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Senesino

Aia ma ke poʻo o ka hale opera o ke kenekulia 1650 ka primadona ("prima donna") a me ka castrato ("primo uomo"). ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka castrati ma ke ʻano he mele mele mai nā makahiki ʻelua i hala o ke kenekulia XNUMX, a ua hoʻomaka lākou i ko lākou komo ʻana i ka opera ma kahi o XNUMX. Eia naʻe, hoʻohana mau ʻo Monteverdi lāua ʻo Cavalli i kā lāua mau hana opera mua i nā lawelawe o nā leo mele kūlohelohe ʻehā. Akā ʻo ka pua maoli o ka ʻoihana castrati i hōʻea i ka opera Neapolitan.

ʻO ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā kāne ʻōpio, i mea e lilo ai lākou i poʻe mele, ua mau nō paha. Akā ʻo ia wale nō me ka hānau ʻana o ka polyphony a me ka opera i nā kenekulia 1588 a me XNUMXth i lilo ai ka castrati i mea pono ma ʻEulopa. ʻO ke kumu koke o kēia, ʻo ia ka XNUMX papal papa i nā wahine e hīmeni ana i nā papa mele o ka hale pule, a me ka hoʻokani ʻana ma nā kahua keaka ma nā mokuʻāina pope. Hoʻohana ʻia nā keikikāne e hana i nā ʻāpana alto a me ka soprano wahine.

Akā, i ka wā e haʻihaʻi ai ka leo, a i kēlā manawa ua lilo lākou i poʻe mele akamai, ua nalowale ke kani o ka leo i ka akaka a me ka maʻemaʻe. No ka pale ʻana i kēia, ma Italia, a ma Sepania hoʻi, ua kāpī ʻia nā keikikāne. Ua ho'ōki ka hana i ka ulu ʻana o ka larynx, e mālama ana i ke ola i kahi leo maoli - alto a soprano paha. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomau ka ulu ʻana o ka ribcage, a ʻoi aku hoʻi ma mua o ka poʻe ʻōpio maʻamau, no laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka castrati o ka ea exhaled ma mua o nā wahine me ka leo soprano. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ikaika a me ka maʻemaʻe o ko lākou mau leo ​​me nā leo o kēia manawa, ʻoiai inā he leo kiʻekiʻe lākou.

Hana ʻia ka hana i nā keikikāne ma waena o nā makahiki ʻewalu a me ka ʻumikūmākolu. Ma muli o ka pāpā ʻia ʻana o ia mau hana, ua hana mau ʻia ma lalo o ke kumu o kekahi maʻi a i ʻole ulia paha. Hoʻokomo ʻia ke keiki i loko o ka ʻauʻau waiu mehana, hāʻawi ʻia i kahi opiuma e hoʻomaha ai i ka ʻeha. ʻAʻole i wehe ʻia ke kino kāne, e like me ka hana ʻana ma ka Hikina, akā ua ʻoki ʻia nā testicles a hemo. Ua lilo ka poʻe ʻōpio i infertile, akā me ka hana maikaʻi ʻaʻole lākou i maʻi ʻole.

Ua hoʻomāʻewaʻewa ʻia ka castrati i ko lākou naʻau ma ka palapala, a ʻo ka hapa nui ma ka buffoon opera, i ʻoi aku ka ikaika a me ka nui. ʻAʻole naʻe i pili kēia mau hoʻouka ʻana i kā lākou mele mele, akā ʻo ka mea nui i ko lākou hele ʻana i waho, effeminacy a me ka hoʻoluhi ʻole ʻia. ʻO ke mele ʻana o ka castrati, ka mea i hoʻohui pono i ke kani o ka leo kamaliʻi a me ka ikaika o ka māmā o ke kanaka makua, ua mahalo mau ʻia ʻo ia ke kiʻekiʻe o nā hana mele a pau. ʻO nā mea hoʻokani nui ma kahi mamao loa mai iā lākou, ua ukali ʻia e nā mea pena kiʻi o ka pae ʻelua: hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā tenor a me nā leo wahine. Ua hōʻoia ka primadona a me ka castrato ʻaʻole i lilo kēia poʻe mele i mea nui a mahalo nui loa. Ua nalowale nā ​​​​bases kāne mai ka opera koʻikoʻi e like me ka wā Venetian.

Ua loaʻa i kekahi mau mele mele-castrates Italia i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe i ka leo a me ka hana hana. Ma waena o nā "Muziko" nui a me "Wonder", i kapa ʻia nā mele castrato ma Italia, ʻo Caffarelli, Carestini, Guadagni, Pacciarotti, Rogini, Velluti, Cresentini. Ma waena o nā mea mua e pono e hoʻomaopopo iā Senesino.

ʻO 1680 ka lā i manaʻo ʻia i hānau ʻia ai ʻo Senesino (inoa maoli ʻo Fratesco Bernard). Hiki ke unuhiʻia kēlāʻano hopena mai ka mea i kapaʻia kona inoa ma ka papa inoa o nā mea hoʻokani wale mai 1714. A laila ma Venice, meleʻo ia ma "Semiramide" na Pollarolo Sr. Ua hoʻomakaʻo ia e aʻo i ka hīmeniʻana o Senesino ma Bologna.

Ma 1715, kākau ka impresario Zambekkari e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hana a ka mea mele:

“He ʻano ʻē ke ʻano o Senesino, ke kū nei ʻo ia me he kiʻi lā, a inā hana ʻo ia i kekahi ʻano hana, a laila ʻokoʻa loa ia i ka mea i manaʻo ʻia. ʻO kāna mau haʻiʻōlelo he weliweli e like me kā Nicolini he nani, a ʻo ka aria, hana maikaʻi ʻo ia inā ʻo ia i ka leo. Akā i ka pō nei, ma ka aria maikaʻi loa, ua hele ʻo ia i ʻelua mau pahu i mua.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻomanawanui ʻia ʻo Casati, a no kāna mele ʻehaʻeha, a no kona haʻaheo nui, ua hui pū ʻo ia me Senesino, a ʻaʻohe o lākou mahalo i kekahi. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke ʻike iā lākou, a kokoke i nā Neapolitans a pau e noʻonoʻo iā lākou (inā manaʻo ʻia lākou) he mau eunuha hoʻopono ponoʻī. ʻAʻole lākou i hīmeni pū me aʻu, ʻaʻole like me ka hapa nui o nā castrati hoʻokani pila ma Naples; ʻO kēia wale nō ʻelua aʻu i kono ʻole ai. A i kēia manawa hiki iaʻu ke hōʻoluʻolu i ka hana ʻino ʻana o nā mea a pau iā lākou.

I ka makahiki 1719, hīmeni ʻo Senesino ma ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma Dresden. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, hele mai ka mea haku mele kaulana ʻo Handel e kiʻi i nā mea hana no ka Royal Academy of Music, āna i hana ai ma Lākana. Me Senesino, ʻo Berenstadt lāua ʻo Margherita Durastanti i hele pū i kahakai o ka "foggy Albion".

Noho ʻo Senesino ma ʻEnelani no ka manawa lōʻihi. Ua hīmeni ʻo ia me ka lanakila nui ma ke kula, e hīmeni ana i nā kuleana alakaʻi ma nā keaka a pau na Bononcini, Ariosti, a ma luna o nā mea a pau e Handel. ʻOiai ma ka pololei pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka pilina ma waena o ka mea mele a me ka mea haku mele. Ua lilo ʻo Senesino i mea hoʻokani mua o nā ʻāpana nui ma kekahi o nā opera a Handel: Otto a me Flavius ​​​​(1723), Julius Caesar (1724), Rodelinda (1725), Scipio (1726), Admetus (1727) ), "Cyrus" a me "Ptolemy" (1728).

Ma ka lā 5 o Mei, 1726, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka opera a Handel ʻo Alexander, a he lanakila nui ia. ʻO Senesino, ka mea i hoʻokani i ke poʻo inoa, aia ma ka piko o ka kaulana. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka kūleʻa iā ia e ʻelua prima donnas - Cuzzoni a me Bordoni. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua hoʻokumu ka poʻe Pelekania i ʻelua mau pūʻulu o nā mea mahalo ʻole i ka prima donnas. Ua luhi ʻo Senesino i ka hakakā ʻana o ka poʻe mele, a ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia he maʻi, hele ʻo ia i kona ʻāina hānau - i Italia. Ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kula, ma 1729, hele ʻo Handel iā Senesino e noi iā ia e hoʻi.

No laila, ʻoiai ʻo nā kuʻikahi a pau, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Senesino, e hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1730, e hana i kahi hui liʻiliʻi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e Handel. Ua hīmeni ʻo ia i ʻelua mau hana hou a ka haku mele, ʻo Aetius (1732) a me Orlando (1733). Eia naʻe, ua hohonu loa nā kūʻē a i ka makahiki 1733 ua hoʻomaha hope.

E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā hanana ma hope mai, he hopena lōʻihi ko kēia hakakā. Ua lilo ʻo ia i kumu nui no ke kūʻē ʻana i ka hui a Handel, ua haku ʻia ka "Opera o nā aliʻi" i alakaʻi ʻia e N. Porpora. Me Senesino, kekahi "muziko" koʻikoʻi - mele ʻo Farinelli ma aneʻi. Kūlike ʻole i ka manaʻo, ua noho maikaʻi lākou. ʻO ke kumu paha ʻo Farinelli he sopranist, ʻoiai ʻo Senesino he contralto. A i ʻole ua mahalo ʻo Senesino i ke akamai o kahi hoa hana ʻōpio. No ka lua o ka moʻolelo i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1734 ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka opera "Artaxerxes" a A. Hasse ma ka Royal Theatre ma Lākana.

Ma kēia keaka, hīmeni ʻo Senesino no ka manawa mua me Farinelli: ua hoʻokani ʻo ia i ke ʻano o kahi mea hoʻomāinoino huhū, a ʻo Farinelli - he koa pōʻino i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Eia naʻe, me kāna aria mua loa, ua hoʻopā ʻo ia i ka puʻuwai paʻakikī o ka mea hoʻomāinoino huhū a ua hoʻopoina ʻo Senesino i kāna kuleana, holo akula iā Farinelli a apo aku iā ia.

Eia ka manao o ka haku mele I.-I. ʻO Quantz ka mea i lohe i ka mea mele ma ʻEnelani:

"He contralto ikaika, akaka a leʻaleʻa kāna, me ka leo maikaʻi a me nā trills maikaʻi loa. He akamai kona ʻano hīmeni, ʻaʻole ʻike like kona ʻano hoʻopuka. Me ka hoʻonui ʻole ʻana i ka adagio me nā mea hoʻonaninani, hīmeni ʻo ia i nā memo nui me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kupaianaha. Ua piha kona mau hua'ōlelo i ke ahi, me nā caesuras māmā a wikiwiki, hele mai lākou mai ka pahu mai, hanaʻo ia me ka'ōlelo maikaʻi a me keʻanoʻoluʻolu. Ua maikaʻi kona ʻano ma ke kahua, ʻo kāna mau ʻano hana a pau he kūlohelohe a hanohano.

Ua hoʻokō ʻia kēia mau ʻano a pau e kahi kiʻi hanohano; ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kona helehelena a me kona ʻano i ka pāʻina o ka meʻe ma mua o ka mea aloha."

Ua pau ka hoʻokūkū ma waena o nā hale keaka ʻelua i ka hāʻule ʻana o nā hale ʻelua i ka makahiki 1737. Ma hope iho ua hoʻi ʻo Senesino i Italia.

Ua loaʻa i ka castrati kaulana loa nā uku nui loa. E ʻōlelo, i nā makahiki 30 ma Naples, ua loaʻa i kahi mea mele kaulana mai 600 a 800 Spanish doubloons i kēlā me kēia kau. Ua hiki ke hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui ma muli o nā unuhi ʻana mai nā hana pono. He 800 pālua, a i ʻole 3693 ducats, i loaʻa iā Senesino, nāna i hīmeni i ka makahiki 1738/39 ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo San Carlo, ma ʻaneʻi no kēia kau.

ʻO ka mea kupaianaha, ua pane ka poʻe hoʻolohe kūloko i nā hana a ka mea mele me ka mahalo ʻole. ʻAʻole i hōʻano hou ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o Senesino i kēia kau aʻe. Pīhoihoi kēia i ka mea hoʻokani mele e like me de Brosse: "Ua hana ʻo Senesino nui i ka hapa nui, ua hauʻoli wau i ka ʻono o kāna mele a me kāna pāʻani. Akā naʻe, ua ʻike au me ka haʻohaʻo ʻaʻole i ʻoluʻolu kona poʻe kamaʻāina. Hoʻopiʻi lākou no kona hīmeni ʻana i ke ʻano kahiko. Eia ka hōʻike e loli ana nā ʻono mele i kēlā me kēia ʻumi makahiki.

Mai Naples, hoʻi ka mea mele i kona ʻāina ʻo Tuscany. ʻO kāna mau hana hope loa, ʻike ʻia, ua hana ʻia ma ʻelua mau opera na Orlandini - "Arsaces" a me "Ariadne".

Ua make ʻo Senesino i ka makahiki 1750.