Alfred Garrievich Schnittke |

Alfred Schnittke

He paʻakikī ka hana noʻeau i ke akeakamai. ʻO ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā o ka Honua 1985

ʻO A. Schnittke kekahi o nā mea haku mele Soviet nui loa o ka hanauna i kapa ʻia ʻelua. Hōʻike ʻia ka hana a Schnittke e ka nānā nui ʻana i nā pilikia o ka wā hou, i ka hopena o ke kanaka a me ka moʻomeheu kanaka. Hōʻike ʻia ia e nā manaʻo nui, hoʻohālikelike i ka dramaturgy, hōʻike ikaika o ke kani mele. I loko o kāna mau palapala, ʻo ka pōʻino o ka pōʻino atomika, ka hakakā ʻana i ka ʻino mau loa ma ka honua, ka pōʻino pono o ke kumakaia kanaka, a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi i loko o ke ʻano o ke kanaka.

ʻO nā ʻano nui o ka hana a Schnittke he symphonic a me ke keʻena. Ua haku ka mea haku mele i 5 symphonies (1972, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1988); 4 concerto no ka violin a me ka hookani pila (1957, 1966, 1978, 1984); concertos no ka oboe a me ka harp (1970), no ka piano (1979), viola (1965), cello (1986); nā ʻāpana hoʻokani pila Pianissimo… (1968), Passacaglia (1980), Ritual (1984), (K)ein Sommernachtstraum (Not Shakespearean, 1985); 3 concerti grossi (1977, 1982, 1985); Serenade no 5 mau mea hookani pila (1968); ka piano quintet (1976) a me kāna mele mele - "In memoriam" (1978); "Biography" for percussion (1982), Anthems for Ensemble (1974-79), String Trio (1985); 2 sonata no ka violin a me ka piano (1963, 1968), Sonata no cello a me ka piano (1978), "Dedication to Paganini" no ka violin solo (1982).

ʻO kekahi mau hana a Schnittke i manaʻo ʻia no ke kahua; nā ballets Labyrinths (1971), Sketches (1985), Peer Gynt (1987) a me ka haku mele The Yellow Sound (1974).

I ka ulu ʻana o ke ʻano o ka haku mele, ua lilo nā mele mele a me nā mele mele i mea nui i kāna hana: ʻEkolu Poems na Marina Tsvetaeva (1965), Requiem (1975), ʻekolu Madrigals (1980), "Minnesang" (1981), "The Story of Dr. ʻO Johann Faust" (1983), Concerto for choir at st. G. Narekatsi (1985), "Poems of mihi" (1988, a hiki i ka 1000th anniversary o ka bapetizo ana o Rusia).

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hana hoihoi loa a Schnittke ma ke mele kiʻiʻoniʻoni: "Agony", "Glass Harmonica", "Pushkin's Drawings", "Ascent", "Farewell", "Little Tragedies", "Dead Souls", etc.

Ma waena o nā mea hoʻokani maʻamau o nā mele a Schnittke nā mea hoʻokani Soviet nui loa: G. Rozhdestvensky, O. Kagan, Yu. Bashmet, N. Gutman, L. Isakadze. V. Polyansky, quartets o ka Mosconcert, lakou. L. Beethoven a me na mea e ae. Ua ʻike nui ʻia ka hana a ka haku Soviet a puni ka honua.

Ua puka 'o Schnittke mai ka Moscow Conservatory (1958) a me nā ha'awina post-graduate (ibid., 1961) ma ka papa haku mele na E. Golubev. I ka makahiki 1961-72. hana 'o ia ma ke 'ano he kumu ma ka Moscow Conservatory, a laila ma ke 'ano he mea pena kuokoa.

ʻO ka hana mua i wehe i ka "Schnittke makua" a hoʻoholo mua i nā hiʻohiʻona he nui o ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana ʻo ia ka Second Violin Concerto. ʻO nā kumuhana mau loa o ka ʻeha, ka kumakaia, ka lanakila ʻana i ka make, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ma ʻaneʻi i loko o ka dramaturgy ʻokoʻa like ʻole, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka laina o nā "ʻano maikaʻi" e kahi violin solo a me kahi pūʻulu o nā kaula, ka laina o nā "negative" - ​​he pālua pālua. mai ka hui kaula, makani, percussion, piano.

ʻO kekahi o nā hana koʻikoʻi a Schnittke ʻo ia ka First Symphony, ka manaʻo nui o ka hopena o ke kiʻi, e like me ke ʻano o nā loli o ke kanaka i kēia ao hou.

No ka manawa mua ma nā mele Soviet, i loko o ka hana hoʻokahi, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi panorama nui o nā mele o nā ʻano āpau, nā ʻano a me nā kuhikuhi: nā mele kahiko, nā mele kahiko, nā mele kahiko, nā waltzes i kēlā me kēia lā, polkas, marches, nā mele, nā leo guitar, jazz. , etc. Ua hoʻohana ka mea haku mele i nā ʻano o ka polystylistic ma ʻaneʻi a me ka collage, a me nā ʻenehana o "keaka instrumental" (ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea mele ma ke kahua). Hāʻawi kahi dramaturgy maopopo i kahi kuhikuhi i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea waihoʻoluʻu loa, ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke kiʻi maoli a me ka entourage, a ma muli o ka hōʻoia ʻana i kahi kūlana maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe.

Ua hoʻohana ʻo Schnittke i nā polystylistics ma ke ʻano he ala ʻoi loa e hōʻike ai i ka hakakā ma waena o ka lokahi o ka ʻike honua a me ka overstrain hou i ka nui o kāna mau hana ʻē aʻe - ka Second Violin Sonata, the Second and Third Symphonies, the Third and Fourth Violin Concertos, the Viola Concerto, "Hoʻolaʻa iā Paganini", etc.

Ua hōʻike ʻo Schnittke i nā ʻano hou o kāna talena i ka wā "retro", "maʻalahi hou", i ʻike koke ʻia i nā mele ʻEulopa i nā makahiki 70. Manaʻo nostalgic no ka expressive melody, ua hana ʻo ia i ka lyrical-tragic Requiem, Piano Quintet - hana biographically pili i ka make o kona makuahine, a laila kona makuakāne. A ma ka haku mele i kapa ʻia ʻo "Minnesang" no 52 mau leo ​​solo, he mau mele maoli o nā minnesingers Kelemania o nā kenekulia XII-XIII. ua hui pū ʻo ia i kahi haku mele "super-voiced" hou (ua noʻonoʻo ʻo ia i nā hui e hīmeni ana ma nā balconies o nā kūlanakauhale ʻEulopa kahiko). I ka wā "retro", ua huli pū ʻo Schnittke i nā kumuhana mele Lūkini, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā oli Lūkini kahiko maoli i loko o nā Himeni no ka Ensemble.

Ua lilo ʻo 80s no ka mea haku mele he kahua i ka synthesis o nā kumu mele a me nā mele, i ulu aʻe ma "retro", me ka nui o nā manaʻo symphonic o ka wā ma mua. I ka Second Symphony, i ka lole orchestral paʻakikī, ua hoʻohui ʻo ia i kahi hoʻolālā ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o nā mele Gregorian monophonic maoli - "ma lalo o ka dome" o ka symphony hou, kani ka lehulehu kahiko. I ka Third Symphony, i kākauʻia no ka weheʻana i ka hale'ahamele hou Gewandhaus (Leipzig), ka moʻolelo o German (Austro-German) mele mai ka Middle Ages a hiki i kēia lā i hāʻawiʻia ma keʻano o nā hints stylistic,ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 mau kumuhana. hoʻohana ʻia - monograms o nā haku mele. Hoʻopau kēia haku mele me ka hopena o ka puʻuwai.

ʻO ka lua o ka string quartet he synthesis o ka haku mele Lūkini kahiko a me ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻolālā symphonic. ʻO kāna mau mea mele a pau i hanaʻia me nā hua'ōlelo mai ka puke a N. Uspensky "Samples of Old Russian Singing Art" - monophonic gossips, stichera, three-voiced himmns. I kekahi mau manawa, mālama ʻia ka leo kumu, akā i ka mea nui ua hoʻololi ikaika ʻia - hāʻawi ʻia ia i kahi dissonance harmonic hou, kahi hoʻonāukiuki feverish o ka neʻe.

I ka hopena o kēia hana, ua hoʻokala ʻia ka pāʻani i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi kanikau kūlohelohe maoli, ʻo ke kanikau. I ka hopena, ma o ka string quartet, ua hana ʻia ka hoʻopunipuni o ka leo o kahi papa mele ʻike ʻole e hoʻokani ana i kahi mele kahiko. Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻike a me ke kala, hoʻokani kēia quartet i nā kiʻi o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a L. Shepitko "Ascent" a me "Farewell".

ʻO kekahi o nā hana kupanaha loa a Schnittke ʻo kāna cantata "The History of Dr. Johann Faust" ma muli o kahi kikokikona mai ka "People's Book" i ka makahiki 1587. ʻO ke kiʻi o kahi warlock, kuʻuna no ka moʻomeheu ʻEulopa, nāna i kūʻai aku i kona ʻuhane i ka diabolo no. maikaʻi i ke ola, ua hōʻike ʻia e ka mea haku mele i ka manawa koʻikoʻi loa o kāna mōʻaukala - ka manawa o ka hoʻopaʻi no ka mea a lākou i hana ai, pololei akā weliweli.

Ua hāʻawi ka mea haku mele i ka mana hoʻohiwahiwa i ke mele me ke kōkua o kahi ʻenehana hōʻemi stylistic - ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ke ʻano tango (Mephistopheles' aria, hoʻokani ʻia e ka pop contralto) i loko o ka hopena hope o ka pepehi kanaka.

I ka makahiki 1985, i loko o kahi manawa pōkole loa, ua kākau ʻo Schnittke i 2 o kāna mau hana nui a koʻikoʻi - he Concerto choral ma nā mele a kahi mea noʻonoʻo a me ka haku mele o Armenia o ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO G. Narekatsi a me ka ʻahamele viola. Inā piha ka Concerto a cappella i nā kukui mauna, a laila ua lilo ka Viola Concerto i mea pōʻino kani, i kaulike wale ʻia e ka nani o ke mele. ʻO ka hoʻoikaika nui ʻana mai ka hana i alakaʻi ʻia i kahi pōʻino o ke olakino o ka haku mele. Ua paʻi ʻia ka hoʻi ʻana i ke ola a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka Cello Concerto, i kona manaʻo ʻana he aniani-symmetrical i ka viola: ma ka pauku hope, ʻo ka cello, hoʻonui ʻia e ka uila, e hōʻike ikaika ana i kāna "makemake artistic".

Ke komo nei i ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ua hoʻonui ʻo Schnittke i ka mana noʻonoʻo o ka holoʻokoʻa, e hana ana i kahi mokulele hoʻonaʻauao a me ka semantic me ke mele. Ua hoʻohana ikaika ʻia nā mele kiʻiʻoniʻoni e ia i nā hana ʻaha mele: i ka First Symphony a me ka Suite ma ke ʻano kahiko no ka violin a me ka piano, kani nā mele mai ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni World "Today" ("A ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei au"), i ka concerto Mua. grosso - tango mai "Agony" a me nā kumuhana mai "Butterfly", ma "Three Scenes" no ka leo a me ka percussion - mele mai "Little Tragedies", etc.

ʻO Schnittke kahi mea hana i hana ʻia i nā canvases mele nui, nā manaʻo i ke mele. ʻO nā pilikia o ka honua a me ka moʻomeheu, ka maikaʻi a me ka hewa, ka manaʻoʻiʻo a me ka kānalua, ke ola a me ka make, ka mea e hoʻopiha ai i kāna hana, e hana i nā hana a ka haku Soviet i manaʻo noʻonoʻo.

V. Kholopova