Chromatism |

Greek xromatismos - kala, mai xroma - kala ʻili, kala, pena; xromatikon – chromatic, ʻo ia hoʻi genos – genus

ʻO ka ʻōnaehana Halftone (e like me A. Webern, ʻo ka chromatism ka "neʻe i nā halftones"). Loaʻa i nā Chromatisms ʻelua ʻano ʻōnaehana waena - ka Greek kahiko "chroma" a me ʻEulopa chromatism.

1) "Chrome" - kekahi o nā mea nui ʻekolu. "ʻano" o ka tetrachord (a i ʻole "nā ʻano mele") me "diatone" a me "enarmony" (e nānā i nā mele Helene). Me ka enharmony (a he ʻokoʻa hoʻi i ka diatone) o ka chromium, ua ʻike ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka huina o ʻelua mau liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka waiwai o ke kolu. Ua kapa ʻia kēlā ʻano "hui" o nā manawa pōkole. pykn (Pyknon Helene, nā leka - lehulehu, pinepine). ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā enharmonics, nā semitones ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi chroma intervals, no ka laʻana: e1 - des1 - c1 - h. Mai ka manaʻo o nā mele Helene hou. ʻO ka chroma e pili pono ana i nā unahi me SW. lua (ma octave frets - me elua incremental kekona, e like me ka aria o ka Moiwahine o Shemakhan mai ka lua o ka hana o ka opera The Golden Cockerel na Rimsky-Korsakov) a ua kokoke i ka diatonic ma mua o ka chromatic. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka poʻe loea Helene ma "nā hānau" "nā kala" (xroai), nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā tetrachords o kahi ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia. Wahi a Aristoxenus, ʻekolu "nā kala" (ʻano): ka leo (ma keneta: 300 + 100 + 100), hoʻokahi a me ka hapa (350 + 75 + 75) a me ka palupalu (366 + 67 + 67).

Melodica chromatic. Ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano he ʻulaʻula (ʻoiai, no laila ka inoa). I ka manawa like, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, "coddled". Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke au Karistiano, chromatic. Ua hoʻohewa ʻia nā mele ma ke ʻano he ʻoluʻolu ʻole i ka loina. nā koi (Clement of Alexandria). Ma Nar. mele o ka Hikina me uv. mau kekona (hemiolic) i ko lakou waiwai i ke kenekulia 20. (Said Mohammed Awad Khawas, 1970). I loko o ka hou European melodic X. he okoa kumu a, e like me, he okoa ano.

2) ʻO ka manaʻo hou o X. manaʻo i ka noho ʻana o ka diatonicism ma ke ʻano he kumu, ʻo ia ka X. "nā kala" (nā manaʻo o ka chroma, kala ma Marchetto o Padua; e nānā iā Gerbert M., t. 3, 1963, p. 74B) . Ua unuhi ʻia ʻo X ma ke ʻano he papa o ka hale kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, e ulu ana mai ke kumu diatonic (ke kumu o ka hoʻololi ʻana; e hoʻohālikelike me ka manaʻo o G. Schenker's structural level). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka Helene, pili ka manaʻo hou o X. me ka manaʻo o 6 mau leo ​​(nā ʻanuʻu melodic) i loko o kahi tetrachord (ʻehā mau o nā Helene; ʻO ka manaʻo o Aristoxenus o kahi tetrachord kūlike o kahi semitone. ʻO ka hoʻolālā i hoʻomau ʻia he abstraction theoretical) a me nā leo 12 i loko o kēlā me kēia octave. Hōʻike ʻia nā mele diatonicism "Nordic" i ka wehewehe ʻana o X. ma ke ʻano he "compression" o ka diatonic. nā mea, "hoʻokomo" i ke kumu diatonic. he lalani o ka papa lua (diatonic i loko iho) e like me X. No laila ke kumu o ka systematics chromatic. phenomena, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e like me ka piʻi ʻana o ko lākou mānoanoa, mai ka chromaticity loaʻaʻole i ka chromaticity nui loa (A. Webern's hemitonics). Ua māhele ʻia ʻo X. i melodic. a me ka chord (no ka laʻana, hiki i nā chords ke diatonic maʻemaʻe, a hiki i ke mele ke chromatic, e like me ka Chopin's etude a-moll op. 10 No 2), centripetal (i kuhikuhi ʻia i nā kani o ka tonic. ., i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻololi 1. o ka hapa 2 o ka sonata 32 na L. Beethoven no ka piano.). ʻO nā ʻōnaehana o nā mea nui X.:

Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Modulation X. ma muli o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ʻelua diatonic, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ka hāʻawi ʻana iā lākou i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka haku mele (L. Beethoven, ka hopena o ka sonata piano 9, ke kumuhana nui a me ka hoʻololi; N. Ya. Myaskovsky, "Yellowed. ʻAoʻao” no ka piano, No 7, hui pū ʻia me nā ʻano X.); chromatic aia nā leo i nā ʻōnaehana like ʻole a hiki ke kaʻawale. Hōʻike ka Subsystem X. (ma nā ʻokoʻa; e nānā i ka Subsystem) i nā leo o ka chromatic. nā pilina i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokahi (JS Bach, ke kumuhana o ka h-moll fugue mai ka 1st volume o ka Well-Tempered Clavier), e mānoanoa ai iā X.

ʻO ka leo alakaʻi X. mai ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā leo wehe i kekahi leo a i ʻole ke mele, me ka ʻole o ka manawa o ka hoʻololi ʻana ma ke ʻano he neʻe i ka uv. E ʻae wau (harmonic minor; Chopin, mazurka C-dur 67, No 3, PI Tchaikovsky, 1st part of the 6th symphony, ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi kumuhana lua; ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Prokofiev's dominant"). Hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻololi X. me ke ʻano. ʻO ka manawa ka hoʻololi o ka diatonic. ʻeleʻele (leo, chord) ma o kahi ʻanuʻu chromatic. semitone - uv. E ʻae au, hōʻike ʻia (L. Beethoven, 5th symphony, 4th movement, bars 56-57) a i ʻole implied (AN Scriabin, Poem for piano op. 32 No 2, bars 1-2).

Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo X. i loko o ka hui pū ʻana a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea modal, nona kēlā me kēia me nā ʻano diatonic like ʻole (AP Borodin, 2nd symphony, 1st movement, bar 2; F. Liszt, symphony "Faust", 1 -th movement, bars 1 -2; SS Prokofiev, sonata No 6 no ka pianoforte, ka neʻe mua, ka pahu 1; DD Shostakovich, ka symphony 1, ka neʻe mua, nā helu 7-1 ; NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "The Golden Cockerel", hoʻolauna orchestral i ka Act II; symmetrical Hiki i nā frets ke hoʻokokoke i ka X maoli). ʻO Natural X. ("organic chromaticity" e like me A. Pusseru) ʻaʻohe diatonic. nā kumu kumu (O. Messiaen, "35 manaʻo ..." no ka piano, No 36; EV Denisov, piano trio, 20st neʻe; A. Webern, Bagatelli no ka piano, op. 3).

Manao X. ma ka olelo Helene. ʻO nā mea manaʻo he wehewehe ʻana i nā wā chromatic. hoʻokaʻawale ma ka helu helu makemakika. nā pilina ma waena o nā kani o ka tetrachord (Aristoxenus, Ptolemy). Hōʻike. ʻO ke ʻano ("ethos") o ka chroma ma ke ʻano he ʻano akahai, hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ua wehewehe ʻia e Aristoxen, Ptolemy, Philodem, Pachymer. Generalization o ka wā kahiko. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo X. a me ka wahi hoʻomaka no ka Middle Ages. ʻO ka poʻe theorists he hōʻike ʻike e pili ana iā X., no Boethius (e hoʻomaka ana i ke kenekulia 6 AD). ʻO ka hanana o kahi hou (introductory leo, transpositional) X., i kū mai ma kahi o. ʻO ke kenekulia 13, he mea maʻamau ka mea i kapa ʻia lākou he mele "hewa" (musica ficta), "fiction", "false" mele (musica falsa). ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i nā leo chromatic hou (mai nā ʻaoʻao palahalaha a ʻoi aku hoʻi), ua piʻi mai ʻo Prosdocimus de Beldemandis me ka manaʻo o kahi pae leo 17-step:

ʻO ka semitone hoʻolauna "artificial" o ka pālākiō liʻiliʻi i hoʻoilina paʻa o ka "ficta music".

Ma ke ala i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka anharmonic. nā waiwai leo ma con. Ke kenekulia 16 mai ka manaʻo o X. branched microchromatics. Mai ka 17th century theory X. hoʻomohala e like me ke aʻo ʻana o ke kuʻikahi (ʻo ia hoʻi nā bass maʻamau). Hoʻoponopono mua ʻia ka modulation a me ka subsystem X. e like me ka transpositional transference o ke kikowaena pilina. nā pūnaewele o ka ladotonality i loko o ka subordinate a me ka peripheral.

E hoʻomaopopo ': 1) Anonymous, Introduction to Harmonics, Philological Review, 1894, vol. 7, puke. 1-2; Petr VI, Ma nā haku mele, nā hale a me nā ʻano i nā mele Helene kahiko, Kyiv, 1901; El Said Mohamed Awad Khawas, Modern Arabic Folk Song, M., 1970; Paul O., Boetius und die griechische Harmonik, Lpz., 1872; Westphal R., Aristoxenus von Tarent. Melik und Rhythmik des classischen Hellenenthums, Lpz., 1883; Jan K. von (comp.), Musici scriptores graeci, Lpz., 1895; D'ring I. (ed.), Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios, Göteborg, 1930.

2) Yavorsky BL, ʻO ke ʻano o ka haʻiʻōlelo mele, ʻāpana 1-3, M., 1908; Glinsky M., Chromatic signs in the music of the future, "RMG", 1915, No 49; ʻO Catuar G., ʻO ke kumu o ka lokahi, māhele 1-2, M., 1924-25; Kotlyarevsky I., Diatonics and Chromatics as a Category of Musical Myslennia, Kipv, 1971; Kholopova V., Ma ke kumu hoʻokahi o ka chromaticism i ke mele o ke kenekulia 2, ma: Problems of Musical Science, vol. 1973, M., 14; Katz Yu., Ma nā loina o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka diatonic a me ka chromatic, ma: Nā nīnau o ke kumumanaʻo a me ka nani o ke mele, vol. 1975, L., 3; Marcheti de Padua Lucidarium in arte musicae planae, in Gerbert M., Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum, t. 1784, St. Blasien, 1963, reprografischer Nachdruck Hildesheim, 1; Riemann H., Das chromatische Tonsystem, ma kāna puke: Präludien und Studien, Bd 1895, Lpz., 1898; kona, Geschichte der Musiktheorie, Lpz., 1902; Kroyer Th., Die Anfänge der Chromatik, Lpz., 1 (Publicationen der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft. Beihefte. IV); Schenker H., Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien, Bd 1906, Stuttg.-B., 1911; Schönberg A., Harmonielehre, Lpz.-W., 1949; W., 14; Picker R. von, Beiträge zur Chromatik des 16. bis 1914. Jahrhunderts, "Studien zur Musikwissenschaft", 2, H. 1920; Kurth E., Romantische Harmonik, Bern - Lpz., 1923, B., 1975 (Unuhi Lūkini - Kurt E., Romantic harmonik a me kona pilikia ma Wagner's Tristan, M., 1946); Lowinsky EE, ke kiʻi chromatic huna ma Netherlands motet, NY, 1950; Besseler H., Bourdon a me Fauxbourdon, Lpz., 1950; Brockt J., Diatonik-Chromatik-Pantonalität, "OMz", 5, Jahrg. 10, H. 11/1953; ʻO Reaney G., ʻumikūmāhā Kenekulia Harmoni, Musica Disciplina, 7, v. 15; Hoppin RH, Pulima hapa a me musica ficta ma kekahi mau kumu mua o ke kenekulia 1953, JAMS, 6, v. 3, no 1600; Dahlhaus C., D. Belli und der chromatische Kontrapunkt um 1962, “Mf”, 15, Jahrg. 4, no 1962; Mitchell WL, The study of chromaticism, "Journal of music theory", 6, v. 1, no 1963; Bullivant R., Ke ano o ka chromaticism, Ka Manawa Mele, 24, v. 2, No 1966; Firca Ch., Bazele modal ale cromatismului diatonic, Buc, 1978; Vieru A., Diatonie si cromatism, "Muzica", 28, v. 1, no XNUMX.

ʻO Yu. H. Kholopov