Vibrato, haʻalulu |
VIBRATO, vibration (Italian vibrato, Latin vibratio – vibration).
1) Loaʻa i ka hana ma nā kaula. mea kani (me ka ʻāʻī); ʻo ka haʻalulu like ʻana o ka manamana lima hema ma ke kaula i kaomi ʻia e ia, e hana ana i kahi manawa. hoʻololi i loko o nā palena liʻiliʻi o ka leo, ka leo a me ke kani kani. Hāʻawi ʻo V. i nā leo i kahi kala kūikawā, melodiousness, hoʻonui i kā lākou expressiveness, a me ka dynamism, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe. kahua. ʻO ke ʻano o V. a me nā ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana e hoʻoholo ʻia e ke kanaka. ke ano o ka wehewehe a me ke akamai. ke ano o ka mea hana. ʻO ka helu maʻamau o nā haʻalulu o V. ma kahi o. 6 no kekona. Me ka liʻiliʻi o nā haʻalulu, lohe ʻia ke kani ʻana a haʻalulu paha, e hana ana i ka anti-art. manaʻo. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "V." Ua ʻike ʻia i ke kenekulia 19, akā ua hoʻohana nā lutenists a me nā mea pāʻani gambo i kēia ʻano hana ma mua o nā kenekulia 16 a me 17. Ma ka methodical ʻO nā manual o ia manawa e wehewehe i nā ʻano ʻelua o ka pāʻani ʻana i ka V.: me ka manamana lima (e like me ka hana hou) a me ʻelua, i ka wā e kaomi ai kekahi i ke kaula, a ʻo kekahi e hoʻopā koke a maʻalahi. Nā inoa kahiko. ʻO ke ala mua - Farani. verre cassé, engl. sting (for lute), fr. langueur, plainte (no viola da gamba); ʻo ka Farani ka lua. battement, pincé, flat-tement, hope - flatté, kaulike, haʻalulu, haʻalulu serré; Haʻalulu pili English; ital. tremolo, ondeggiamento; Ma luna ona. ʻōlelo ka inoa o nā ʻano V. – Bebung. Mai ka hāʻule ʻana o nā mele mele a me ka viola da gamba. Ua pili ka palapala noi a V. e hl. arr. me nā mea kani o ka ʻohana violin. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻōlelo mua o ka violinist. Aia ʻo V. ma ka “Universal Harmony” (“Harmonie universele …”, 1636) na M. Mersenne. ʻO ke kula kahiko o ka violin e pāʻani ana i ke kenekulia 18. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo V. he ʻano mea nani wale nō a hoʻopili i kēia ʻano hana i ka hoʻonaninani. ʻO J. Tartini ma kāna Treatise on Ornamentation (Trattato delle appogiatura, ca. 1723, ed. 1782) kāhea ʻo V. "tremolo" a manaʻo ʻia he ʻano mea i kapa ʻia. ʻano pāʻani. ʻO kona hoʻohana ʻana, a me nā mea hoʻonaninani ʻē aʻe (trill, grace note, etc.), ua ʻae ʻia i nā hihia "ke koi ʻia ka makemake." Wahi a Tartini lāua ʻo L. Mozart ("The Experience of a Solid Violin School" - "Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule", 1756), hiki ke B. i cantilena, ma nā leo lōʻihi, hoʻomau, ʻoi aku ma "nā huaʻōlelo mele hope". Me ka leo mezza - hoʻohālike i ka leo kanaka - V., ma kahi ʻē aʻe, "ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia." ʻokoʻa like ʻole ka lohi ʻana o V., ka wikiwiki like ʻole a me ka wikiwiki ʻana, i hōʻike ʻia e nā laina nalu ma luna o nā memo:
I ka wā o ka romanticism, ua liloʻo V. mai "mea hoʻonani" i mea mele. expressiveness, lilo i kekahi o na mea nui loa o ka violinist keaka hana. ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka violin, i hoʻomaka ʻia e N. Paganini, ma muli o ka wehewehe kala ʻana o ka violin e ka Romantics. I ke kenekulia 19, me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka hana mele ma ke kahua o ka conc nui. hale, V. ua komo paa i ka hana o ka paani. ʻOiai ʻo kēia, ʻo L. Spohr i kāna "Violin School" ("Violinschule", 1831) hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i ka hapa V. wale nō. kani, hōʻailona ʻo ia i ka rai me kahi laina ʻale. Me nā ʻano like ʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ua hoʻohana pū ʻo Spohr i ka hoʻolohi ʻana i ka V.
ʻO ka hoʻonui houʻana o ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka V. pili i ka hana a E. Isai a, ma keʻano, F. Kreisler. E hooikaika no ka manao. saturation a me ka dynamism o ka hana, a me ka hoʻohana 'ana iā V. ma ke 'ano o ke 'ano o ka "mele", ua ho'okomo 'o Kreisler i ka vibration i ka wā e pā'ani ana i nā paukū wikiwiki a me ka hahau 'ana (i pāpā 'ia e nā kula kahiko).
Ua kōkua kēia i ka lanakila ʻana i ka "etude", ka maloʻo o ka leo o ia mau paukū. ʻIkepili o ka violin V. dec. ʻano a me kāna hana kiʻi. Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā noi e K. Flesh i kāna hana "The Art of Playing the Violin" ("Die Kunst des Violinspiels", Bd 1-2, 1923-28).
2) ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana ma ka clavichord, i hoʻohana nui ʻia e ia. nā mea hoʻokani o ke kenekulia 18; expressive "mea hoʻonani", e like me V. a kapa ʻia ʻo Bebung.
Me ke kōkua ʻana o kahi neʻe oscillatory vertical o ka manamana lima ma ke kī i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia, e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mea i hoʻomau mau ʻia ka tangent me ke kaula, ua hana ʻia ka hopena o ka fluctuations i ka pitch a me ka ikaika kani. Pono e hoʻohana i kēia ʻenehana ma nā leo hoʻomau a hoʻopilikia ʻia (FE Bach, 1753) a, ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā pāʻani o kahi ʻano kaumaha a kaumaha (DG Türk, 1786). Ua ʻōlelo nā memo:
3) Loaʻa i ka hana ma kekahi mau mea kani makani; ʻO ka wehe iki a me ka paniʻana o nā valves, i hui pūʻia me ka hoʻololiʻana i ka ikaika o ka exhalation, hana i ka hopena o V. Ua lilo ia i laha i waena o nā mea hoʻokani jazz.
4) Ma ka hīmeni ʻana – he ʻano haʻalulu kūikawā o nā kaula leo o ka mea mele. Ma muli o ka wok maoli. V. lies uneven (not absolute synchrony) fluctuations o ke kaula leo. ʻO nā "paʻi" e ala mai ana ma muli o kēia ke kumu o ka kani ʻana o ka leo i kēlā me kēia manawa, "vibrate". ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka leo o ka mea mele—ʻo kona ʻano kani, ka pumehana, a me ka hōʻike ʻana—ma ka nui o ka hilinaʻi i ka waiwai o V. hele i ka mea i kapaia. haʻalulu (swinging) o ka leo, ʻaʻole ia e ʻoluʻolu. ʻO ka haʻalulu ka hopena o kahi wok maikaʻi ʻole. nā kula.
E hoʻomaopopo ': Kazansky VS a me Rzhevsky SN, Ke aʻo ʻana i ka timbre o ke kani o ka leo a me nā mea kani kani, "Journal of Applied Physics", 1928, vol. 5, helu 1; Rabinovich AV, Oscillographic method of melody analysis, M., 1932; Struve BA, Vibration ma ke ano he akamai hookani i na mea kani kulou, L., 1933; Garbuzov HA, ʻAna ʻano o ka lohe pitch, M. - L., 1948; Agarkov OM, Vibrato ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila i ka hoʻokani pila, M., 1956; Pars Yu., Vibrato and pitch perception, in: Ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano noiʻi acoustic i ka musicology, M., 1964; Mirsenne M., Harmonie universelle…, v. 1-2, P., 1636, facsimile, v. 1-3, P., 1963; Rau F., Das Vibrato auf der Violine…, Lpz., 1922; Seashore, SE, The vibrato, Iowa, 1932 (University of Iowa. Studies in the psychology of music, v. 1); kāna, Psychology of the vibrato in voice and instrument, Iowa, 1936 (same series, v. 3).
IM Yampolsky
