaleʻa a me ke aʻo ʻana" i hoʻonohonoho ponoʻī iā 9 violin concerto e Vivaldi no ka clavier a me ka okana. I nā makahiki like, ua kākau ʻo Vivaldi i kāna mau keaka mua ʻo Otto (1713), Orlando (1714), Nero (1715). I ka makahiki 1718-20. Noho ʻo ia ma Mantua, kahi āna i kākau nui ai i nā keaka no ke kau carnival, a me nā haku mele no ka ʻaha ducal Mantua.

I ka makahiki 1725, ua paʻi ʻia kekahi o nā opuses kaulana loa a ka haku mele, me ke poʻo inoa ʻo “The Experience of Harmony and Invention” (op. 8). E like me nā mea ma mua, ua hana ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili i nā concerto violin (aia he 12 o lākou ma aneʻi). ʻO nā'ahamele mua 4 o kēia opus i kapaʻia e ka mea haku mele, "Spring", "Summer", "Autumn" a me "Winter". I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻokō ʻana i kēia manawa, ua hui pinepine ʻia lākou i loko o ka pōʻai "Seasons" (ʻaʻohe poʻomanaʻo ma ka kumu kumu). Me he mea lā, ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu ʻo Vivaldi i ka loaʻa kālā mai ka hoʻopuka ʻana i kāna concerto, a i ka makahiki 1733 ua haʻi ʻo ia i kekahi kanaka huakaʻi Pelekane ʻo E. Holdsworth e pili ana i kona manaʻo e haʻalele i nā puke hou aku, ʻoiai, ʻaʻole like me nā palapala i paʻi ʻia, ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o nā kope lima lima. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, mai ia manawa, ʻaʻohe opuses hou a Vivaldi i ʻike ʻia.

Ma hope o 20s - 30s. ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ʻo "makahiki huakaʻi" (makemake ʻia ma Vienna a me Prague). I ʻAukake i ka makahiki 1735, ua hoʻi ʻo Vivaldi i ka ʻoihana o ka mea hoʻokani pila o ka Pieta orchestra, akā ʻaʻole makemake ke kōmike hoʻokele i ka makemake o kāna poʻe haʻahaʻa no ka huakaʻi, a i ka makahiki 1738 ua hoʻopau ʻia ka haku mele. Ma ka manawa like, ua hoʻomau ʻo Vivaldi i ka hana ikaika ma ke ʻano o ka opera (ʻo kekahi o kāna mau librettists ʻo C. Goldoni kaulana), ʻoiai ʻo ia i makemake e komo pilikino i ka hana. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i kūleʻa maikaʻi loa nā hana keaka a Vivaldi, ʻoiai ma hope o ka hoʻonele ʻia ʻana o ka mea haku mele i ka manawa e hana ai ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi o kāna mau keaka ma ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Ferrara ma muli o ka pāpā ʻana o ka cardinal i ke komo ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale (ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka mea haku mele no ka pili aloha me ia. ʻO Anna Giraud, kāna haumāna mua, a hōʻole ʻo ia i ka "moneke lauoho ʻulaʻula" e hoʻolauleʻa ai i ka lehulehu). ʻO ka hopena, ua hāʻule ka opera mua ma Ferrara.

Ma 1740, ma mua koke o kona make ʻana, hele ʻo Vivaldi i kāna huakaʻi hope i Vienna. ʻAʻole maopopo nā kumu o kona haʻalele koke ʻana. Ua make ʻo ia ma ka hale o ka wahine kāne make a kahi noho noho Viennese ma ka inoa ʻo Waller a ua kanu ʻia ʻo ia me ka ʻilihune. Ma hope koke iho o kona make ʻana, poina ʻia ka inoa o ka haku koʻikoʻi. Aneane 200 makahiki ma hope mai, i ka 20s. ʻO ke kenekulia 300 ua ʻike ka mea loea mele Italia ʻo A. Gentili i kahi hōʻiliʻili kūʻokoʻa o nā palapala a ka mea haku mele (19 concerto, 1947 mau keaka, nā haku mele ʻuhane a me ka honua). Mai kēia manawa e hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻōla maoli ʻana o ka nani mua o Vivaldi. I ka makahiki 700, ua hoʻomaka ka hale hoʻopuka mele Ricordi e hoʻopuka i nā hana piha a ka mea haku mele, a ua hoʻomaka koke ka hui ʻo Philips e hoʻokō i kahi hoʻolālā like nui - ka paʻi ʻana o "all" Vivaldi ma ka moʻolelo. I ko mākou ʻāina, ʻo Vivaldi kekahi o nā haku mele i hoʻokani pinepine ʻia a aloha nui ʻia. Nui ka hoʻoilina hoʻokumu o Vivaldi. E like me ka mana thematic-systematic catalog of Peter Ryom (international designation - RV), uhi ʻia ma mua o 500 mau poʻo inoa. ʻO ka wahi nui i ka hana a Vivaldi i noho ʻia e kahi concerto instrumental (kahi o 230 i mālama ʻia). ʻO ka mea kani punahele a ka mea haku mele ʻo ia ka violin (ma kahi o 60 concerto). Eia kekahi, ua kākau ʻo ia i nā concerto no ʻelua, ʻekolu a me ʻehā violins me ka hoʻokani pila a me ka basso hoʻomau, nā concerto no ka viola dʻamour, cello, mandolin, longitudinal a transverse flutes, oboe, bassoon. ʻOi aku ma mua o 40 concerto no ka string orchestra a me basso e hoʻomau nei, ʻike ʻia nā sonatas no nā mea kani like ʻole. ʻO nā opera ʻoi aku ma mua o XNUMX (ʻo ka mea kākau o Vivaldi e pili ana i ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka maopopo), ʻo ka hapa wale nō o lākou i ola. ʻAʻole kaulana loa (akā ʻaʻole i emi iki ka hoihoi) ʻo kāna mau mele leo he nui - cantatas, oratorios, hana ma nā kikokikona ʻuhane (halelu, litanies, "Gloria", etc.).

Nui nā haku mele a Vivaldi i nā subtitle papahana. ʻO kekahi o lākou e pili ana i ka mea hoʻokani mua (Carbonelli Concerto, RV 366), nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka ʻahaʻaina i hana mua ʻia ai kēia a i ʻole kēlā mele (On the Feast of St. Lorenzo, RV 286). Ke kuhikuhi nei kekahi mau huaʻōlelo i kekahi kikoʻī maʻamau o ke ʻano hana hoʻokani (ma ka concerto i kapa ʻia ʻo “Lʻottavina”, RV 763, pono e hoʻokani ʻia nā violins solo a pau ma ka octave luna). ʻO nā poʻomanaʻo maʻamau e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano he "Hoʻomaha", "Anxiety", "Suspicion" a i ʻole "Harmonic Inspiration", "Zither" (ʻo nā inoa hope ʻelua nā inoa o nā hōʻiliʻili o nā concerto violin). I ka manawa like, i loko o kēlā mau hana i manaʻo ʻia nā poʻo inoa i nā manawa kiʻi waho ("Storm at Sea", "Goldfinch", "Hunting", a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), ʻo ka mea nui no ka mea haku mele ʻo ia ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka lyrical maʻamau. manaʻo. Hāʻawi ʻia ka helu o The Four Seasons me kahi papahana kikoʻī. I kona wā e ola ana, ua kaulana ʻo Vivaldi ma ke ʻano he connoisseur koʻikoʻi o ka orchestra, ka mea nāna i hana i nā hopena coloristic he nui, ua hana nui ʻo ia e hoʻomohala i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokani pila.

S. Lebedev

ʻO nā hana kamahaʻo a A. Vivaldi he kaulana nui ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. ʻO nā hui kaulana o kēia manawa e hoʻolaʻa i nā ahiahi i kāna hana (ʻo ka Moscow Chamber Orchestra i alakaʻi ʻia e R. Barshai, ka Roman Virtuosos, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) a, ma hope paha o Bach a me Handel, ʻo Vivaldi ka mea kaulana loa i waena o nā haku mele o ka wā baroque mele. I kēia lā me he mea lā ua loaʻa ka lua o ke ola.

Ua hauʻoli ʻo ia i ke kaulana kaulana i kona wā e ola ana, ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hana i kahi concerto mea kani solo. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia ʻano ma nā ʻāina āpau i ka wā preclassical holoʻokoʻa pili i ka hana a Vivaldi. Ua lilo nā concerto a Vivaldi i kumu hoʻohālike no Bach, Locatelli, Tartini, Leclerc, Benda a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo Bach i ʻeono concerto violin na Vivaldi no ka clavier, ua hana i nā concerto okana mai loko mai o 6 a ua hana hou i hoʻokahi no 2 claviers.

"I ka manawa i noho ai ʻo Bach ma Weimar, mahalo ka honua mele holoʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o nā ʻaha mele o ka hope (ʻo ia ʻo Vivaldi. - LR). Ua kākau ʻo Bach i nā concerto Vivaldi ʻaʻole i hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ka lehulehu, ʻaʻole hoʻi e aʻo mai iā lākou, akā no ka mea ua hauʻoli ʻo ia. Me ke kanalua, ua pōmaikaʻi ʻo ia iā Vivaldi. Ua aʻo mai ʻo ia i ka maopopo a me ka lokahi o ke kūkulu ʻana. ʻenehana violin kūpono e pili ana i ka melodiousness…”

Eia naʻe, no ka mea kaulana loa i ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua aneane poina ʻo Vivaldi. "ʻOiai ma hope o ka make ʻana o Corelli," i kākau ai ʻo Pencherl, "ua hoʻoikaika a hoʻonani ʻia ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā ia i nā makahiki, ʻo Vivaldi, ka mea i kaulana ʻole i kona wā e ola ana, ua nalowale maoli ma hope o nā makahiki ʻelima ma ke kino a me ka ʻuhane. . Haʻalele kāna mau hana i nā papahana, ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona o kona helehelena ke holoi ʻia mai ka hoʻomanaʻo. No kahi a me ka lā o kona make ʻana, he mau manaʻo wale nō. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻōlelo hou nā puke weheweheʻōlelo i ka ʻike liʻiliʻi e pili ana iā ia, i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā wahi maʻamau a piha i nā hewa ..».

A hiki i kēia manawa, makemake wale ʻo Vivaldi i nā mea kākau moʻolelo. Ma nā kula mele, i nā pae mua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, ua aʻo ʻia ʻo 1-2 o kāna mau ʻaha mele. I ka waena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua piʻi wikiwiki ka nānā ʻana i kāna hana, a ua hoʻonui ka hoihoi i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo o kāna biography. Akā naʻe, ʻike liʻiliʻi mākou iā ia.

ʻO nā manaʻo e pili ana i kāna hoʻoilina, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea i noho ʻole i ka pohihihi, ua hewa loa. Ma 1927-1930 wale nō, ʻo ka mea haku mele Turin a me ka mea noiʻi ʻo Alberto Gentili i loaʻa i kahi 300 (!) Vivaldi autographs, ʻo ia ka waiwai o ka ʻohana Durazzo a mālama ʻia i loko o kā lākou Genoese villa. Ma waena o kēia mau manuscript he 19 mau opera, kahi oratorio a me kekahi mau puke o ka hale pule a me nā hana mea kani a Vivaldi. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia hōʻiliʻili e Prince Giacomo Durazzo, he philanthropist, mai ka makahiki 1764, ka ʻelele Austrian ma Venice, kahi, ma waho aʻe o nā hana politika, ua komo ʻo ia i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā kiʻi kiʻi.

Wahi a Vivaldi, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻolaha ʻia, akā ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo Gentili i kā lākou hoʻoili ʻana i ka National Library a laila hoʻolaha ʻia lākou. Ua hoʻomaka ka ʻepekema Austrian ʻo Walter Kollender e aʻo iā lākou, me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana he mau makahiki ʻo Vivaldi ma mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mele ʻEulopa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā dynamics a me nā ʻano loea o ka pāʻani violin.

Wahi a ka ʻikepili hou loa, ua ʻike ʻia ua kākau ʻo Vivaldi i nā opera 39, 23 cantatas, 23 symphonies, nā mele mele he nui, 43 arias, 73 sonatas (trio and solo), 40 concerti grossi; 447 ʻaha mele hoʻokahi no nā mea kani like ʻole: 221 no ka violin, 20 no cello, 6 no ka violin damour, 16 no ka ʻohe, 11 no ka oboe, 38 no ka bassoon, nā concerto no ka mandolin, horn, pu a me nā haku hui: lāʻau me ka violin, no 2 -x violin a me lute, 2 ohe, oboe, horn Enelani, 2 pu, violin, 2 viola, bow quartet, 2 cembalos, etc.

ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka lā hānau maoli o Vivaldi. Hāʻawi ʻo Pencherle i kahi lā pili wale nō - ma mua o 1678. ʻO kona makuakāne ʻo Giovanni Battista Vivaldi he violinist ma ka hale pule ducal o St. Mark ma Venice, a he mea hoʻokani pila. ʻO ka mea like paha, ua loaʻa i ke keiki kahi hoʻonaʻauao violin mai kona makuakāne, ʻoiai ʻo ia i aʻo i ka haku mele me Giovanni Legrenzi, ka mea i alakaʻi i ke kula violin Venetian i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMX, he haku mele kaulana, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ke kahua o nā mele orchestral. ʻIke ʻia mai iā ia ʻo Vivaldi i hoʻoilina i ka makemake no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana me nā haku mele.

I kona wā'ōpiopio, ua komoʻo Vivaldi i ka hale pule hoʻokahi kahi i hana ai kona makuakāne ma keʻano he alakaʻi, a ma hope aku ua paniʻo ia iā ia ma kēia kūlana.

Eia naʻe, ua hoʻonui koke ʻia kahi ʻoihana mele ʻoihana e kahi ʻuhane - ua lilo ʻo Vivaldi i kahuna. Ua hana ʻia kēia ma Kepakemapa 18, 1693. A hiki i ka makahiki 1696, aia ʻo ia ma ke kūlana ʻuhane ʻōpio, a loaʻa iā ia nā kuleana kahuna piha ma Malaki 23, 1703. kona ola.

I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻoihana kahuna, ʻaʻole i hoʻōki ʻo Vivaldi i kāna mau haʻawina mele. Ma keʻano laulā, ua hanaʻo ia i kaʻoihana pule no ka manawa pōkole - hoʻokahi wale nō makahiki, a ma hope iho ua pāpāʻiaʻo ia e lawelawe i ka lehulehu. Hāʻawi ka poʻe biographers i kahi wehewehe ʻakaʻaka no kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo: “I kekahi manawa e lawelawe ana ʻo Vivaldi i ka Misa, a hiki koke mai ke kumuhana o ka fugue i kona manaʻo; Haʻalele ʻo ia i ke kuahu, hele ʻo ia i ke kahuna pule e kākau i kēia kumuhana, a laila hoʻi i ke kuahu. Ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana, akā ʻo ka Inquisition, e noʻonoʻo ana iā ia he mea hoʻokani pila, ʻo ia hoʻi, me he pupule lā, ua kaupalena wale ʻo ia iā ia iho i ka pāpā ʻana iā ia e hoʻomau i ka lawelawe lehulehu.

Ua hōʻole ʻo Vivaldi i kēlā mau hihia a wehewehe ʻo ia i ka pāpā ʻana i nā lawelawe hale pule e kona ʻeha ʻeha. Ma ka makahiki 1737, i kona hiki ana i Ferrara no ka hookani ana i kekahi o kana mau keaka, ua papa aku ka pope nuncio Ruffo ia ia mai ke komo ana i ke kulanakauhale, me ka waiho ana aku, mawaena o na kumu e ae, aole oia i lawelawe i ka Misa. 16, 1737) i kona kahu, ʻo Marquis Guido Bentivoglio: "No nā makahiki he 25 i kēia manawa ʻaʻole wau i lawelawe i ka Misa a ʻaʻole loa au e lawelawe i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻaʻole naʻe ma ka pāpā ʻana, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i kou lokomaikaʻi, akā ma muli o koʻu hoʻoholo ponoʻī, ma muli o kahi maʻi i hoʻokaumaha iaʻu mai koʻu lā hānau ʻana. I koʻu koho ʻia ʻana i kahuna pule, ua hoʻolauleʻa au i ka Misa no hoʻokahi makahiki a liʻiliʻi paha, a laila hoʻōki au i ka hana ʻana, koi ʻia e haʻalele i ke kuahu ʻekolu manawa, ʻaʻole i pau i ka maʻi. ʻO ka hopena, ʻaneʻane noho mau au ma ka home a hele wale ma ke kaʻa a i ʻole ka gondola, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke hele ma muli o ka maʻi umauma, a i ʻole ka paʻa o ka umauma. ʻAʻole hoʻokahi aliʻi e kiʻi mai iaʻu i kona hale, ʻaʻole hoʻi ko kākou aliʻi, ʻoiai ua ʻike nā mea a pau i koʻu maʻi. Ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana, hiki iaʻu ke hele wāwae, akā ʻaʻole hele wāwae. ʻO ia ke kumu e hoʻouna ʻole ai au i ka Misa. ʻIke ʻia ka leka ma ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia lā o ke ola o Vivaldi, i ʻike ʻia ma ke ala paʻa i loko o nā palena o kona home ponoʻī.

Ua koi ʻia e haʻalele i kāna ʻoihana pule, i Kepakemapa 1703 Vivaldi i komo i kekahi o nā conservatories Venetian, i kapa ʻia ʻo Musical Seminary o ka Hale Hospice House of Piety, no ke kūlana o "violin maestro", me ka ʻike o 60 ducats i ka makahiki. I kēlā mau lā, ua kapa ʻia nā hale hānai ma nā hale pule he conservatories. Ma Venice, ʻehā no nā kaikamāhine, ma Naples ʻehā no nā keikikāne.

Ua haʻalele ka mea huakaʻi Farani kaulana ʻo de Brosse i ka wehewehe ʻana o nā conservatories Venetian: “Maikaʻi nā mele o nā halemai ma ʻaneʻi. He eha lakou, a ua piha lakou i na kaikamahine pono ole, a me na keiki makua ole, a me na mea hiki ole ke hanai i na makua. Hāpai ʻia lākou ma ka uku o ka mokuʻāina a ua aʻo ʻia lākou i ke mele. Mele me he mau anela la, hookani lakou i ka violin, ohe, okana, oboe, cello, bassoon, ma ka olelo, aohe mea kani e makau ai lakou. 40 mau kaikamahine e komo i kēlā me kēia ʻaha mele. Ke hoʻohiki nei au iā ʻoe, ʻaʻohe mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka ʻike ʻana i kahi nun ʻōpio a nani hoʻi, me nā lole keʻokeʻo, me nā pua pomegerane ma kona mau pepeiao, e hahau ana i ka manawa me ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka pololei.

Ua kākau ʻo ia e pili ana i ke mele o nā conservatories (ʻoi loa ma lalo o Mendicanti - ka hale pule o ka mendicant) J.-J. Rousseau: “I na la Sabati ma na halepule o keia mau Scuoles eha, i ka wa o Vespers, me ka papa himeni piha a me ka orkestra, na motets i hakuia e na haku haku mele nui loa o Italia, malalo o ko lakou alakai ponoi ana, e hana wale ia ana e na kaikamahine opiopio, ka poe kahiko loa o lakou. ʻaʻole i iwakālua makahiki. Aia lākou ma nā kū ma hope o nā kaola. ʻAʻole wau a me Carrio i hala i kēia mau Vespers ma Mendicanti. Akā, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia au i ka manaʻolana e kēia mau kaola i hōʻino ʻia, e hoʻopuka wale ana i nā leo a hūnā i nā helehelena o nā ʻānela nani i kūpono i kēia mau leo. Ua kamaʻilio wale wau no ia mea. I kekahi manawa ua ʻōlelo aku au i ka mea like iā Mr. de Blond.

ʻO De Blon, ka mea nona ka hoʻokele o ka conservatory, i hoʻolauna iā Rousseau i nā mele. "E hele mai, e Sophia," weliweli ʻo ia. "E hele mai, e Kattina," ua kekee kona maka. "E hele mai, e Bettina," ua ino kona helehelena i ka mai puupuu. Eia naʻe, "ʻaʻole e hoʻokaʻawale ka ʻino, a ua loaʻa iā lākou," wahi a Rousseau.

I ke komo ʻana i ka Conservatory of Piety, ua loaʻa iā Vivaldi ka manawa kūpono e hana pū me ka hui mele piha (me ke keleawe a me ke okana) i loaʻa ma laila, i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka maikaʻi loa ma Venice.

E pili ana iā Venice, hiki ke hoʻokolokolo ʻia kona ola mele a me ke keaka a me nā conservatories e nā laina puʻuwai o Romain Rolland: "ʻO Venice i kēlā manawa ke kapikala mele o Italia. Ma laila, i ka wā o ka carnival, i kēlā me kēia ahiahi he mau hōʻikeʻike ma ʻehiku hale opera. I kēlā me kēia ahiahi, hui ka Academy of Music, ʻo ia hoʻi, he hālāwai mele, i kekahi manawa he ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau hālāwai i ke ahiahi. Hana ʻia nā hoʻolauleʻa mele ma nā hale pule i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo nā ʻahamele he mau hola me ke komo ʻana o kekahi mau orchestras, kekahi mau okana a me kekahi mau papa mele. Ma na Poaono a me na Sabati, ua malamaia na ahaaina kaulana iloko o na halema'i, oia na hale malama wahine, kahi i ao ai i na mele i na keiki makua ole, na kaikamahine hou, a me na kaikamahine wale no me na leo maikai; Hāʻawi lākou i nā ʻaha mele a me nā leo, no laila ua pupule ʻo Venice ..».

Ma ka hopena o ka makahiki mua o kāna lawelawe, ua loaʻa iā Vivaldi ke poʻo inoa ʻo "maestro of the choir", ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kāna hoʻolaha hou aʻe, ʻo ia wale nō ka mea i lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka violin a me ke mele, a me ka manawa like. ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi a me ka haku mele.

I ka makahiki 1713 ua loaʻa iā ia ka hoʻomaha a, e like me ka helu o nā mea kākau moʻolelo, hele i Darmstadt, kahi āna i hana ai no ʻekolu makahiki ma ka hale pule o ke Duke o Darmstadt. Eia naʻe, ʻōlelo ʻo Pencherl ʻaʻole i hele ʻo Vivaldi i Kelemania, akā ua hana ʻo ia ma Mantua, ma ka hale pule o ke duke, ʻaʻole ma 1713, akā mai 1720 a 1723. Ua hōʻoia ʻo Pencherl i kēia ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana i kahi leka mai Vivaldi, nāna i kākau: "Ma Mantua. ʻO wau i loko o ka lawelawe a ke Aliʻi haipule o Darmstadt no ʻekolu makahiki, "a hoʻoholo i ka manawa o kona noho ʻana ma laila ma ka ʻike ʻana i ka inoa o ka maestro o ka hale pule o ke Duke ma nā ʻaoʻao poʻomanaʻo o nā hana paʻi a Vivaldi wale nō ma hope o 1720 o ka makahiki.

Mai 1713 a i 1718, noho ʻo Vivaldi ma Venice kokoke mau. I kēia manawa, hoʻokani ʻia kāna mau keaka i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ʻo ka mua i ka makahiki 1713.

Ma ka makahiki 1717, ua ulu nui ka kaulana o Vivaldi. Hele mai ʻo Johann Georg Pisendel ka mea hoʻokani pila kaulana Kelemania e aʻo pū me ia. Ma keʻano laulā, ua aʻo nui ʻo Vivaldi i nā mea hoʻokani no ka orchestra o ka conservatory, ʻaʻole wale nā ​​mea kani, akā nā mea mele.

Ua lawa ka ʻōlelo ʻana ʻo ia ke kumu o nā mele mele nui e like me Anna Giraud lāua ʻo Faustina Bodoni. "Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo ia i kahi mele nona ka inoa ʻo Faustina, nāna i koi aku e hoʻohālike me kona leo i nā mea a pau e hiki ke hoʻokani ʻia i kona manawa ma ka violin, ohe, oboe."

Ua aloha nui ʻo Vivaldi me Pisendel. Hoʻopuka ʻo Pencherl i kēia moʻolelo a I. Giller. I kekahi lā e hele ana ʻo Pisendel ma St. Stamp me "Redhead". Hoʻopau koke ʻo ia i ke kamaʻilio ʻana a kauoha mālie e hoʻi koke i ka home. I ka manawa ma ka hale, wehewehe ʻo ia i ke kumu o kona hoʻi koke ʻana: no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻehā mau ʻahaʻaina i ukali a nānā i ka ʻōpio Pisendel. Ua nīnau ʻo Vivaldi inā ua ʻōlelo kāna haumāna i nā ʻōlelo hōʻino ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, a koi ʻo ia ʻaʻole e haʻalele i ka hale ma nā wahi āpau a hiki i kona ʻike ʻana iā ia iho. Ua ʻike ʻo Vivaldi i ka mea noiʻi a ʻike ʻo ia ua kuhi hewa ʻo Pisendel no kekahi kanaka hoʻohuoi i like me ia.

Mai 1718 a 1722, ʻaʻole i helu ʻia ʻo Vivaldi i nā palapala o ka Conservatory of Piety, e hōʻoia ana i ka hiki ke haʻalele i Mantua. I ka manawa like, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i kēlā me kēia manawa ma kona kūlanakauhale hānau, kahi i hoʻomau ʻia ai kāna mau keaka. Ua hoʻi ʻo ia i ka conservatory i ka makahiki 1723, akā ma ke ʻano he haku mele kaulana. Ma lalo o nā kūlana hou, ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e kākau i 2 concerto i ka mahina, me ka uku o ka sequin no ka concerto, a e hana i 3-4 mau hoʻomaʻamaʻa no lākou. I ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia mau hana, ua hui pū ʻo Vivaldi iā lākou me nā huakaʻi lōʻihi a lōʻihi. "No 14 makahiki," i kākau ai ʻo Vivaldi i ka makahiki 1737, "Ua hele au me Anna Giraud i nā kūlanakauhale he nui ma ʻEulopa. Ua hoʻohana au i ʻekolu kau carnival ma Roma ma muli o ka opera. Ua kono ʻia au i Vienna. Ma Roma, ʻo ia ka haku mele kaulana loa, ua hoʻohālike ʻia kāna ʻano operatic e nā mea a pau. Ma Venice i ka makahiki 1726 ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila ma ka Hale Keaka o St. Angelo, ʻike ʻia ma 1728, hele i Vienna. A laila ʻekolu mau makahiki ma hope, ʻaʻohe ʻikepili. Eia hou, ua hōʻike iki kekahi mau hoʻolauna e pili ana i nā hana o kāna mau keaka ma Venice, Florence, Verona, Ancona i nā kūlana o kona ola. Ma ka like, mai 1735 a 1740, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i kāna lawelawe ma ka Conservatory of Piety.

ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka lā pololei o ka make ʻana o Vivaldi. Hōʻike ka hapa nui o nā kumu i ka 1743.

ʻElima kiʻi o ka haku haku mele i ola. ʻO ka mea mua loa a hilinaʻi loa, ʻo ia hoʻi, no P. Ghezzi a pili i 1723. Hōʻike ʻia ʻo "red-haired pop" i ka umauma-hohonu i ka ʻaoʻao. Ua hili iki ka lae, ua wili ka lauoho loloa, ua kiko ka auwae, ua piha i ka makemake a me ka hoihoi.

Ua maʻi nui ʻo Vivaldi. Ma kahi leka i ka Marquis Guido Bentivoglio (November 16, 1737), kākau ʻo ia ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e hana i kāna huakaʻi hele pū ʻia me 4-5 poʻe - a ʻo nā mea āpau no kahi kūlana ʻeha. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i pale ka maʻi iā ia mai ka hana nui. Aia ʻo ia ma nā huakaʻi pau ʻole, alakaʻi ʻo ia i nā hana opera, kūkākūkā i nā kuleana me nā mea mele, hakakā me kā lākou mau makemake, alakaʻi i nā leka nui, alakaʻi i nā orchestras a hoʻokele i ka kākau ʻana i kahi helu o nā hana. Maikaʻi loa ʻo ia a ʻike i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kāna mau hana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo De Brosse me ka hoʻohenehene: "Ua lilo ʻo Vivaldi i kekahi o koʻu mau hoaaloha pili i mea e kūʻai aku ai iaʻu i kāna mau ʻaha mele." Kūleʻa ʻo ia i mua o ka poʻe ikaika o kēia ao, koho naʻauao i nā mea mālama, hoʻomana haipule, ʻaʻole naʻe i makemake e hoʻonele iā ia iho i nā leʻaleʻa honua. ʻOiai he kahuna Katolika, a ma muli o nā kānāwai o kēia hoʻomana, ua hoʻonele ʻia ʻo ia i ka manawa e mare ai, no nā makahiki he nui ua aloha ʻo ia i kāna haumāna, ʻo Anna Giraud. ʻO ko lākou kokoke i hoʻopilikia nui iā Vivaldi. No laila, ua hōʻole ka ʻelele pope ma Ferrara i ka makahiki 1737 i ke komo ʻana o Vivaldi i loko o ke kūlanakauhale, ʻaʻole wale no ka pāpā ʻia ʻana o ia e hele i nā hana pule, akā ʻo ka hapa nui ma muli o kēia kokoke loa. Ua kākau ʻo Carlo Goldoni, ka mea pāʻani kaulana ʻo Italia, he ʻino ʻo Giraud, akā nani - he pūhaka lahilahi kona, nā maka nani a me ka lauoho, he waha hoʻohiwahiwa, he leo palupalu a me ke kālena keu ʻole.

Loaʻa ka wehewehe maikaʻi loa o ke ʻano o Vivaldi ma Goldoni's Memoirs.

I kekahi lā, ua noi ʻia ʻo Goldoni e hoʻololi i nā kikokikona o ka libretto o ka opera Griselda me nā mele a Vivaldi, i hoʻokani ʻia ma Venice. No kēia kumu, ua hele ʻo ia i ka hale o Vivaldi. Ua hoʻokipa ka mea haku mele iā ia me kahi puke pule ma kona mau lima, i loko o kahi lumi i piha i nā memo. Pīhoihoi loa ʻo ia ma kahi o ka librettist kahiko ʻo Lalli, pono e hana nā hoʻololi e Goldoni.

“- Ua maopopo ia'u, e kuu haku aloha, he talena poetika kou; Ua ʻike au i kāu Belisarius, aʻu i makemake nui ai, akā he ʻokoʻa kēia: hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i kahi pōʻino, kahi mele epic, inā makemake ʻoe, a ʻaʻole naʻe e hoʻokō i kahi quatrain e hoʻonohonoho i ke mele. E hāʻawi mai iaʻu i ka hauʻoli o ka ʻike ʻana i kāu pāʻani. “E ʻoluʻolu, e ʻoluʻolu. Ma hea wau i waiho ai i ka Griselda? Aia ʻo ia ma ʻaneʻi. Deus, in adjutorium meum intende, Domine, Domine, Domine. (E ke Akua, e iho mai i o'u nei! Lord, Lord, Lord). Aia ʻo ia ma ka lima. Domine adjuvandum (E ka Haku, kōkua). ʻAe, eia, e ka haku, ʻo kēia hiʻohiʻona ma waena o Gualtiere a me Griselda, he hiʻohiʻona hoihoi a hoʻopā. Ua hoʻopau ka mea kākau iā ia me kahi aria pōʻino, akā ʻaʻole makemake ʻo signorina Giraud i nā mele ʻoluʻolu, makemake ʻo ia i kahi mea e hōʻike ai, hoihoi, aria e hōʻike ana i ka makemake ma nā ʻano like ʻole, no ka laʻana, nā huaʻōlelo i hoʻopau ʻia e nā ʻūhū, me ka hana, ka neʻe. ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu inā maopopo ʻoe iaʻu? "Ae, e ka haku, ua maopopo ia'u, eia kekahi, ua loaa ia'u ka hanohano o ka lohe ana ia Signorina Giraud, a ua ike au aole ikaika kona leo. "Pehea ʻoe, e ka haku, ke hōʻino nei ʻoe i kaʻu haumāna?" Loaʻa iā ia nā mea a pau, hīmeni ʻo ia i nā mea a pau. “Ae, e ka haku, ua pololei oe; E hāʻawi mai iaʻu i ka puke a e hoʻomaka wau e hana. "ʻAʻole, e ka haku, ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu, pono wau iā ia, ua hopohopo nui wau. "Ae, ina, e ka haku, he nui kou hana, alaila, e haawi mai oe ia'u i hookahi minute, a na'u e hoonaauao koke ia oe." – Koke koke? “ʻAe, e ka haku, koke. Hāʻawi ka ʻAbota, ʻakaʻaka, hāʻawi mai iaʻu i kahi pāʻani, pepa a me ka lua inika, lawe hou i ka puke pule a hele, heluhelu i kāna mau mele a me kāna mau mele. Ua heluhelu au i ka mea i ike mua ia'u, hoomanao iho la au i ka makemake o ka mea hookani pila, a iloko o ka hapaha o ka hora, ua kaha au i ka aria o 8 pauku ma ka pepa, i maheleia i elua mahele. Kāhea wau i koʻu kanaka uhane a hōʻike i ka hana. Heluhelu ʻo Vivaldi, ʻoluʻolu kona lae, heluhelu hou ʻo ia, hoʻopuka i nā leo hauʻoli, hoʻolei i kāna breviary ma ka papahele a kāhea iā Signorina Giraud. ʻIke ʻia ʻo ia; maikaʻi, wahi āna, eia ka mea kakaʻikahi, eia kekahi haku mele maikaʻi loa: heluhelu i kēia aria; Ua hana ka mea hoailona me ka ala ole mai o kona wahi i ka hapaha hora; a laila huli mai iaʻu: ʻAe, e ka haku, kala mai iaʻu. "A pūliki ʻo ia iaʻu, me ka hoʻohiki ʻana mai kēia manawa aku ʻo wau wale nō kāna haku mele."

Hoʻopau ʻo Pencherl i ka hana i hoʻolaʻa ʻia iā Vivaldi me kēia mau ʻōlelo: "Pēia ke ʻano o Vivaldi i hōʻike ʻia iā mākou ke hoʻohui mākou i nā ʻike āpau e pili ana iā ia: hana ʻia mai nā mea like ʻole, nāwaliwali, maʻi, a ola naʻe e like me ka pauda, ​​mākaukau e huhū a malie koke, e nee mai ka lapuwale honua a i ka haipule hoomanamana, paakiki a me ka manawa hookahi e hookipa i ka wa e pono ai, he mea pohihihi, aka, ua makaukau e iho i ka honua i kona mau pono, aole loa he naaupo i ka hooponopono ana i kana mau hana.

A pehea ka pili ʻana o ia me kāna mele! I loko o ia mea, ua hui pū ʻia nā ala haʻahaʻa o ke ʻano o ka hale pule me ka ʻoluʻolu ʻole o ke ola, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe i hui pū ʻia me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo ka abstract me ka paʻa. I loko o kāna mau ʻahamele, nā fugues koʻikoʻi, nā adagios hanohano kanikau, a me nā mele o ka poʻe maʻamau, nā mele i puka mai ka puʻuwai, a me kahi leo hula hauʻoli. Kākau ʻo ia i nā hana papahana - ka pōʻaiapuni kaulana "The Seasons" a hāʻawi i kēlā me kēia ʻaha mele me nā stanzas bucolic frivolous no ka abbot:

Ua hiki mai ka pūnāwai, hoʻolaha kūkala. ʻO kāna hula pōʻai leʻaleʻa, a kani ka mele o ke kuahiwi. A ʻōhumu hoʻi ke kahawai iā ia. Hoʻopili ka makani Zephyr i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa.

Poʻeleʻele koke, ʻā maila ka uila, He hōʻailona ka pūnāwai - hekili i nā mauna A hāʻule koke ihola; a me ke mele a ka lark, Helelei i ka uliuli, holo ma na awawa.

Kahi e uhi ai ka moena pua o ke awawa, Kahi e haalulu ai ka laau a me ka lau i ka makani, Me ka ilio ma kona wawae, Ke moeuhane nei ke kahuhipa.

A hiki hou iā Pan ke hoʻolohe i ka ʻohe kupua I ke kani ona, hula hou nā nim, Welina mai i ka punawai kupua.

I ke kauwela, hana ʻo Vivaldi i ke kani o ka cuckoo, ʻo ka manu nūnū honu, ʻo ke kani gula; i ka "Autumn" hoʻomaka ka ʻaha mele me ke mele o nā kamaʻāina e hoʻi mai ana mai ke kula. Hoʻokumu pū ʻo ia i nā kiʻi mele o ke ʻano i nā ʻaha mele ʻē aʻe, e like me "Storm at Sea", "Night", "Pastoral". Loaʻa iā ia nā'ahamele e hōʻike ana i ke kūlana o ka manaʻo: "Suspicion", "Hoʻomaha", "Anxiety". ʻO kāna mau concerto ʻelua ma ke kumumanaʻo "Night" hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ʻo ka symphonic nocturnes mua i nā mele honua.

Ua kāhāhā kāna mau palapala me ka waiwai o ka noʻonoʻo. Me kahi orkestra ma kona makemake, ke hoʻāʻo mau nei ʻo Vivaldi. ʻO nā mea kani i loko o kāna mau haku mele he ascetic koʻikoʻi a i ʻole frivolously virtuosic. ʻO ke kaʻa i kekahi mau ʻahamele e hāʻawi i ke ala i ka haku mele ʻoluʻolu, me ka melodiousness i nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā hopena kala, ke pāʻani o nā timbres, e like me ka waena waena o ka Concerto no ʻekolu violins me kahi leo pizzicato hoʻohiwahiwa, kokoke i "impressionistic".

Ua hana ʻo Vivaldi me ka wikiwiki loa: "Ua mākaukau ʻo ia e pili e hiki iā ia ke haku i kahi concerto me kāna mau ʻāpana āpau i ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka mea kākau ʻōlelo," kākau ʻo de Brosse. ʻO kēia paha kahi i loaʻa mai ai ka manawaleʻa a me ka hou o nā mele a Vivaldi, kahi i hauʻoli ai ka poʻe hoʻolohe i ʻelua mau kenekulia.

L. Raaben, 1967