Paul Dessau |

Paul Dessau

I loko o ka pūʻulu o nā inoa o nā kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka palapala a me ke kiʻi o ka GDR, aia kekahi o nā wahi hanohano iā P. Dessau. ʻO kāna hana, e like me nā pāʻani o B. Brecht a me nā moʻolelo a A. Segers, nā mele a I. Becher a me nā mele a G. Eisler, nā kiʻi kiʻi o F. Kremer a me nā kiʻi o V. Klemke, ke alakaʻi o ka opera. ʻO V. Felsenstein a me nā kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni a K. Wulff, hauʻoli i ka kaulana kaulana ʻaʻole wale ma ka ʻāina hānau, ua lanakila ʻo ia i ka ʻike ākea a lilo i kumu hoʻohālike o ka hana o ke kenekulia 5. Aia ka hoʻoilina mele nui o Dessau i nā ʻano mele o kēia manawa: 2 opera, nā mele cantata-oratorio, XNUMX symphonies, nā ʻāpana orchestral, nā mele no nā hana keaka, nā hōʻike lekiō a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, nā leo a me nā mele mele. Ua ʻike ʻia ko Dessau kālena ma nā wahi like ʻole o kāna hana hoʻomohala – haku, alakaʻi, aʻo, hoʻokani, mele a me ka pilikanaka.

ʻO Dessau ka mea haku mele komunista i pane maʻalahi i nā hanana politika koʻikoʻi o kona manawa. Hōʻike ʻia nā manaʻo kūʻē i ka imperialist ma ke mele "Soldier Killed in Spain" (1937), ma ka ʻāpana piano "Guernica" (1938), ma ka pōʻai "International ABC of War" (1945). Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia ka Epitaph no Rosa Luxemburg a me Karl Liebknecht no ka hīmeni a me ka orchestra (30) i ka makahiki 1949 o ka make ʻino o nā poʻe koʻikoʻi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka honua. ʻO Lumumba's Requiem (1963) kahi palapala mele a me ka nūpepa i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka apartheid. ʻO nā hana hoʻomanaʻo ʻē aʻe a Dessau ʻo ia ka vocal-symphonic Epitaph to Lenin (1951), ka haku mele mele In Memory of Bertolt Brecht (1959), a me ka ʻāpana no ka leo a me ka piano Epitaph to Gorky (1943). Ua makemake ʻo Dessau i nā kikokikona o nā haku mele holomua hou mai nā ʻāina like ʻole - i ka hana a E. Weinert, F. Wolf, I. Becher, J. Ivashkevich, P. Neruda. Noho ʻia kekahi o nā wahi kikowaena e nā mele i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā hana a B. Brecht. He mau hana ka mea haku mele e pili ana i ke kumuhana Soviet: ka opera "Lancelot" (e pili ana i ka pāʻani a E. Schwartz "Dragon", 1969), mele no ke kiʻi "Russian Miracle" (1962). ʻO ke ala o Dessau i ka ʻoihana mele i alakaʻi ʻia e kahi kuʻuna ʻohana lōʻihi.

ʻO kona kupunakāne, e like me ka mea haku mele, he mele kaulana i kona wā, i hoʻolako ʻia i ke kālena haku mele. ʻO ka makua kāne, he limahana hana paka, a hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā, ua mālama ʻo ia i kona aloha i ka hīmeni ʻana a hoʻāʻo e hoʻokō i kāna moeʻuhane i hoʻokō ʻole ʻia e lilo i mea hoʻokani pila i nā keiki. Mai ka wā kamaliʻi, i hana ʻia ma Hamburg, ua lohe ʻo Paul i nā mele a F. Schubert, nā mele a R. Wagner. I ka makahiki 6, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e aʻo i ka violin, a i ka makahiki 14 ua hoʻokani ʻo ia i kahi ahiahi solo me kahi papahana ʻaha mele nui. Mai ka makahiki 1910, ua aʻo ʻo Dessau ma Klindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory ma Berlin no ʻelua makahiki. I ka makahiki 1912, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi hana ma Hamburg City Theatre ma ke ʻano he haku mele mele a me ke kōkua no ke alakaʻi alakaʻi nui, ʻo F. Weingartner. No ka lōʻihi o ka moeʻuhane e lilo i alakaʻi, ua makemake nui ʻo Dessau i nā manaʻo noʻeau mai ka kamaʻilio ʻana me Weingartner, ua ʻike ʻo ia i nā hana a A. Nikisch, ka mea i mākaʻikaʻi mau i Hamburg.

Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hana hoʻokele kūʻokoʻa a Dessau e ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Mua a me ke kau inoa ʻana i ka pūʻali koa. E like me Brecht a me Eisler, ua ʻike koke ʻo Dessau i ka hana ʻino naʻaupō o ka luku koko i hoʻopiʻi ai i nā miliona o ke ola kanaka, ua manaʻo ʻo ia i ka ʻuhane aupuni-chauvinistic o ka pūʻali koa Kelemania-Austrian.

ʻO nā hana hou aʻe ma ke ʻano he poʻo o ka orkestra o nā hale opera i hana ʻia me ke kākoʻo ikaika o O. Klemperer (ma Cologne) a me B. Walter (ma Berlin). Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka makemake no ka haku mele ʻana i ka makemake mua no ka hana ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi. I ka makahiki 20. He nui nā hana no nā haku mele like ʻole, ma waena o lākou - Concertino no ka violin solo, i hui pū ʻia me ka ʻohe, clarinet a me ka pū. I ka makahiki 1926 ua hoʻopau ʻo Dessau i ka First Symphony. Ua hana maikaʻi ʻia ma Prague i alakaʻi ʻia e G. Steinberg (1927). Ma hope o 2 mau makahiki, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Sonatina no ka viola a me ka cembalo (a i ʻole ka piano), kahi e manaʻo ai kekahi e pili kokoke ana i nā kuʻuna o ka neoclassicism a me ke ʻano o ke ʻano o P. Hindemith.

I Iune 1930, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻololi mele ʻana a Dessau o The Railway Game ma ka ʻaha mele ʻo Berlin Music Week. ʻO ke ʻano o ka "pāʻani hoʻonaʻauao", ma ke ʻano he ʻano opera kula kūikawā, i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka ʻike a me ka hana o nā keiki, ua hana ʻia e Brecht a ua kiʻi ʻia e nā mea haku mele nui. I ka manawa like, ua hana ʻia ka mua o ka pāʻani opera a Hindemith "Ke kūkulu nei mākou i ke kūlanakauhale". Ua kaulana nā hana ʻelua i kēia lā.

Ua lilo ʻo 1933 i wahi hoʻomaka kūikawā i ka moʻolelo biography o nā mea pena he nui. No nā makahiki he nui, haʻalele lākou i ko lākou ʻāina hānau, koi ʻia e neʻe mai Nazi Kelemānia, A. Schoenberg, G. Eisler, K. Weil, B. Walter, O. Klemperer, B. Brecht, F. Wolf. Ua lilo hoʻi ʻo Dessau i kahi pio politika. Ua hoʻomaka ka wā Parisian o kāna hana (1933-39). ʻO ke kumuhana kū'ē i ke kaua ke lilo i mea hoʻoikaika nui. I nā makahiki 30 mua. ʻO Dessau, ma hope o Eisler, ua haku ʻo ia i ke ʻano o ke mele politika lehulehu. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka "Thälmann Column" - "... he ʻōlelo hoʻokaʻawale koa i ka poʻe anti-fascists Kelemania, e hele ana ma Paris i Sepania e komo i nā kaua kūʻē i ka poʻe Francoists."

Ma hope o ka noho ʻana o Farani, noho ʻo Dessau i 9 mau makahiki ma USA (1939-48). Ma New York, aia kahi hui nui me Brecht, kahi a Dessau i noʻonoʻo lōʻihi ai. I ka makahiki 1936 ma Palika, ua kākau ka mea haku mele i "The Battle Song of the Black Straw Hats" e pili ana i ka kikokikona a Brecht mai kāna pāʻani "Saint Joan of the Abattoirs" - he ʻano parody i hōʻano hou ʻia o ke ola o ke kaikamahine wahine o Orleans. Ma hope o kona kamaʻāina ʻana i ke mele, ua hoʻoholo koke ʻo Brecht e hoʻokomo iā ia i ke ahiahi o kāna mea kākau ma ke keʻena keaka studio o ke Kula ʻo New School for Social Research ma New York. Ma nā kikokikona a Brecht, kākau ʻo Dessau ca. 50 haku mele – mele-keaka, cantata-oratorio, leo a me ke mele. ʻO ke kikowaena waena o lākou e noho ʻia e nā opera The Interrogation of Lucullus (1949) a me Puntila (1959), i hana ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻi ʻana o ka haku mele i kona ʻāina hānau. ʻO ka hoʻokokoke ʻana iā lākou ʻo ke mele no nā pāʻani a Brecht - "99 Percent" (1938), i kapa ʻia ʻo "Fear and Poverty in the Third Empire"; "Mother Courage a me kāna mau keiki" (1946); "The Good Man from Sezuan" (1947); "Exception and Rule" (1948); “Ua haʻi aku ʻo Mr. Puntila a me kāna kauā ʻo Matti” (1949); "Caucasian chalk circle" (1954).

I ka makahiki 60-70. ʻIke ʻia nā opera - "Lancelot" (1969), "Einstein" (1973), "Leone and Lena" (1978), mele mele a nā keiki "Fair" (1963), ka Second Symphony (1964), kahi orchestral triptych ("1955″. , " Sea of ​​Storms", "Lenin", 1955-69), "Quattrodrama" no nā cello ʻehā, ʻelua piano a me ka percussion (1965). Ua hoʻomau ka "Elder Composer of the GDR" i ka hana ikaika a hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā. Ma mua koke o kona make ʻana, ua kākau ʻo F. Hennenberg: “Ua hoʻomau ʻo Dessau i kona ʻano ikaika i ka iwa o kāna mau makahiki. E hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i kona manaʻo, hiki iā ia ke paʻi i ka papaʻaina i kekahi manawa me kona lima. I ka manawa like, e hoʻolohe mau ʻo ia i nā manaʻo hoʻopaʻapaʻa o ka interlocutor, ʻaʻole loa e hōʻike iā ia iho he ʻike ʻole a hewa ʻole. ʻIke ʻo Dessau i ka hoʻohuli ʻana me ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻole o kona leo. Akā, ʻōlelo pinepine ʻo ia ma ka leo o ka mea hoʻonāukiuki. Pela no kana mele."

L. Rimsky