Richard Strauss |
ʻO Richard Strauss
Strauss Richard. "Pela i olelo mai ai o Zarathustra." Hoʻolauna
Makemake wau e lawe mai i ka hauʻoli a pono wau iaʻu iho. R. Strauss
R. Strauss - kekahi o nā mea haku mele Kelemānia nui loa, ka manawa o nā kenekulia XIX-XX. Me G. Mahler, ʻo ia kekahi o nā alakaʻi alakaʻi maikaʻi loa o kona manawa. Ua hele pū ka hanohano me ia mai kona wā ʻōpiopio a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola ʻana. ʻO ka manaʻo wiwo ʻole o ka ʻōpio Strauss i hoʻouka kaua a me nā kūkākūkā. I ka 20-30s. Ua haʻi aku nā poʻokela o ke kenekulia XNUMX i ka hana kahiko a ka mea haku mele. Eia naʻe, ʻoiai naʻe, ua ola kāna mau hana maikaʻi loa i nā makahiki he mau makahiki a ua paʻa i ko lākou nani a me ka waiwai a hiki i kēia lā.
He mea hoʻokani mele hoʻoilina, ua hānau ʻia ʻo Strauss a hānai ʻia ma kahi ʻano hana kiʻi. ʻO kona makuakāne he mea hoʻokani pu kiwi maikaʻi loa a ua hana ʻo ia ma ka Munich Court Orchestra. ʻO ka makuahine, ka mea i hele mai i ka ʻohana o kahi mea inu waiʻona, he maikaʻi ke mele mele. Ua loaʻa i ka mea haku mele e hiki mai ana kāna mau haʻawina mele mua iā ia i kona wā he 4 mau makahiki. Ua hoʻokani ka ʻohana i nā mele he nui, no laila ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka hōʻike mua ʻana o ke kālena mele a ke keikikāne: i ka makahiki 6 ua haku ʻo ia i kekahi mau pāʻani a hoʻāʻo e kākau i kahi overture no ka orchestra. I ka manawa like me nā haʻawina mele home, lawe ʻo Richard i kahi papa haʻuki, aʻo i ka mōʻaukala noʻeau a me ke akeakamai ma ke Kulanui o Munich. Ua hāʻawi ʻo F. Mayer i ke alakaʻi o Munich i nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka lokahi, ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano, a me ka hoʻokani pila. ʻO ke komo ʻana i kahi orkestra amateur i hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mea kani, a ua hoʻokō koke ʻia nā hoʻokolohua a ka haku mele mua. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mele lanakila ʻaʻole pono ke kanaka ʻōpio e komo i ka conservatory.
Ua kākau ʻia nā haku mele mua a Strauss i loko o ke ʻano o ka romanticism moderate, akā ʻo ka mea hoʻokani piano a me ke alakaʻi koʻikoʻi ʻo G. Bülow, ʻo E. Hanslik a me. Ua ʻike ʻo I. Brahms i loko o lākou i ka lokomaikaʻi nui o ke kanaka ʻōpio.
Ma ka ʻōlelo aʻo a Bülow, lilo ʻo Strauss i hope nona - ke poʻo o ka ʻaha mele o ke Duke o Saxe-Meidingen. Aka, ua piha ka ikehu o ka mea hookani pila opio iloko o na panalaau, a haalele iho la oia i ke kulanakauhale, a nee aku i ke kulana o ke kolu o Kapellmeister ma ka Hale Opere o Munich. ʻO kahi huakaʻi i Italia i waiho i kahi manaʻo maikaʻi, i ʻike ʻia i ka symphonic fantasy "Mai Italia" (1886), ʻo ka hopena hope loa i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia. Ma hope o 3 mau makahiki, hele ʻo Strauss e lawelawe ma ka Weimar Court Theatre a, i ka manawa like me ka hoʻokani opera, kākau ʻo ia i kāna mele symphonic Don Juan (1889), ka mea i hoʻokau iā ia i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi o ka honua. Ua kākau ʻo Bülow: "Don Juan ..." ʻaʻole i lohe ʻia o ka kūleʻa. ʻO ka Strauss orchestra no ka manawa mua i ʻālohilohi ma ʻaneʻi me ka mana o nā waihoʻoluʻu o Rubens, a i ka meʻe leʻaleʻa o ka mele, ua ʻike ka poʻe he nui i ke kiʻi ponoʻī o ka mea haku mele ponoʻī. I ka makahiki 1889-98. Hoʻokumu ʻo Strauss i nā mele symphonic he nui: "Til Ulenspiegel", "Thus spoke Zarathustra", "The Life of a Hero", "Death and Enlightenment", "Don Quixote". Ua hōʻike lākou i ke kālena nui o ka mea haku mele ma nā ʻano he nui: nani nani, kani ʻālohilohi o ka orkestra, wiwo ʻole o ka ʻōlelo mele. ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka "Home Symphony" (1903) e hoʻopau i ka manawa "symphonic" o ka hana a Strauss.
Mai kēia manawa, hoʻolaʻa ka mea haku mele iā ia iho i ka opera. ʻO kāna mau hoʻokolohua mua ma kēia ʻano ("Guntram" a me "Me ke ahi ʻole") e loaʻa i nā ʻike o ka mana o R. Wagner nui, no kāna hana titanic Strauss, ma kāna mau ʻōlelo, he "mahalo palena ʻole".
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia, ua laha ka kaulana o Strauss a puni ka honua. ʻO kāna mau hana keaka a Mozart lāua ʻo Wagner i manaʻo ʻia he hiʻohiʻona. Ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi symphonic Strauss i huakaʻi i ʻEnelani, Farani, Pelekania, Holani, Italia a me Sepania. I ka makahiki 1896, ua mahalo 'ia kāna talena ma Moscow, kahi āna i kipa aku ai me nā 'aha mele. I ka makahiki 1898, ua kono ʻia ʻo Strauss i ka pou o ke alakaʻi o ka Hale Hoʻokolokolo ʻo Berlin. He kūlana koʻikoʻi kāna i ke ola mele; hoʻonohonoho i kahi hui o nā mea haku mele Kelemania, ua kiʻi ʻia e ka pelekikena o ka General German Musical Union, hoʻopuka i kahi bila e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i nā kuleana kope o nā haku mele i ka Reichstag. Ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ia i hālāwai ai me R. Rolland lāua ʻo G. Hofmannsthal, he haku mele a me ka mea hana keaka ʻo Austrian, kahi āna i hui pū ai no 30 mau makahiki.
I ka makahiki 1903-08. Hoʻokumu ʻo Strauss i ka opera Salome (ma muli o ke keaka a O. Wilde) a me Elektra (ma muli o ka pōʻino a G. Hofmannsthal). I loko o lākou, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka mea haku mele mai ka mana o Wagner.
ʻO nā moʻolelo Baibala a me nā moʻolelo kahiko i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻelele koʻikoʻi o ka decadence ʻEulopa e loaʻa i kahi kala nani a hoʻoweliweli, e hōʻike ana i ka pōʻino o ka emi ʻana o nā lāhui kahiko. ʻO ka ʻōlelo mele wiwo ʻole o Strauss, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma "Electra", kahi i hiki ai i ka haku mele, ma kāna mau ʻōlelo ponoʻī, "hiki i nā palena loa ... o ka hiki ke ʻike i nā pepeiao o kēia wā," hoʻonāukiuki i ka kūʻē ʻana mai nā mea hoʻokani a me nā mea hoʻohewa. Akā ʻaʻole i liuliu, hoʻomaka nā opera ʻelua i kā lākou huakaʻi lanakila ma nā pae o ʻEulopa.
I ka makahiki 1910, ua hiki ke huli i ka hana a ka haku mele. Ma waena o ka hana a ke alakaʻi ʻino, hana ʻo ia i ka mea kaulana loa o kāna mau keaka, ʻo Der Rosenkavalier. ʻO ka mana o ka moʻomeheu Viennese, nā hana ma Vienna, ka pilina me nā mea kākau Viennese, ke aloha lōʻihi no ka mele o kona inoa ʻo Johann Strauss - ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea āpau i ka mele. ʻO kahi opera-waltz, i hoʻopili ʻia e ke aloha o Vienna, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā hanana ʻakaʻaka, nā mea hoʻokalakupua me nā hoʻopunipuni, nā pilina pili ma waena o nā koa lyrical, ua lanakila maikaʻi ʻo Rosenkavalier ma ka hoʻomaka mua ma Dresden (1911) a lanakila koke i nā pae. o na aina he nui, e lilo ana i kekahi o na opera kaulana loa o ka XX in.
Ke ulu nei ke talena Epicurean o Strauss me ka laula ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia. Mahalo ʻo ia i kahi huakaʻi lōʻihi i Helene, ua kākau ʻo ia i ka opera Ariadne auf Naxos (1912). I loko o ia mea, e like me ka mea i hana ʻia ma hope o Helena o ʻAigupita (1927), Daphne (1940) a me The Love of Danae (1940), ka mea haku mele mai ke kūlana o kahi mea hoʻokani pila o ke kenekulia XNUMX. mahalo i nā kiʻi o Helene kahiko, ʻo ka lokahi māmā i pili loa i kona ʻuhane.
Ua hoʻokumu ke Kaua Honua Mua i ka nalu o ka chauvinism ma Kelemānia. Ma kēia kaiapuni, ua mālama ʻo Strauss i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka hoʻokolokolo, ka wiwo ʻole a me ka maopopo o ka manaʻo. ʻO ko Rolland manaʻo kūʻē i ke kaua ua kokoke i ka mea haku mele, a ʻo nā hoaaloha i loaʻa iā lākou iho i nā ʻāina kaua i hoʻololi i ko lākou aloha. Ua loaʻa i ka haku mele ke ola, ma kāna ʻae ʻana, ma ka "hana ikaika." I ka makahiki 1915, ua hoʻopau ʻo ia i ka Alpine Symphony, a i ka makahiki 1919, ua hoʻokani ʻia kāna keaka hou ma Vienna i ka libretto o Hofmannsthal, The Woman Without a Shadow.
I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, lilo ʻo Strauss no 5 mau makahiki i poʻo o kekahi o nā hale opera maikaʻi loa ma ka honua - ʻo Vienna Opera, ʻo ia kekahi o nā alakaʻi o nā ʻahaʻaina Salzburg. I ka manawa o ka 60th anniversary o ka haku mele, ua mālama ʻia nā ʻahaʻaina i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no kāna hana ma Vienna, Berlin, Munich, Dresden a me nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe.
He mea kupanaha ka hana hana a Strauss. Hoʻokumu ʻo ia i nā pōʻai leo e pili ana i nā mele na IV Goethe, W. Shakespeare, C. Brentano, G. Heine, "he ʻoliʻoli Viennese ballet" "Shlagober" ("Whipped cream", 1921), "he burgher comedy with symphonic interludes" opera ” Intermezzo (1924), ka mele mele mele mai ke ola Viennese Arabella (1933), ka opera comic The Silent Woman (e pili ana i ka manaʻo o B. Johnson, me ka hui pū me S. Zweig).
Me ka hiki ʻana mai o Hitler i ka mana, ua ʻimi mua nā Nazis e kiʻi i nā kiʻi koʻikoʻi o ka moʻomeheu Kelemania i kā lākou lawelawe. Me ka noi ʻole ʻana i ka ʻae o ka haku mele, ua hoʻonoho ʻo Goebbels iā ia i poʻo no ka Imperial Music Chamber. ʻO Strauss, ʻaʻole i ʻike i ka hopena piha o kēia neʻe ʻana, ua ʻae ʻo ia i ka pou, me ka manaʻo e kūʻē i ka hewa a kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka moʻomeheu Kelemania. Akā,ʻo ka Nazis, me kaʻole o ka hana me ka haku mele mana loa, ua kuhikuhi lākou i kā lākou mau kānāwai pono'ī: ua pāpā lākou i ka huakaʻi i Salzburg, kahi i hele mai ai nā malihini Kelemānia, ua hoʻomāinoino lākou i ka librettist Strauss S. Zweig no kona kumu "non-Aryan", a pili pū me ua pāpā lākou i ka hana ʻana i ka opera The Silent Woman. ʻAʻole hiki i ka haku mele ke hoʻopaʻa i kona huhū ma ka leka i kahi hoaaloha. Ua wehe ʻia ka leka e ka Gestapo a no laila ua noi ʻia ʻo Strauss e haʻalele. Eia naʻe, i ka nānā ʻana i nā hana a nā Nazis me ka huhū, ʻaʻole hiki iā Strauss ke haʻalele i ka noʻonoʻo. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke launa pū me Zweig, ke ʻimi nei ʻo ia i kahi librettist hou, nāna i haku i ka opera Day of Peace (1936), Daphne, a me Danae's Love. ʻO ka opera hope loa a Strauss, ʻo Capriccio (1941), hauʻoli hou me kona mana pau ʻole a me ka ʻōlinolino o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana.
I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, i ka wā i uhi ʻia ai ka ʻāina i nā neoneo, ua hāʻule nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni o Munich, Dresden, Vienna ma lalo o ka pahū, hoʻomau ʻo Strauss i ka hana. Ua kākau ʻo ia i kahi ʻāpana kanikau no nā strings "Metamorphoses" (1943), romances, kahi o ia i hoʻolaʻa ai i ka 80th anniversary o G. Hauptmann, orchestral suites. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaua, ua noho ʻo Strauss ma Switzerland no kekahi mau makahiki, a ma ka pō o kona lā hānau 85th ua hoʻi ʻo ia i Garmisch.
He laulā a he ʻokoʻa ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina o Strauss: nā keaka, nā ballet, nā mele symphonic, nā mele no nā hana keaka, nā mele mele, nā mele. Ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka mea haku mele e nā ʻano kumu palapala like ʻole: ʻo F. Nietzsche lāua ʻo JB Moliere, M. Cervantes a me O. Wilde. B. Johnson a me G. Hofmannsthal, JW Goethe a me N. Lenau.
ʻO ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o keʻano Strauss i hanaʻia ma lalo o ka mana o ka German music romanticism o R. Schumann, F. Mendelssohn, I. Brahms, R. Wagner. ʻO ke kumu maoli o kāna mele i hōʻike mua ʻia ma ka symphonic poem "Don Juan", nāna i wehe i kahi hale kiʻi holoʻokoʻa o nā hana papahana. I loko o lākou, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Strauss i nā kumumanaʻo o ka symphonism papahana o G. Berlioz a me F. Liszt, e ʻōlelo ana i kahi huaʻōlelo hou ma kēia wahi.
Hāʻawi ka mea haku mele i nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi manaʻo mele kikoʻī me kahi ʻano mele i noʻonoʻo maikaʻi ʻia a hohonu hoʻi. "Ke piʻi aʻe nei nā mele papahana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hana noʻeau ʻoiai ʻo ka mea nāna i hana he mea hoʻokani mele me ka hoʻoikaika a me ke akamai." ʻO nā opera a Strauss kekahi o nā hana kaulana a hana pinepine ʻia o ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO ke keaka nani, hoʻonanea (a i kekahi manawa kekahi huikau) o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, lanakila i nā ʻāpana leo, waihoʻoluʻu, virtuoso orchestral score - nā mea a pau e huki ai i nā mea hoʻokani a me nā mea hoʻolohe iā lākou. Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hana kiʻekiʻe loa ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano opera (ʻo Wagner ka mea nui), ua hana ʻo Strauss i nā hiʻohiʻona mua o ka tragic (Salome, Electra) a me ka opera comic (Der Rosenkavalier, Arabella). Ke pale nei i ke ala stereotypical ma ke kahua o ka operatic dramaturgy a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo nui, hana ka mea haku mele i nā opera kahi mea ʻakaʻaka a me nā lyricism, irony a me nā hana keaka i hui pū ʻia. I kekahi manawa ʻo Strauss, me he mea hoʻohenehene, hoʻohui maikaʻi i nā papa manawa like ʻole, e hana ana i kahi huikau hoʻokani a me ke mele ("Ariadne auf Naxos").
He mea nui ko Strauss hoʻoilina moʻokalaleo. ʻO ka haku nui loa o ka orchestra, ua hoʻoponopono ʻo ia a hoʻohui i ka Berlioz's Treatise on Instrumentation. ʻO kāna puke autobiographical "Reflections and Reminiscences" he mea hoihoi, aia kahi leka nui me kona mau mākua, R. Rolland, G. Bülov, G. Hofmannsthal, S. Zweig.
ʻO ka hana ʻo Strauss ma ke ʻano he opera a me ke alakaʻi symphony he 65 mau makahiki. Ua hana ʻo ia i loko o nā keʻena ʻaha mele ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika, hoʻokani ʻo ia i nā hana keaka ma nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma Austria a me Kelemānia. Ma ke ʻano o ka nui o kāna talena, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo ia me nā kukui o ke alakaʻi alakaʻi e like me F. Weingartner a me F. Motl.
I ka loiloi ʻana iā Strauss ma ke ʻano he kanaka noʻonoʻo, ua kākau kāna hoa ʻo R. Rolland: “He heroic kona makemake, lanakila, makemake nui a mana i ka nui. ʻO kēia ka mea maikaʻi loa iā Richard Strauss, ʻo ia kāna mea kūʻokoʻa i kēia manawa. Manaʻo ia i ka mana e noho aliʻi ma luna o nā kānaka. ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona koa e hoʻolilo iā ia i hope o kekahi ʻāpana o nā manaʻo o Beethoven lāua ʻo Wagner. ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona e hoʻolilo iā ia i hoʻokahi o nā haku mele - ʻo ia paha ka mea nui loa o Kelemania i kēia manawa ... "
V. Ilyeva
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He haku mele ʻo Richard Strauss no ke akamai koʻikoʻi a me ka hana hoʻomohala nui. Ua kākau ʻo ia i nā mele ma nā ʻano ʻano a pau (koe wale nā mele pule). ʻO Strauss ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i nā ʻano mea kani a me nā ʻano hana keaka. Ua haku ka mea haku mele i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka mele mele mele mele ma ka papahana hoʻokahi mele symphonic. Ua akamai like ʻo ia i ke akamai o ka hōʻike ʻana a me ke ʻano o ka hōʻike.
Melodika He ʻokoʻa a he ʻokoʻa ʻo Strauss, hoʻololi pinepine ʻia ka diatonic maʻemaʻe e ka chromatic. I loko o nā mele mele o nā keaka a Strauss, me ka German, Austrian (Viennese – in lyrical comedies) ʻike ʻia ka waihoʻoluʻu aupuni; ʻO ke kūlana exoticism ka mea nui i kekahi mau hana ("Salome", "Electra").
ʻO ke ʻano like ʻole nui. Nervousness, impulsiveness o nā kumuhana he nui e pili ana me ka hoʻololi pinepine ʻana i ka mika, nā hana asymmetric. Loaʻa ka vibrating pulsation o unsteady sonorities e ka polyphony o nā ʻano mele like ʻole a me nā hale mele, ka polyrhythmicity o ka lole (ʻoi loa ma Intermezzo, Cavalier des Roses).
I ka ʻoluʻolu Ua hahai ka mea haku mele mai Wagner, e hoʻonui ana i ka wai, ka maopopo ʻole, ka neʻe ʻana a, i ka manawa like, ka nani, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka nani o nā mea kani. Hoʻopiha ʻia ka ʻoluʻolu o Strauss me nā lohi, kōkua a me nā leo hala. Ma kāna kumu, ʻo ka noʻonoʻo harmonic o Strauss he tonal. A i ka manawa like, ma ke ʻano he mea hōʻike kūikawā, ua hoʻolauna ʻo Strauss i nā chromatism, polytonal overlays. Ua ala pinepine ka ʻoʻoleʻa o ke kani ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohenehene.
Ua loaʻa iā Strauss ke akamai nui ma ke kula oleʻi, e hoʻohana ana i nā kala o nā mea kani e like me nā kala ʻālohilohi. I loko o nā makahiki o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o Elektra, ʻo Strauss ke kākoʻo mau i ka mana a me ka nani o kahi orkestra i hoʻonui ʻia. Ma hope mai, lilo ka māliko a me ka mālama kālā i mea kūpono no ka haku mele. ʻO Strauss kekahi o ka poʻe mua i hoʻohana i nā pahu kani o nā mea kani (alto flute, small clarinet, heckelphone, saxophone, oboe dʻamore, rattle, mīkini makani mai kahi orchestra keaka).
ʻO ka hana a Strauss kekahi o nā mea nui loa i ka moʻomeheu mele honua o ka hopena o nā kenekulia 19 a me 20. Hoʻopili nui ʻia me nā kuʻuna kahiko a me ke aloha. E like me nā ʻelele o ka romanticism 19th-century, ua hoʻoikaika ʻo Strauss e hoʻokomo i nā manaʻo philosophical paʻakikī, e hoʻonui i ka hōʻike a me ka paʻakikī o ka noʻonoʻo o nā kiʻi lyrical, a me ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻi mele hoʻoheheʻe a me ka grotesque. I ka manawa like, ua hōʻike ʻo ia me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kahi makemake kiʻekiʻe, kahi manaʻo heroic.
E noʻonoʻo ana i ka ʻaoʻao ikaika o kāna au kiʻi - ka ʻuhane o ka hoʻohewa a me ka makemake i ka mea hou, ua ʻike ʻo Strauss i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka manawa, kona mau kūʻē i ka nui like. Ua ʻae ʻo Strauss i ka Wagnerianism a me Nietzscheism, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hōʻole i ka nani a me ka haʻahaʻa. I ka wā mua o kāna hana hoʻomohala, makemake ka mea haku mele i ka manaʻo, hoʻopūʻiwa i ka lehulehu conservative, a hoʻonoho ʻia ma luna o ka nani o ka hana, ka moʻomeheu hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka hana hana. No ka paʻakikī o nā manaʻo noʻeau o nā hana a Strauss, nele pinepine lākou i ka hana keaka kūloko, ke koʻikoʻi o ka hakakā.
Ua hele ʻo Strauss i ka hoʻopunipuni o ka romanticism hope a ua manaʻo ʻo ia i ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻi ma mua o ke aloha, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Mozart, āna i aloha ai, a i ka hopena o kona ola ua manaʻo hou ʻo ia i kahi hoihoi i ka lyricism hohonu hohonu, kaʻawale mai ka hōʻike waho a me nā mea nani. .
OT Leontieva
- Nā hana Opera a Richard Strauss →
- Nā hana symphonic a Richard Strauss →
- Papa inoa o nā hana na Richard Strauss →
