ʻO ka hana mele |

нем. Choralbearbeitung, англ. hoʻonohonoho hīmeni, hoʻonohonoho hīmeni, франц. haku mele sur choral, итал. elaboration of a chorale, haku mele ma luna o ke mele

He hana hoʻokani pila, leo a leo paha i loaʻa i ke oli canonized o ka hale pule Kalikiano Komohana (e nānā i ke oli Gregorian, oli Protestant, Choral) i loaʻa i kahi hoʻolālā polyphonic.

ʻO ka huaʻōlelo X. e pili ana." Hoʻohana maʻamau i nā haku mele polygonal ma ka choral cantus firmus (no ka laʻana, antifon, himeni, responsory). I kekahi manawa ma lalo o X. e pili ana. hoʻokomo ʻia nā mele a pau. op., kekahi ala a i ʻole i pili i ka chorale, me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu. I kēia hihia, lilo ka hana ʻana i ka hana ʻana, a loaʻa i ka huaʻōlelo ke ʻano ākea ākea. I loko ona. nā poʻomanaʻo musicology. X. e pili ana.” hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma kahi ʻano pili e pili ana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ka hana ʻana i ka chorale Protestant. Pākuʻi X. e pili ana. ākea loa. ʻO nā ʻano alakaʻi o prof. mele o ka Middle Ages a me ka Renaissance. I nā ʻano polyphonic mua (parallel organum, foburdon) hoʻokō piha ʻia ka chorale. ʻO ia ka leo haʻahaʻa, i hoʻopālua ʻia e nā leo ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka haku mele ʻana ma ke ʻano maoli. Me ka polyphonic amplification. ke kūʻokoʻa o nā leo, ʻano ʻino ka hīmeni: hoʻolōʻihi a pae i ke kani ʻana o ke mele (i loko o ka melismatic organum e mālama ʻia ana a hiki i ke kani ʻana o ka nui o ka hoʻonani ʻana o nā leo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia), nalo ka chorale i kona kūpaʻa (ka lohi o ka hōʻike ʻana ma muli o ka ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka rhythmic ka mea e kaupalena ʻia i ka lawe ʻana hapa - i kekahi mau manawa ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 4-5 mau kani mua). Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kēia hana ma nā hiʻohiʻona mua o ka motet (ke kenekulia 13), kahi i lilo ai ka cantus firmus i ʻāpana o ke oli Gregorian (e nānā i ka laʻana ma lalo). I ka manawa like, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka chorale ma ke ʻano he kumu ostinato no ka polyphonic. ʻano hoʻololi (e nānā i ka Polyphony, kolamu 351).

Mele Gregorian. Haleluia Vidimus Stellam.

Motet. Kula Parisian (13th century). Lawe ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka chorale i ka tenor.

ʻO ka hana aʻe ma ka moʻolelo o X. o. - hoʻonui i ka chorale o ke kumu o ka isorhythm (e nānā iā Motet), i hoʻohana ʻia mai ke kenekulia 14. Puka X. o. hoʻohanohano ʻia e nā haku o nā pahuhopu he nui. lehulehu. ʻO nā ala nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chorale (hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kekahi o lākou i hoʻokahi op.): Aia i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana he 1-2 pauku o ka mele mele, i māhele ʻia i nā huaʻōlelo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā pause (no laila, ʻo ka nui holoʻokoʻa, no laila, e hōʻike ana i kahi pōʻai o nā hoʻololi); Aia i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana kahi ʻāpana o kahi chorale, i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ka nui; chorale - kū'ē i ka hana maʻamau o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka manawa (2) - neʻe mai ka leo a i ka leo (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo migrating cantus firmus); Hoʻokani ʻia ka hīmeni ʻana, ʻaʻole ma nā wahi āpau. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia ka chorale; ma ka hana o kona hana ana, ua hooholoia 4 mau mea nui. nā ʻano kumuhana. hoʻololi - hoʻonui, emi, kaʻapuni, neʻe. Ma nā laʻana mua, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka chorale, i haʻi pololei ʻia a ʻano like ʻole paha (hoʻopiha melodic o nā lele, hoʻonani, hoʻonohonoho mele like ʻole), ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kūʻokoʻa ʻole, pili ʻole i ke kumuhana.

G. Dufay. Himeni “Aures ad nostras deitatis”. ʻO ka stanza 1 he mele mele monophonic, ʻo ka stanza 2 he hoʻonohonoho leo ʻekolu (nā mele mele like ʻole i ka soprano).

Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻohālike, e uhi ana i nā leo āpau, hāʻawi nā ʻano ma ka cantus firmus i nā mea hou aʻe, a ʻo ka chorale he kumu kumu wale nō. mea hana. (cf. the example below and the example in column 48).

Гимн “Pange lingua”

ʻO nā ʻenehana a me nā ʻano o ka hana ʻana i ka chorale, i hoʻomohala ʻia i ke au o ke ʻano koʻikoʻi, ua hoʻomohala ʻia i ka mele o ka hale pule Protestant, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻohālike. Ua ho'ōla hou ʻia nā puka ma ka cantus firmus. ʻO nā ʻano koʻikoʻi nui - cantata, "passions", concerto spiritual, motet - pili pinepine ʻia me ka chorale (hōʻike ʻia kēia ma nā huaʻōlelo: Choralkonzert, no ka laʻana "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ" na I. Schein; Choralmotette, no ka laʻana “Komm, heiliger Geist » A. von Brook; Choralkantate). Waiho. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cantus firmus i nā cantatas o JS Bach e kona ʻokoʻa. Hāʻawi pinepine ʻia ʻo Chorale i kahi pahuhopu 4 maʻalahi. hoʻolikelike. Hoʻokani ʻia kahi mele mele e ka leo a i ʻole ka mea kani ma luna o kahi mele lōʻihi. haku mele (e laʻa me BWV 80, No 1; BWV 97, No 1), wok. a i ʻole instr. he duet (BWV 6, No 3), aria (BWV 31, No 8) a me ka recitative (BWV 5, No 4); I kekahi manawa, ala mai nā laina mele a me nā laina mele ʻole (BWV 94, No 5). Eia kekahi, hiki i ka chorale ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he kumuhana. ke kumu o nā ʻāpana a pau, a ma ia mau hihia, lilo ka cantata i ʻano pōʻai hoʻololi (no ka laʻana, BWV 4; i ka hopena, hoʻokani ʻia ka chorale ma ke ʻano nui ma nā ʻāpana o ka papa mele a me ka orchestra).

Moolelo X. e pili ana. no nā mea kani (no ka okana) hoʻomaka i ke kenekulia 15, i ka wā i kapa ʻia ai. kumukānāwai ʻokoʻa o ka hana (lat. alternatim – alternately). ʻO nā pauku o ke oli, i hoʻokani ʻia e ka papa himeni (vers), i hoʻololi mua ʻia me nā huaʻōlelo solo (e laʻa, i nā antiphons), hoʻomaka e hoʻololi me org. ka hana ʻana (versett), ʻoi loa i ka Mass a me ka Magnificat. No laila, hiki ke hana ʻia ʻo Kyrie eleison (ma Krom, e like me ka moʻomeheu, kēlā me kēia o nā ʻāpana 3 o Kyrie – Christe – Kyrie i ʻekolu manawa)

ʻO Josquin Despres. Meka "Pange lingua". Hoʻomaka ʻo "Kyrie eleison", "Christe eleison" a me ka lua "Kyrie". ʻO ke kumuhana o nā mea hoʻohālike he mau ʻōlelo like ʻole o ka chorale.

Kyrie (organ) – Kyrie (hui mele) – Kyrie (organ) – Christe (choir) – Christe (organ) – Christe (choir) – Kyrie (organ) – Kyrie (choir) – Kyrie (organ). Sat org. ua paʻi ʻia. nā unuhi o ka Gregorian Magnificats a me nā ʻāpana o ka Mass (i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, ua kapa ʻia lākou ma hope ʻo Orgelmesse - org. mass): "Magnificat en la tabulature des orgues", i paʻi ʻia e P. Attenyan (1531), "Intavolatura coi Recercari Canzoni Himni Magnificat …” a me “Intavolatura d'organo cio Misse Himni Magnificat. Libro secondo” na G. Cavazzoni (1543), “Messe d’intavolatura d’organo” na C. Merulo (1568), “Obras de musica” na A. Cabeson (1578), “Fiori musicali” na G. Frescobaldi ( 1635) a pēlā aku.

ʻO "Sanctus" mai ka hui kino "Cimctipotens" e kekahi mea kākau ʻike ʻole, paʻi ʻia e P. Attenyan ma "Tabulatura pour le ieu Dorgucs" (1531). Hana ʻia ʻo Cantus firmus ma ka tenor, a laila ma ka soprano.

Liturgical melody (cf. the cantus firmus from the example above).

ʻO Org. nā hoʻololi ʻana o ka chorale Protestant o nā kenekulia 17-18. ua komo i ka ʻike o nā haku o ka wā ma mua; hōʻike ʻia lākou ma kahi ʻano loea. a hoike. nā hoʻokō o nā mele o kona wā. Mawaena o na mea kakau o X. o. - ka mea nāna i haku i nā haku mele nui ʻo JP Sweelinck, nāna i hoʻoikaika i ka polyphonic paʻakikī. nā hui pū ʻana o D. Buxtehude, e kala nui i ka mele mele G. Böhm, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole a JG Walter, e hana ikaika ana i ke kahua o nā ʻano mele S. Scheidt, J. Pachelbel a me nā mea ʻē aʻe mea hookani okana ekalesia). Ua lanakila ʻo JS Bach i ka moʻomeheu. hōʻike laulā o X. o. (ʻoliʻoli, kaumaha, maluhia) a hoʻonui iā ia me nā aka āpau i hiki i ke ʻano kanaka. Ke kali nei i ka nani aloha. liʻiliʻi, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana me kahi ʻano kūʻokoʻa a hoʻonui nui i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā leo obligate.

He hiʻohiʻona o ka haku mele X. o. (koe naʻe kekahi mau ʻano like ʻole, no ka laʻana, he fugue ma ke kumuhana o kahi chorale) ʻo ia kona "ʻano ʻelua-layered", ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā papa kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa - ke mele mele a me nā mea e hoʻopuni ana iā ia (ka hana maoli. ). ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui a me ke ʻano o X. o. pili i kā lākou hui a me ke ʻano o ka launa pū ʻana. Muses. paʻa nā waiwai o nā mele mele Protestant: ʻaʻole ikaika, me nā caesuras māmā, a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā huaʻōlelo. ʻO ke ʻano (ma ke ʻano o ka helu o nā huaʻōlelo a me kā lākou pālākiō) e kope i ke ʻano o ka kikokikona, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau he quatrain me ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi helu o nā laina. E ala mai ana pela. sextines, sevenths, etc. i loko o ke mele e pili ana i ka hana mua e like me ka manawa a me ka hoʻomau polyphrased ʻoi aʻe a i ʻole (i kekahi manawa e hana i kahi pā, no ka laʻana BWV 38, No 6). Hoʻopili nā ʻāpana o ka reprise i kēia mau ʻano i nā ʻāpana ʻelua, ʻekolu ʻāpana, akā ʻo ka nele o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka squareness e hoʻokaʻawale loa iā lākou mai nā mea kahiko. ʻO ka laulā o nā ʻenehana kūkulu a me nā ʻano o ka haʻi ʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia i ke mele. ākea loa ka lole e puni ana i ka chorale; he ch. arr. a hoʻoholo i ke ʻano nui o Op. (cf. nā hoʻonohonoho like ʻole o hoʻokahi chorale). Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma X. o. Hoʻokomo ʻia ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana (ʻokoʻa a hoʻololi ʻole ʻia ke mele o ka chorale, ʻaʻole ia he mea no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana). Aia he 4 ano nui X. o.:

1) nā hoʻonohonoho o ka hale waihona chord (ma nā palapala hoʻonohonoho, nā mea liʻiliʻi loa, no ka laʻana, Bach's "Allein Gott in der Hoh sei Ehr", BWV 715).

2) Ka hana polyphonic. hale kūʻai. ʻO nā leo e pili pū ana e pili ana i ka hīmeni (e nānā i ka laʻana ma ke kolamu 51, ma luna), ʻaʻole pinepine lākou i kūʻokoʻa mai ia mea ("Der Tag, der ist so freudenreich", BWV 605). Kūlike ʻole lākou i ka hīmeni a me kekahi i kekahi (“Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stund”, BWV 621), hana pinepine i nā hoʻohālike (“Wir Christenleut”, BWV 612), i kekahi manawa he canon (“Canonical Variations on a Christmas Song”, BWV 769 ).

3) Fugue (fughetta, ricercar) ma ke ʻano he X. o .:

a) ma ke kumuhana o kahi chorale, kahi o ke kumuhana kona hua'ōlelo wehe ("Fuga super: Jesus Christus, unser Heiland", BWV 689) a i ʻole - ma ka mea i kapa ʻia. strophic fugue - nā huaʻōlelo a pau o ka chorale ma ka huli ʻana, e hana ana i kahi moʻo o nā hōʻike ("Aus tiefer Not schrei'ich zu dir", BWV 686, e ʻike i kahi laʻana ma Art. Fugue, kolamu 989);

b) i kahi chorale, kahi e hoʻokani ai ka fugue kūʻokoʻa i ke kumuhana ("Fantasia sopra: Jesu meine Freude", BWV 713).

4) Canon - he ʻano i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano canonically ("Gott, durch deine Güte", BWV 600), i kekahi manawa me ka hoʻohālike ("Erschienen ist der herrliche Tag", BWV 629) a i ʻole canonical. ukali (e nānā i ka laʻana ma ke kolamu 51, ma lalo). ʻokoʻa. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano hoʻonohonoho i nā ʻano mele (e ʻike i ka Bach's org. partitas).

ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau i ka ulu ʻana o X. o. ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ke kūʻokoʻa o nā leo e kūʻē i ka chorale. Hiki i ka stratification o ka chorale a me ka hoʻokani pila i kahi pae, kahi e kū ai kahi "counterpoint of forms" - kahi mismatch ma waena o nā palena o ka chorale a me ka hoʻokani pila ("Nun freut euch, lieben Christen g'mein", BWV 734). Hōʻike ʻia ka autonomization o ka hana ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana o ka chorale me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i kekahi manawa mamao mai ia, nā ʻano - aria, recitative, fantasy (ʻo ia ka nui o nā ʻāpana e ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana, no ka laʻana, "Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ” na V. Lübeck), ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka hula (no ka laʻana, ma ka partita “Auf meinen lieben Gott” na Buxtehude, kahi o ka hoʻololi ʻelua he sarabande, ʻo ka 2 he chime, a ʻo ka 3 he gigue).

JS Bach. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻokalakupua mele "Ach Gott und Herr", BWV 693. Hoʻokumu piha ʻia ka hoʻokani pila ma nā mea o ka chorale. Hoʻohālike nui ʻia (ma ka hōʻemi ʻelua a ʻehā) ka mua a me ka lua (ke aniani aniani o ka 1st)

JS Bach. "In dulci Jubilo", BWV 608, mai ka Buke Organ. Kānāwai pālua.

Mai ia Ser. ʻO ke kenekulia 18 no nā kumu o ka mōʻaukala a me ka nani X. o. aneane nalo mai ka hana haku mele. Ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona hope loa ʻo ka Choral Mass, org. noʻonoʻo a me ka fugue ma nā chorales na F. Liszt, org. choral preludes na I. Brahms, choral cantatas, org. nā mele mele a me nā preludes na M. Reger. I kekahi manawa X. o. lilo ia i mea o ka stylization, a laila hana hou ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i kahi mele maoli (no ka laʻana, E. Krenek's toccata a chaconne).

E hoʻomaopopo ': Livanova T., Moʻolelo o nā mele ʻEulopa Komohana a hiki i 1789, M.-L., 1940; Skrebkov SS, Polyphonic analysis, M.-L., 1940; Sposobin IV, Ke ano mele, M.-L., 1947; Protopopov Vl., Ka moolelo o ka polyphony i kona ano nui loa. Nā mele kahiko o ʻEulopa Komohana o nā kenekulia XVIII-XIX, M., 1965; Lukyanova N., Ma ke kumu hoʻokahi o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hoʻonohonoho mele mai nā cantatas a JS Bach, ma: Problems of Musicology, vol. 2, M., 1975; Druskin M., Passion and mass of JS Bach, L., 1976; Evdokimova Yu., Thematic kaʻina hana i ka lehulehu o Palestrina, ma: Theoretical observations on the history of music, M., 1978; Simakova N., Melody "L'homme arm" a me kona refraction i ka nui o ka Renaissance, ibid.; Etinger M., ka lokahi kahiko kahiko, M., 1979; Schweitzer A, JJ Bach. Le musicien-poite, P.-Lpz., 1905, hoʻonui i ka Kelemānia. ed. ma lalo o ke poʻo inoa: JS Bach, Lpz., 1908 (Unuhi Lūkini - Schweitzer A., ​​​​Johann Sebastian Bach, M., 1965); Terry CS, Bach: the cantatas and oratorios, v. 1-2, L., 1925; Dietrich P., JS Bach's Orgelchoral und seine geschichtlichen Wurzeln, "Bach-Jahrbuch", Jahrg. 26, 1929; Kittler G., Geschichte des protestantischen Orgelchorals, Bckermünde, 1931; Klotz H., Lber die Orgelkunst der Gotik, der Renaissance und des Barock, Kassel, 1934, 1975; Frotscher G., Geschichte des Orgelspiels und der Orgelkomposition, Bd 1-2, B., 1935-36, 1959; Schrade L., ʻO ke kinona i ka nui o ke kenekulia 15, "MQ", 1942, v. 28, No 3, 4; ʻO Lowinsky EE, mele ʻokena Pelekane o ka Renaissance, ibid., 1953, v. 39, No 3, 4; Fischer K. von, Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Orgelchoralvariation, ma Festschrift Fr. Blume, Kassel (ua), 1963; Krummacher F., Die Choralbearbeitung in der protestantischen Figuralmusik zwischen Praetorius und Bach, Kassel, 1978.

TS Kyuregyan