Franz Schubert |

ʻO Franz Schubert

ʻO ka hilinaʻi, ka pololei, ka hiki ʻole ke kumakaia, ka launa pū ʻana, ke kamaʻilio ʻana i ke ʻano hauʻoli - ʻo wai ka mea i ʻike ʻokoʻa iā ia? Mai ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana o nā hoaaloha

ʻO F. Schubert ka haku mele aloha nui mua loa. ʻO ke aloha poetic a me ka hauʻoli maʻemaʻe o ke ola, ka manaʻolana a me ke anuanu o ka mehameha, ka makemake i ka maikaʻi, ka make wai no ka auwana a me ka hope ʻole o ka hele ʻana - ua loaʻa kēia mau mea i kahi leo i ka hana a ka mea haku mele, i kāna mau mele kūlohelohe. ʻO ka wehe ʻana o ka manaʻo o ka manaʻo aloha honua, ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka haʻi ʻana i hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ke ʻano o ke mele i kahi kiʻekiʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia a hiki i kēlā manawa: ua lilo kēia ʻano lua ma mua o Schubert i kumu o ka honua artistic. Ma ke mele mele, hiki i ka mea haku mele ke hōʻike i nā manaʻo holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kāna makana melodic pau ʻole i hiki iā ia ke haku i kekahi mau mele i ka lā (ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 600). Hoʻokomo pū nā mele mele i nā mele mea kani, no ka laʻana, ʻo ke mele "Wanderer" i lilo i mea waiwai no ka piano fantasy o ka inoa like, a me "Trout" - no ka quintet, etc.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Schubert i loko o ka ʻohana kumu kula. Ua hōʻike ke keikikāne i nā mana mele koʻikoʻi i ke kakahiaka nui a ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo ia e aʻo i ka lawehala (1808-13). Ma laila ʻo ia i hīmeni ai i ka papa himeni, aʻo ʻo ia i ke kumumanaʻo mele ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a A. Salieri, hoʻokani ʻo ia ma ka ʻaha mele haumāna a alakaʻi.

I loko o ka ʻohana Schubert (a me ka German burgher environment ma ka laulā) makemake lākou i ke mele, akā ʻae ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he leʻaleʻa; ʻaʻole i lawa ka hanohano o ka ʻoihana hoʻokani pila. Pono ka haku haku mele hou e hahai i ka wāwae o kona makuakāne. No kekahi mau makahiki (1814-18) ua hoʻonanea ʻo Schubert i ka hana kula mai ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, akā ua haku ʻo ia i kahi helu nui loa. Inā ʻike mau ʻia ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o nā mele Viennese (ʻoi loa ʻo WA Mozart) i ke mele mele, a laila ma ke ʻano mele, ua hana ka mea haku mele i ka makahiki 17 i nā hana i hōʻike piha i kona ʻano pilikino. Na ka poetry a JW Goethe i hooikaika ia Schubert e hana i na haku hana e like me Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel, The Forest King, na mele mai Wilhelm Meister, etc.

Ke makemake nei e hoʻolaʻa iā ia iho i ka mele, haʻalele ʻo Schubert i ka hana ma ke kula (ua alakaʻi ʻia kēia i ka hoʻomaha i ka pilina me kona makuakāne) a neʻe i Vienna (1818). Ke waiho nei nā kumu ola e like me nā haʻawina pilikino a me ka paʻi ʻana i nā moʻolelo. ʻAʻole ʻo ia he pianist virtuoso, ʻaʻole hiki iā Schubert ke maʻalahi (e like me F. Chopin a i ʻole F. Liszt) i lanakila i kahi inoa nona iho i ka honua mele a pēlā e hoʻolaha ai i ka kaulana o kāna mele. ʻAʻole i kākoʻo ke ʻano o ka haku mele i kēia, ʻo kona piha piha ʻana i ka haku mele, haʻahaʻa a, i ka manawa like, ʻo ke kūpaʻa hoʻomohala kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻaʻole i ʻae i nā kuʻikahi. Akā, ua loaʻa iā ia ka ʻike a me ke kākoʻo ma waena o nā hoaaloha. Hoʻohui ʻia kahi pōʻai o nā ʻōpio ʻōpio a puni iā ​​Schubert, pono e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia lālā kekahi ʻano kālena noʻeau (He aha kāna e hana ai? ʻO ka poʻe i komo i ka Schubertiads i lilo i poʻe hoʻolohe mua, a he mau hoa kākau pinepine (I. Mayrhofer, I. Zenn, F. Grillparzer) o nā mele nani o ke poʻo o kā lākou pōʻai. ʻO nā kamaʻilio a me nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa hahana e pili ana i ke kiʻi, ke akeakamai, ka politika i hoʻololi ʻia me nā hula, kahi i kākau ai ʻo Schubert i nā mele he nui, a hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine. Minuets, ecossaises, polonaises, landdlers, polkas, gallops - ʻo ia ka pōʻai o nā ʻano hula, akā piʻi ka waltzes ma luna o nā mea āpau - ʻaʻole hula wale nō, akā nā mele liʻiliʻi. Psychologizing ka hula, hoohuli ia i kiʻi poetic o ke ano, Schubert anticipates na waltzes o F. Chopin, M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, S. Prokofiev. ʻO kekahi lālā o ka pōʻai, ʻo ka mea mele kaulana ʻo M. Vogl, i hoʻolaha i nā mele a Schubert ma ke kahua ʻaha mele a, me ka mea kākau, kaʻahele i nā kūlanakauhale o Austria.

Ua ulu aʻe ko Schubert akamai mai loko mai o kahi kuʻuna mele lōʻihi ma Vienna. ʻO ke kula kahiko (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven), ka moʻolelo multinational, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā mana o ka Hungarians, Slavs, Italians ma ke kumu Austro-German, a hope loa, ka predilection kūikawā o ka Viennese no ka hula, ka hana mele home. - ua hoʻoholo kēia mau mea i ke ʻano o ka hana a Schubert.

ʻO ka lā kiʻekiʻe o ko Schubert noʻonoʻo - nā makahiki 20. I kēia manawa, ua hana ʻia nā mea kani maikaʻi loa: ʻo ka lyric-dramatic "Unfinished" symphony (1822) a me ka epic, life-affirming symphony ma C major (ka hope, ʻEiwa i ka lālani). ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā symphonies ʻelua no ka manawa lōʻihi: ua ʻike ʻia ka C major e R. Schumann i ka makahiki 1838, a ʻo ka Unfinished i loaʻa i ka makahiki 1865 wale nō. ʻAʻole i lohe ʻo Schubert i kekahi o kāna mau symphonies i hana ʻoihana.

Nui nā pilikia a me nā hemahema me nā hana opera. ʻOiai kēia, kākau mau ʻo Schubert no ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni (e pili ana i 20 mau hana i ka nui) - operas, singspiel, mele no ka pāʻani a V. Chesi "Rosamund". Hana pū ʻo ia i nā hana ʻuhane (me 2 mau nui). He mea kupaianaha i ka hohonu a me ka hopena, ua kākau ʻia nā mele e Schubert ma nā ʻano keʻena (22 piano sonatas, 22 quartets, ma kahi o 40 mau hui ʻē aʻe). ʻO kāna mau manawa impromptu (8) a me nā manawa mele (6) i hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka miniatur piano aloha. ʻIke ʻia nā mea hou ma ka haku mele. 2 mau puʻupuʻu leo ​​i nā paukū na W. Muller – 2 mau ʻanuʻu o ke ala ola o ke kanaka.

ʻO ka mea mua o lākou - "The Beautiful Miller's Woman" (1823) - he ʻano "novel in songs", i uhi ʻia e kahi papa hoʻokahi. ʻO kahi kanaka'ōpiopio, piha i ka ikaika a me ka manaʻolana, hele i ka hauʻoli. ʻO ke ʻano o ka pūnāwai, kahi kahawai ʻakaʻaka - hana nā mea āpau i kahi ʻano hauʻoli. Hoʻololi koke ʻia ka hilinaʻi e kahi nīnau aloha, ʻo ka leʻaleʻa o ka mea ʻike ʻole: Ma hea? Akā i kēia manawa ke alakaʻi nei ke kahawai i ke kanaka ʻōpio i ka wili. ʻO ke aloha i ke kaikamahine a ka mea wili, ua hoʻololi ʻia kona mau manawa hauʻoli e ka hopohopo, nā ʻeha o ka lili a me ka ʻawaʻawa o ka kumakaia. I loko o ka ʻōhumu mālie a me nā kahawai lulling o ke kahawai, ʻike ka meʻe i ka maluhia a me ka hōʻoluʻolu.

ʻO ka lua o ka pōʻai - "Winter Way" (1827) - he pūʻulu o nā hoʻomanaʻo kanikau o kahi mea hele mehameha e pili ana i ke aloha i hoʻokō ʻole ʻia, nā manaʻo pōʻino, i kekahi manawa i hoʻopili ʻia me nā moeʻuhane ʻālohilohi. Ma ka mele hope loa, "The Organ Grinder", ua hana ʻia ke kiʻi o kahi mea hoʻokani mele auwana, mau loa a me ka monotonously wili i kāna hurdy-gurdy a ʻaʻohe wahi e ʻike ai i kahi pane a i ʻole kahi hopena. ʻO kēia keʻano o ke ala o Schubert pono'ī, ua maʻi nui loa, ua luhi i ka nele mau, ka hana nui a me ka manaʻoʻole i kāna hana. Ua kapa ka mea haku mele i nā mele o "Winter Way" "weliweli".

ʻO ka lei aliʻi o ka hoʻokumu leo ​​- "Swan Song" - kahi hōʻiliʻili o nā mele i nā huaʻōlelo o nā haku mele like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo G. Heine, ka mea i huli kokoke i ka "hope" Schubert, ka mea i manaʻo i ka "māhele o ka honua" hou aku. ʻoi aku ka ʻeha. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole loa ʻo Schubert, ʻoiai i nā makahiki hope o kona ola, i pani iā ​​​​ia iho i loko o nā ʻano pōʻino kaumaha ("ʻo ka ʻeha e hoʻokala i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka huhū," kākau ʻo ia i kāna diary). ʻO ka laulā a me ka manaʻo o nā huaʻōlelo a Schubert ʻaʻole palena ʻole - pane ʻo ia i nā mea āpau e hoʻohauʻoli ai i kēlā me kēia kanaka, ʻoiai ke piʻi mau nei ka ʻoi o nā ʻano like ʻole (ʻo ka monologue tragic "Double" a ma hope o ia - ka "Serenade" kaulana). ʻIke ʻo Schubert i nā manaʻo hoʻomohala hou aʻe i ka mele a Beethoven, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua kamaʻāina ʻo ia i kekahi o nā hana a kāna ʻōpio hou a mahalo nui iā lākou. ʻAʻole naʻe i ʻae ka haʻahaʻa a me ka hilahila iā Schubert e hālāwai pilikino me kāna kiʻi (i kekahi lā ua huli ʻo ia ma ka puka pono o ka hale o Beethoven).

ʻO ka holomua o ka ʻaha mele a ka mea kākau mua (a ʻo ia wale nō), i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i kekahi mau mahina ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua hoʻohuli hope i ka manaʻo o ke kaiāulu mele. ʻO kāna mau mele, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mele, hoʻomaka e laha wikiwiki a puni ʻEulopa, e ʻimi ana i ke ala pōkole loa i ka puʻuwai o ka poʻe hoʻolohe. He mana nui kona i nā haku mele Romantic o nā hanauna e hiki mai ana. Me ka ʻole o nā mea i ʻike ʻia e Schubert, hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo iā Schumann, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov, Mahler. Ua hoʻopiha ʻo ia i ke mele me ka pumehana a me ka wikiwiki o nā mele mele, hōʻike i ka honua uhane pau ʻole o ke kanaka.

K. Zenkin

• ʻO ke ola a me ka hana a Schubert →
• Nā mele o Schubert →
• Hana ka piano a Schubert →
• Nā hana symphonic a Schubert →
• Chamber-instrumental creativity o Schubert →
• ʻO ka hana mele a Schubert →
• Mele no ke kahua →
• Ka papa inoa o nā hana a Schubert →

Ua manaʻo ʻia ko Schubert ola hana ʻana he ʻumikūmāhiku mau makahiki wale nō. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana i nā mea a pau āna i kākau ai ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana i nā hana a Mozart, nona ke ala hana ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi. E like me Mozart, ʻaʻole i kāpae ʻo Schubert i kekahi wahi o ke kiʻi mele. ʻO kekahi o kāna mau hoʻoilina (ʻo ka nui o nā hana opera a me nā hana ʻuhane) ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka manawa ponoʻī. Akā i loko o kahi mele a i ʻole symphony, i loko o kahi piano miniature a i ʻole ke keʻena keʻena, ʻo nā mea maikaʻi loa o ke akamai o Schubert, ka wikiwiki a me ke ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo aloha, ka pumehana lyrical a me ka ʻimi ʻana o kahi kanaka noʻonoʻo o ke kenekulia XNUMX.

Ma kēia mau wahi o ka haku mele, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hana hou a Schubert me ka wiwo ʻole a me ka laulā. ʻO ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi lyrical instrumental, the romantic symphony - lyrical-dramatic and epic. Hoʻololi maoli ʻo Schubert i ka ʻike kiʻi i nā ʻano mele nui o ke keʻena: i nā sonatas piano, nā quartets string. ʻO ka hope loa, ʻo ka brainchild maoli o Schubert he mele, ʻo ka hana ʻana o ia mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai kona inoa ponoʻī.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka mele a Schubert ma ka lepo Viennese, i hoʻomoʻa ʻia e ke akamai o Haydn, Mozart, Gluck, Beethoven. Akā, ʻaʻole ʻo Vienna wale nō nā mele i hōʻike ʻia e kāna mau kukui, akā ʻo ke ola waiwai o nā mele o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ka moʻomeheu mele o ke kapikala o kahi aupuni multinational ua lōʻihi ka hopena i ka hopena o kona heluna lehulehu a me ka lehulehu. ʻO ka hele ʻana a me ka komo ʻana o Austrian, Hungarian, German, Slavic folklore me nā kenekulia o ka hoʻemi ʻole ʻana o nā melos Italia i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻono mele Viennese. ʻO ka maʻalahi a me ka māmā, ka ʻike a me ka lokomaikaʻi, ka ʻoliʻoli a me ka dynamics o ke ola alanui ola, ka ʻakaʻaka maikaʻi a me ka maʻalahi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka hula i waiho i kahi hiʻohiʻona i nā mele o kēlā me kēia lā o Vienna.

ʻO ka democratism o Austrian folk music, ka mele o Vienna, ua hoʻohauʻoli i ka hana a Haydn a me Mozart, ua ʻike pū ʻo Beethoven i kona mana, e like me Schubert - he keiki o kēia moʻomeheu. No kāna kūpaʻa iā ia, pono ʻo ia e hoʻolohe i nā ʻōlelo hōʻino mai nā hoaaloha. ʻO nā mele a Schubert "ke kani nei hoʻi i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka Austrian, - kākau ʻo Bauernfeld, - ua like ia me nā mele ʻōiwi, ʻo ka leo haʻahaʻa a me ka puʻupuʻu ʻino ʻaʻohe kumu kūpono no ke komo ʻana i kahi mele mele. No kēia ʻano hoʻohewa, ua pane ʻo Schubert: “He aha kāu i maopopo ai? Penei ka pono!” ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻōlelo ʻo Schubert i ka ʻōlelo o ke ʻano mele, noʻonoʻo i kāna mau kiʻi; mai iā lākou e ulu ai nā hana o nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻolālā like ʻole. I loko o ka laulā ākea o nā leo mele i oʻo i ke ola mele o kēlā me kēia lā o ka poʻe burghers, i loko o ke kaiapuni democratic o ke kūlanakauhale a me nā wahi e pili ana - ka lāhui o kā Schubert hana. Hōʻike ʻia ka symphony lyrical-dramatic "Unfinished" ma ke mele a me ke kumu hula. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻano mea ma ka canvas epic o ka symphony "Great" ma C-dur a ma kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kani.

Ua komo ka mea mele i nā wahi a pau o kāna hana. Hoʻokumu ke mele mele i kumu kumu o nā haku mele a Schubert. No ka laʻana, ma ka piano fantasy ma ke kumuhana o ke mele "Wanderer", ma ka piano quintet "Trout", kahi i lilo ai ke mele o ke mele o ka inoa hoʻokahi i ke kumuhana no nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hopena, i ka d-moll. quartet, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ke mele "Death and the Maiden". Akā i nā hana ʻē aʻe i pili ʻole i nā kumuhana o nā mele kikoʻī - i nā sonatas, i nā symphonies - ʻo ka hale waihona mele o ka thematism e hoʻoholo i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hale, nā ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea.

No laila, he mea maʻamau, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ala haku mele a Schubert i hōʻailona ʻia e ka nui o nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo i hoʻoikaika i nā hoʻokolohua ma nā wahi a pau o ke kiʻi mele, ʻo ia ka mea mua ma ka mele. Aia i loko o ia mea, ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ʻālohilohi nā hiʻohiʻona o kāna kālena mele me kahi pāʻani nani.

"Ma waena o nā mele ʻaʻole no ka hale keaka, ʻaʻole no ka halepule, ʻaʻole no ka ʻaha mele, aia kahi keʻena kupaianaha - nā mele a me nā mele no ka leo hoʻokahi me ka piano. Mai kahi mele maʻalahi a hui pū ʻia, ua ulu kēia ʻano i nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi-monologues, e ʻae ai i ka makemake a me ka hohonu o ke keaka ʻuhane. Ua hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia kēia ʻano mele ma Kelemania, ma ke akamai o Franz Schubert, "i kākau ai ʻo AN Serov.

ʻO Schubert ka "nightingale and the swan of song" (BV Asafiev). Aia i loko o ke mele kona ʻano hana hana a pau. ʻO ka mele Schubert kahi ʻano palena e hoʻokaʻawale i ke mele o ka romanticism mai ke mele o ka classicism. ʻO ke au o ke mele, aloha, i hoʻomaka ʻia mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX, he hanana pan-European, "hiki ke kapa ʻia ma ka inoa o ka haku nui o ke mele democratic kūlanakauhale-romance Schubert - Schubertianism" (BV Asafiev). Ua like ka wahi o ka mele ma ka hana a Schubert me ke kūlana o ka fugue ma Bach a i ʻole ka sonata ma Beethoven. Wahi a BV Asafiev, ua hana ʻo Schubert ma ke kahua mele i ka mea a Beethoven i hana ai ma ke kahua o ka symphony. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Beethoven i nā manaʻo koa o kona au; ʻO Schubert, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he mele o "nā manaʻo kūlohelohe maʻalahi a me ke kanaka hohonu." Ma o ka honua o nā manaʻo lyrical i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ke mele, hōʻike ʻo ia i kona ʻano i ke ola, nā kānaka, ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a puni.

ʻO Lyricism ke kumu nui o ke ʻano hoʻomohala o Schubert. He ākea ka laulā o nā kumuhana mele i kāna hana. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ke aloha, me ka waiwai a pau o kāna mau mele mele, i kekahi manawa hauʻoli, i kekahi manawa kaumaha, ua hui pū ʻia me ke kumumanaʻo o ka auwana, kaʻauwana, ka loneliness, e hoʻopiha ana i nā kiʻi aloha a pau, me ke kumuhana o ke ʻano. ʻAʻole ʻo Nature i ka hana a Schubert he kumu e kū ai kekahi moʻolelo a i ʻole kekahi mau hanana i hana ʻia: "hana kanaka", a me ka radiation o nā manaʻo kanaka, e pili ana i ko lākou ʻano, kala i nā kiʻi o ke ʻano, hāʻawi iā lākou i kēia a i kēlā ʻano. a me ke kala like ʻana.

Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā mele a Schubert. I loko o nā makahiki, ua emi ka manaʻo o ka ʻōpio naive, ka ʻike idyllic o ke ola a me ke ʻano ma mua o ka pono o kahi mea pena kanaka makua e noʻonoʻo i nā kūʻē maoli o ka honua a puni. ʻO ia ʻano hoʻololi i alakaʻi ʻia i ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano noʻonoʻo i ka mele a Schubert, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana keaka a me ka hōʻike weliweli.

No laila, ua ala mai nā ʻokoʻa o ka pōʻeleʻele a me ka mālamalama, nā hoʻololi pinepine ʻana mai ka manaʻolana a i ka manaʻolana, mai ka melancholy a i ka leʻaleʻa puʻuwai maʻalahi, mai nā kiʻi hoʻohiwahiwa a i nā kiʻi nani a me ka noʻonoʻo. Aneane i ka manawa like, ua hana ʻo Schubert ma ka lyrical-tragic "Unfinished" symphony a me nā mele ʻoliʻoli ʻōpio o "The Beautiful Miller's Woman". ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pili ʻana o nā "mele weliweli" o "The Winter Road" me ka maʻalahi o ka piano impromptu hope loa.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i nā kumu o ke kaumaha a me ke kaumaha kaumaha, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā mele hope loa ("Winter Way", kekahi mau mele i nā huaʻōlelo a Heine), ʻaʻole hiki ke uhi i ka mana nui o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke ola, ʻo ia ka lokahi kiʻekiʻe a ka mele a Schubert e lawe ai i loko ona.

V. Galatskaya

ʻO Schubert lāua ʻo Beethoven. ʻO Schubert - ke aloha Viennese mua

He ʻōpio ʻo Schubert i kēia manawa o Beethoven. No nā makahiki he ʻumikūmālima, noho lāua ʻelua ma Vienna, e hana ana i kā lākou mau hana koʻikoʻi i ka manawa like. ʻO kā Schubert "Marguerite at the Spinning Wheel" a me "The Tsar of the Forest" he "makahiki like" me Beethoven's Seventh and Eighth Symphonies. I ka manawa like me ka Ninth Symphony a me Beethoven's Solemn Mass, ua haku ʻo Schubert i ka Unfinished Symphony a me ke mele mele ʻo The Beautiful Miller's Girl.

Akā ʻo kēia hoʻohālikelike wale nō e ʻae iā mākou e ʻike e kamaʻilio ana mākou i nā hana o nā ʻano mele like ʻole. ʻAʻole like me Beethoven, ua hele mai ʻo Schubert i mua ma ke ʻano he mea pena kiʻi ʻaʻole i loko o nā makahiki o nā kipi kipi, akā i kēlā manawa koʻikoʻi i hiki mai ai ke au o ka nohona a me ka politika e pani iā ​​​​ia. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo Schubert i ka hanohano a me ka mana o nā mele a Beethoven, kona ʻano ʻano kipi a me ka hohonu o ke akeakamai me nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, nā kiʻi o ke ola democratic - homely, pilipili, ma nā ʻano he nui e hoʻomanaʻo ana i kahi improvisation i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a i ʻole kahi ʻaoʻao o kahi diary poetic. ʻO nā hana a Beethoven lāua ʻo Schubert, e like me ka manawa, ʻokoʻa kekahi i kekahi ma ke ʻano like me ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano ideological holomua o nā au like ʻole ʻelua - ke au o ka French Revolution a me ka manawa o ka Ahaolelo o Vienna. Ua hoʻopau ʻo Beethoven i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kenekulia kahiko o ka classicism mele. ʻO Schubert ka haku mele Viennese Romantic mua.

Ua pili kekahi o ko Schubert me ko Weber. ʻO ka romanticism o nā mea pena kiʻi ʻelua he kumu maʻamau. ʻO ka "Magic Shooter" a Weber a me nā mele a Schubert he hua like ia o ka piʻi ʻana o ke aupuni democratic i kāʻili iā Kelemania a me Austria i ka wā o nā kaua hoʻokuʻu aupuni. Ua hōʻike ʻo Schubert, e like me Weber, i nā ʻano ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo o kona poʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻo ia ka ʻelele maikaʻi loa o ka moʻomeheu ʻōiwi Viennese o kēia wā. ʻO kāna mele, he keiki ia na Vienna democratic e like me nā waltzes a Lanner lāua ʻo Strauss-makua i hoʻokani ʻia i loko o nā hale kīʻaha, e like me nā pāʻani moʻolelo moʻolelo a me nā mele na Ferdinand Raimund, e like me nā ʻahaʻaina poʻe ma ka pā Prater. ʻAʻole mele wale ʻo Schubert i ka mele o ke ola o ka poʻe, ua hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia ma laila. A i loko o nā ʻano moʻomeheu i hōʻike mua ʻia ke akamai o ka romanticism Viennese.

I ka manawa like, ua hoʻohana ʻo Schubert i ka manawa holoʻokoʻa o kāna ʻano ʻano hana ma Metternich's Vienna. A ʻo kēia kūlana i hoʻoholo nui i ke ʻano o kāna hana.

Ma Austria, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi ʻōlelo maikaʻi o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka lāhui-patriotic e like me Kelemania a i ʻole Italia, a ʻo ka hopena i paʻa i loko o ʻEulopa ma hope o ka ʻaha kūkā o Vienna i manaʻo i kahi ʻano pōʻino ma laila. ʻO ka lewa o ka hoʻoluhi noʻonoʻo a me ka "condensed haze of prejudice" i kūʻē ʻia e nā manaʻo maikaʻi loa o ko mākou manawa. Akā ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka despotism, ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hana kaiāulu. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ikaika o ka poʻe a ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā ʻano hōʻike kūpono.

Hiki iā Schubert ke kū'ē i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻino wale nō me ka waiwai o ka honua i loko o ke "kanaka liʻiliʻi". Ma kāna hana ʻaʻole ʻo "The Magic Shooter", ʻaʻole ʻo "William Tell", ʻaʻole ʻo "Pebbles" - ʻo ia hoʻi, nā hana i hele i lalo i ka mōʻaukala ma ke ʻano he poʻe komo pololei i ka hakakā a me ke aloha aloha. I nā makahiki i hānau ʻia ai ʻo Ivan Susanin ma Rūsia, ua kani ʻia kahi mele aloha o ka mehameha ma ka hana a Schubert.

Eia naʻe, hana ʻo Schubert ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomau i nā kuʻuna democratic a Beethoven i kahi kūlana mōʻaukala hou. Ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka mele i ka waiwai o nā manaʻo puʻuwai i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mele mele, ua pane ʻo Schubert i nā noi ideological o ka poʻe holomua o kāna hanauna. Ma ke ʻano he haku mele, ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i ka hohonu o ka manaʻo a me ka mana noʻeau kūpono i ka hana a Beethoven. Hoʻomaka ʻo Schubert i ka wā lyric-romantic i ke mele.

ʻO ka hopena o ka hoʻoilina Schubert

Ma hope o ka make ʻana o Schubert, hoʻomaka ka paʻi ʻana o kāna mau mele. Ua komo lākou i nā kihi a pau o ka honua moʻomeheu. ʻO ia hoʻi, ma Rūsia, ua hoʻolaha nui ʻia nā mele a Schubert i waena o ka poʻe naʻauao democratic Rūsia ma mua o ka kipa ʻana i nā mea hoʻokani malihini, e hoʻokani ana me nā transcriptions virtuoso instrumental, ua lilo ia i mea ʻano o ia lā. ʻO nā inoa o nā connoisseurs mua o Schubert ka mea akamai loa i ka moʻomeheu o Rūsia i nā makahiki 30 a me 40. Aia ma waena o lākou ʻo AI Herzen, VG Belinsky, NV Stankevich, AV Koltsov, VF Odoevsky, M. Yu. Lermontov a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Ma kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea hana a Schubert, i hana ʻia i ka wanaʻao o ka romanticism, kani ʻia ma ke kahua ʻaha mele ākea wale nō mai ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMX.

He ʻumi makahiki ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka haku mele, ʻo kekahi o kāna mau mea kani (ʻo ka Ninth Symphony i ʻike ʻia e Schumann) i lawe mai iā ia i ka manaʻo o ke kaiāulu honua ma ke ʻano he symphonist. I nā makahiki 50 mua, ua paʻi ʻia kahi quintet nui C, a ma hope he octet. I Dekemaba 1865, ua ʻike ʻia a hoʻokani ʻia ka "Unfinished Symphony". A ʻelua makahiki ma hope mai, i loko o nā hale kūʻai haʻahaʻa o kahi hale hoʻopuka Viennese, "ʻeli" nā mea pā a Schubert kokoke i kāna mau palapala poina ʻē aʻe (me nā symphonies ʻelima, "Rosamund" a me nā keaka ʻē aʻe. a me ke aloha). Mai ia manawa mai, ua lilo ka hoʻoilina Schubert i mea nui o ka moʻomeheu noʻeau honua.

V. Konen

• ʻO ke ola a me ka hana a Schubert →