Wilhelm Furtwängler |
Wilhelm Furtwangler
Pono e kapa ʻia ʻo Wilhelm Furtwängler ʻo ia kekahi o ka mea mua ma waena o nā kukui o ka mea alakaʻi o ke kenekulia 20. Me kona make ʻana, ua haʻalele kekahi mea pena kiʻi nui i ke ao mele, he mea pena nona ka pahuhopu i kona ola ʻana e hōʻoia i ka nani a me ka hanohano o ka hana kahiko.
Ua ulu wikiwiki ko Furtwängler oihana akamai. ʻO ke keiki a kahi kanaka kālaihonua kaulana o Berlin, ua aʻo ʻo ia ma Munich ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a nā kumu maikaʻi loa, ʻo ia hoʻi ke alakaʻi kaulana ʻo F. Motl. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kāna hana ma nā kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi, ua loaʻa iā Furtwängler i ka makahiki 1915 kahi kono i ka pou kuleana o ke poʻo o ka hale opera ma Mannheim. ʻElima mau makahiki ma hope mai, ke alakaʻi nei ʻo ia i nā ʻaha mele symphony o ka Berlin State Opera, a ʻelua makahiki ma hope mai ua pani ʻo ia iā A. Nikisch ma ke ʻano he poʻo o ka Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, kahi i pili pono ai kāna hana e hiki mai ana. I ka manawa like, lilo ʻo ia i alakaʻi mau no kekahi orkestra kahiko loa ma Kelemānia - ka Leipzig "Gewandhaus". Mai ia manawa mai, ulu aʻela kāna hana ikaika a hua. I ka makahiki 1928, ua hāʻawi aku ke kapikala Kelemania iā ia i ke poʻo inoa hanohano o "ka luna mele kūlanakauhale" no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kāna mau lawelawe koʻikoʻi i ka moʻomeheu aupuni.
Ua laha ka kaulana o Furtwängler ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ma mua o kāna huakaʻi i nā ʻāina ʻEulopa a ma ka ʻāina ʻAmelika. I kēia mau makahiki, kaulana kona inoa ma ko mākou ʻāina. I ka makahiki 1929, ua paʻi ʻo Zhizn iskusstva i nā leka a ka alakaʻi alakaʻi Lūkini ʻo NA Malko mai Berlin, i ʻike ʻia "ma Kelemānia a me Austria, ʻo Wilhelm Furtwängler ka mea alakaʻi i aloha nui ʻia." Penei ka wehewehe ʻana o Malko i ke ʻano o ka mea pena: "Ma waho, ʻaʻohe o Furtwängler i nā hōʻailona o kahi" primadona ". ʻO nā neʻe maʻalahi o ka lima ʻākau, me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka laina bar, ma ke ʻano he keakea waho i ke kahe o loko. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻokoʻa o ka hema, ʻaʻole ia e waiho i kekahi mea me ka nānā ʻole ʻia, kahi i loaʻa ai ka liʻiliʻi o ka hōʻike ... "
He mea pena ʻo Furtwängler i ka manaʻo hoʻoikaika a me ka naʻauao hohonu. ʻAʻole ʻo ka ʻenehana he fetish nona: ʻo ke ʻano maʻalahi a me ke ʻano kumu o ka alakaʻi ʻana i hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i ka manaʻo nui o ka haku mele, me ka poina ʻole i nā kikoʻī maikaʻi loa; He mea ia e hoʻohauʻoli ai, i kekahi manawa a hiki i ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o nā mele i unuhi ʻia, kahi ala e hiki ai i ka poʻe mele a me ka poʻe hoʻolohe ke aloha i ke alakaʻi. ʻO ka mālama pono ʻana i ka helu ʻaʻole i lilo i ka manawa kūpono iā ia: ua lilo kēlā me kēia hana hou i mea hana maoli. Hoʻokumu nā manaʻo kanaka i kāna mau haku ponoʻī - ʻekolu symphonies, kahi ʻoni piano, nā hui keʻena, i kākau ʻia ma ka ʻuhane o ka hilinaʻi i nā kuʻuna kahiko.
Ua komo ʻo Furtwängler i ka mōʻaukala o ke kiʻi mele ma ke ʻano he unuhi ʻōlelo ʻike ʻole o nā hana nui o nā mele Kelemania. He kakaikahi ka mea hiki ke hoohalike me ia ma ka hohonu a me ka mana o ka unuhi ana i na hana symphonic a Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner, na opera a Mozart a me Wagner. I ke alo o Furtwangler, ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi unuhi ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi o nā hana a Tchaikovsky, Smetana, Debussy. Ua hoʻokani nui ʻo ia i nā mele hou a me ka makemake, i ka manawa like ʻo ia i hōʻole i ka modernism. I loko o kāna mau puke moʻokalaleo, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o nā puke "Conversations about Music", "Musician and the Public", "Testament", i ka nui o nā leka a ke alakaʻi i paʻi ʻia i kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia mākou me ke kiʻi o kahi poʻokela ikaika o nā manaʻo kiʻekiʻe. kiʻi maoli.
ʻO Furtwängler kahi mea hoʻokani pila o ka ʻāina. I nā manawa paʻakikī o Hitlerism, e noho ana ma Kelemānia, hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka pale ʻana i kāna mau loina, ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike me nā mea ʻoniʻoni o ka moʻomeheu. Ma hope i ka makahiki 1934, e hōʻole ana i ka pāpā ʻana o Goebbels, ua hoʻokomo ʻo ia i nā hana a Mendelssohn a me Hindemith i kāna mau papahana. Ma hope mai, koi ʻia ʻo ia e haʻalele i nā pou āpau, e hōʻemi i ka helu o nā haʻiʻōlelo i ka liʻiliʻi.
I ka makahiki 1947 wale nō i alakaʻi hou ai ʻo Furtwängler i ka Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. Ua pāpā nā luna o ʻAmelika i ka hui e hana i ka ʻāpana democratic o ke kūlanakauhale, akā ʻo ke kālena o kahi alakaʻi maikaʻi loa no ka poʻe Kelemania holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka obituary, i paʻi ʻia ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka mea pena e ka Ministry of Culture of the GDR, ʻōlelo ʻo ia: "ʻO ka pono o Wilhelm Furtweigler aia ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua ʻike ʻo ia a hoʻolaha i nā waiwai kanaka nui o ke mele, pale iā lākou. me ke kuko nui i kana mau haku mele. Ma ke kino o Wilhelm Furtwängler, ua hui pū ʻia ʻo Kelemania. Aia i loko o Kelemānia a pau. Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka kūpaʻa a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻole o ko mākou noho aupuni. "
L. Grigoriev, J. Platek
