Alt |

Alto (German Alt, Italian alto, mai Latin altus – kiʻekiʻe).

1) ʻO ka lua o ka leo kiʻekiʻe loa ma nā mele ʻehā. Ma kēia ʻano, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "A." ua hoʻohana ʻia mai ka makahiki 15. Ma mua, ma kahi hōʻike leo ʻekolu, ua kapa ʻia ka leo i kani ma luna, a i kekahi manawa ma lalo o ka tenor, ʻo ka countertenor. Me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka leo 4, ua hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o ka countertenor alto a me ka countertenor bass, ma hope i kapa ʻia ʻo alto a me bass. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻehā a cappella (i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 15), ua hana ʻia ka ʻāpana viola e nā kāne. Ma ka papa himeni ekolu. nā helu a i nā wā ma hope (16-17 mau kenekulia), ua hāʻawi ʻia ka hapa nui i kekahi manawa i nā tenors.

2) Māhele i ka papa himeni a i ʻole wok. ensemble, hana ʻia e nā keiki haʻahaʻa a i ʻole nā ​​​​leo wahine haʻahaʻa (mezzo-soprano, contralto). Mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18 i nā mele mele. nā helu ma Italia, a ma hope ma Farani (Grand Opera, Opera Lyric), ka ʻāpana o nā wahine haʻahaʻa. kapa ʻia nā leo mezzo-soprano, a i ʻole soprano waena. Mai ia manawa, nā pāʻina i nā wahine homogeneous. Ua hoomaka na himeni e lawe i ka inoa. nā leo wahine: soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto. In wok.-symp. nā haku mele (koe nae ka Berlioz's Requiem, Rossini's Stabat mater, etc.) a i loko o nā papa mele cappella, ua mālama ʻia ka inoa kahiko, viola.

3) Ma na aina ona. inoa ʻōlelo contralto.

4) Nā leo haʻahaʻa o nā keiki. I ka wā mua, ua kapa ʻia nā leo o nā keikikāne i hīmeni i ka ʻāpana o A. i loko o ka papa himeni, ma hope - kekahi leo mele haʻahaʻa o nā keiki (nā keikikāne a me nā kaikamahine), kona laulā - (g) a – es2 (e2).

5) ʻO ka mea kani kulou (Italian viola, French alto, German Bratsche) o ka ʻohana violin, e noho ana ma waena o ka violin a me ke cello. ʻO ka nui o nā mea nui ma mua o ka violin (he 410 mm ka lōʻihi o ke kino; ua hana nā mea hana kahiko i nā viola a hiki i 460-470 mm ka lōʻihi; i ka makahiki 19 B. ua pālahalaha ʻia nā violin liʻiliʻi - 380-390 mm ka lōʻihi; ʻokoʻa i ka hoihoi na G. Ritter a ma hope aku ua hoʻomohala ʻo L. Tertis i nā hiʻohiʻona nui, ʻaʻole naʻe i hiki i ka nui o ka A. maʻamau). E kūkulu i ka A. i ka hapalima ma lalo o ka violin (c, g, d1, a1); Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻāpana o A. i nā clef alto a me treble. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka violin ka mea kani mua loa o ka hui violin (i ʻike ʻia i ka hopena o ka 15th a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia 16). ʻOkoʻa ka leo o A. mai ka violin i kona nui, contralto leo ma ka papa inoa haʻahaʻa a me kahi kani "oboe" ihu ma luna. Hana ma A. ʻenehana wikiwiki. ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā paukū ma mua o ka violin. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo A. ma kam. instr. ensembles (mahele mau o ka bow quartet), symphony. nā orkestra, emi pinepine ma ke ʻano he conc solo. mea paahana. Conc. hoʻomaka nā pāʻani no A. i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 18. (conc. symphony for violin and viola with orchestra by WA ​​Mozart, concertos by J. Stamitz of the brothers K. and A. Stamitz, GF Telemann, JS Bach, JKF Bach, M Haydn, A. Rolls, variations for violin a me viola na IE Khandoshkin a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Ua kākau ʻo Sonata no A. iā MI Glinka. I ka 20th century concertos a me sonatas no A. ua hanaia e B. Bartok, P. Hindemith, W. Walton, S. Forsythe, A. Bax, A. Bliss, D. Milhaud, A. Honegger, BN Kryukov, BI Zeidman , RS Bunin a me nā mea ʻē aʻe; aia nā conc. pāʻani no A. a ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā violists koʻikoʻi: K. Uran (Palani), O. Nedbal (Czech Republic), P. Hindemith (Kelemānia), L. Tertis (ʻEnelani), W. Primrose (USA), VR Bakaleinikov (Russia), VV Borisovsky (USSR) . ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoʻokani pila koʻikoʻi i kekahi manawa ma ke ʻano he violists - N. Paganini, mai nā pueo. violinists - DF Oistrakh.

6) ʻO nā ʻano Alto o kekahi mau orcs. nā mea kani makani - flugelhorns (A., a i ʻole altohorn) a me nā saxhorn, clarinet (basset horn), oboe (alto oboe, a i ʻole horn English), trombone (alto trombone).

7) Nā ʻano like ʻole o ka domra.

E hoʻomaopopo ': Struve BA, Ke kaʻina hana o nā viols a me nā violins, M., 1959; Grinberg MM, palapala viola Lūkini, M., 1967; Straeten E. van der, Ka viola, “The Strad”, XXIII, 1912; Clarke R., Ka moolelo o ka viola ma ka palapala Quartet, "ML", IV, 1923, No 1; Altmann W., Borislowsky W., Literaturverzeichnis für Bratsche und Viola d'amore, Wolfenbüttel, 1937; Thors B. and Shore B., The viola, L., 1946; Zeyringer Fr., Literatur für Viola, Kassel, 1963, Ergänzungsband, 1965, Kassel, 1966.

IG Litsvenko, L. Ya. Raaben