Anton von Webern |

Anton von Webern

Ke piʻi nui nei ke kūlana o ka honua i ka weliweli, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke kahua o ka hana noʻeau. A ke ulu nui nei kā mākou hana. A. Webern

ʻO ka haku mele, alakaʻi a me ke kumu ʻo A. Webern kekahi o nā ʻelele kaulana loa o ke kula New Viennese. ʻAʻole waiwai kona ala ola i nā hanana mālamalama. No ka ʻohana aliʻi kahiko ka ʻohana Webern. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua aʻo ʻo Webern i ka piano, cello, nā kumu kumu o ka manaʻo mele. Ma ka makahiki 1899, aia nā hoʻokolohua a ka haku mele mua. I ka makahiki 1902-06. Ua aʻo ʻo Webern i ka Institute of Music History ma ke Kulanui o Vienna, kahi i aʻo ai ʻo ia i ka lokahi me G. Gredener, counterpoint me K. Navratil. No kāna dissertation ma ka haku mele ʻo G. Isak (XV-XVI mau kenekulia), ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Webern i ke kēkelē o ke Kauka Philosophy.

ʻO nā haku mele mua loa - ke mele a me ka idyll no ka orchestra "In the Summer Wind" (1901-04) - hōʻike i ka loli wikiwiki o ke ʻano mua. I ka makahiki 1904-08. ʻIke ʻo Webern i ka haku mele me A. Schoenberg. Ma ka ʻatikala "Kumu", ua kau ʻo ia i nā ʻōlelo a Schoenberg ma ke ʻano he epigraph: "E hoʻopau ʻia ka manaʻoʻiʻo i kahi ʻenehana hoʻopakele hoʻokahi, a e paipai ʻia ka makemake i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo." I ka makahiki 1907-09. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano hou o Webern.

Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o kāna aʻo ʻana, ua hana ʻo Webern ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi hoʻokani pila a me ka haku mele ma kahi operetta. ʻO ka lewa o nā mele māmā i hoʻāla ʻia i ka haku mele ʻōpio i ka inaina a me ka hoʻopailua no ka leʻaleʻa, banality, a me ka manaʻolana o ka kūleʻa me ka lehulehu. Hana ʻo Webern ma ke ʻano he symphony a me ke alakaʻi opera, hana ʻo Webern i kāna mau hana koʻikoʻi - 5 mau ʻāpana op. 5 no string quartet (1909), 6 orchestral op. 6 (1909), 6 bagatelles no quartet op. 9 (1911-13), 5 ʻāpana no ka hoʻokani pila, op. 10 (1913) - "ke mele o nā pōʻai, e hele mai ana mai ka hohonu loa o ka ʻuhane", e like me ka pane ʻana o kekahi o nā mea hoʻohewa ma hope; ka nui o nā mele leo (me nā mele no ka leo a me ka orkestra, op. 13, 1914-18), etc. I ka makahiki 1913, ua kākau ʻo Webern i kahi ʻāpana orchestral liʻiliʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana dodecaphonic serial.

I ka makahiki 1922-34. ʻO Webern ka mea alakaʻi i nā ʻahamele a nā limahana (nā ʻaha mele symphony a nā poʻe hana Vienna, a me ka hui hīmeni o nā limahana). ʻO nā papahana o kēia mau ʻahamele, i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka poʻe hana me nā kiʻi mele kiʻekiʻe, ua komo nā hana a L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, J. Brahms, G. Wolf, G. Mahler, A. Schoenberg, a me nā papa himeni o G. Eisler. ʻAʻole i hoʻopau ʻia kēia hana a Webern ma muli o kona makemake, akā ma muli o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā pūʻali fascist ma Austria, ka pio ʻana o nā hui limahana i Pepeluali 1934.

Ua aʻo ke kumu Webern (ʻoi loa i nā haumāna pilikino) i ke alakaʻi, polyphony, harmoni, a me ka haku mele. Ma waena o kāna mau haumāna, nā haku mele a me nā mea haku mele ʻo KA Hartmal, XE Apostel, E. Ratz, W. Reich, X. Searle, F. Gershkovich. Ma waena o nā hana a Webern 20-30-ies. — 5 mele uhane, op. 15, 5 canons ma Latin texts, string trio, symphony for chamber orchestra, concerto for 9 instruments, cantata "The Light of the Eyes", ka mea hana wale no ka piano i kahaia me ka helu opus - Variations op. 27 (1936). E hoomaka ana me na mele op. 17 Kākau wale ʻo Webern ma ka ʻenehana dodecaphone.

I ka makahiki 1932 a me 1933, ua hāʻawi ʻo Webern i ʻelua mau manawa o nā haʻiʻōlelo ma ke kumuhana "The Way to New Music" ma kahi hale pilikino Viennese. Ma ke mele hou, ua ʻōlelo ke kumu aʻo i ka dodecaphony o ke kula ʻo New Viennese a nānā i nā mea e alakaʻi ai iā ia ma nā ala mōʻaukala o ka hoʻomohala mele.

ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o Hitler i ka mana a me ka "Anschluss" o Austria (1938) i hoʻopōʻino i ke kūlana o Webern. ʻAʻole i loaʻa hou iā ia ka manawa e noho ai i kekahi kūlana, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe ona haumāna. I loko o ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana i ka poʻe haku mele hou e like me "degenerate" a me "cultural-Bolshevik", ʻo ka kūpaʻa o Webern i ka mālama ʻana i nā manaʻo o ke kiʻi kiʻekiʻe he manawa kūʻē ʻuhane i ka "Kulturpolitik" fascist. Ma nā hana hope loa a Webern - quartet op. 28 (1936-38), Variations for orchestra op. 30 (1940), Cantata lua op. 31 (1943) – hiki i kekahi ke hopu i ke aka o ka mehameha o ka mea kākau a me ka noho kaʻawale ʻuhane, akā ʻaʻohe hōʻailona o ke kuʻikahi a i ʻole ke kānalua. Ma nā ʻōlelo a ka mea haku mele X. Jone, ua kāhea ʻo Webern i ka "bele o nā puʻuwai" - aloha: "e ala ʻo ia i kahi e ʻālohilohi ai ke ola i mea e hoʻāla ai iā ia" (3 hola o ka Second Cantata). Me ka maluhia o kona ola, ʻaʻole kākau ʻo Webern i kahi leka hoʻokahi e kākoʻo i nā loina o ka poʻe hoʻonaʻauao fascist. He pōʻino nō hoʻi ka make ʻana o ka mea haku mele: ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaua, ma muli o kahi kuhi hewa ʻole, ua kī ʻia ʻo Webern e kahi koa o nā pūʻali koa ʻAmelika.

ʻO ke kikowaena o ka ʻike honua o Webern ka manaʻo o ka humanism, e kākoʻo ana i nā manaʻo o ka mālamalama, ke kumu, a me ka moʻomeheu. I ke kūlana o ka pilikia pilikanaka koʻikoʻi, hōʻike ka mea haku mele i ka hōʻole ʻana i nā ʻano maikaʻi ʻole o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo bourgeois e hoʻopuni ana iā ia, a ma hope ua lawe ʻo ia i kahi kūlana anti-fascist: "He aha ka luku nui a kēia hoʻolaha kūʻē i ka moʻomeheu me ia!" Ua hoʻōho ʻo ia ma kekahi o kāna mau haʻiʻōlelo i ka makahiki 1933. ʻO Webern ka mea pena kiʻi he ʻenemi paʻakikī o ka banality, vulgarity, and vulgarity in art.

ʻO ka honua kiʻi o ka hana a Webern kahi mamao loa mai nā mele o kēlā me kēia lā, nā mele maʻalahi a me nā hula, paʻakikī a ʻokoʻa. Aia ma ka puʻuwai o kāna ʻōnaehana kiʻi ke kiʻi o ka lokahi o ka honua, no laila kona pili kūlohelohe i kekahi mau ʻano o nā aʻo a IV Goethe e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano kūlohelohe. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi o Webern ma luna o nā manaʻo kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ka maikaʻi a me ka nani, kahi e pili ai ka ʻike honua a ka mea haku mele me Kant, e like me "ka nani he hōʻailona o ka nani a me ka maikaʻi." Hoʻohui ʻia ka aesthetics a Webern i nā koi o ke koʻikoʻi o ka ʻike e pili ana i nā waiwai etika (ʻo ka mea haku mele pū kekahi me nā mea hoʻomana kahiko a me nā mea Karistiano i loko o lākou), a me ka maikaʻi maikaʻi loa, ka waiwai o ke ʻano kiʻi.

Mai nā memo ma ka manuscript o ka quartet me ka saxophone op. 22 hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā kiʻi i loaʻa iā Webern i ke kaʻina o ka haku ʻana: "Rondo (Dachstein)", "hau a me ka hau, ka ea aniani", ʻo ka lua o ke kumuhana ʻo "nā pua o nā uka", ʻoi aku - "nā keiki ma ka hau a me hau, māmā, lani ”, i loko o ke code – “a look at the highlands”. Akā, me kēia kiʻekiʻe o nā kiʻi, ua ʻike ʻia ka mele a Webern e ka hui pū ʻana o ka ʻoluʻolu loa a me ka ʻoi loa o ka leo, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā laina a me nā timbres, ʻoʻoleʻa, i kekahi manawa kokoke i ke kani ascetic, me he mea lā i ulana ʻia mai nā kaula kila liʻiliʻi loa. ʻAʻole loaʻa ʻo Webern i nā "spills" ikaika a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka sonority no ka wā lōʻihi, ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe iā ia, ʻoi aku ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia lā o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.

Ma kāna hana hou mele, ua lilo ʻo Webern i mea wiwo ʻole o nā haku mele o ke kula Novovensk, ua hele ʻoi aku ʻo ia ma mua o Berg a me Schoenberg. ʻO ia nā mea hoʻokō kiʻi a Webern i loaʻa i ka hopena koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano hou o ke mele i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo P. Boulez ʻo Webern "ka paepae wale nō no ka mele o ka wā e hiki mai ana." Ke noho nei ka honua noʻeau o Webern i ka moʻolelo o ke mele ma ke ʻano he hōʻike kiʻekiʻe o nā manaʻo o ka mālamalama, ka maʻemaʻe, ka paʻa pono, ka nani mau.

Y. Kholopov

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