Claudio Monteverdi (Claudio Monteverdi) |

ʻO Claudio Monteverdi

Monteverdi. Cantate Domino

Ke pale neiʻo Monteverdi i nā kuleana o nā manaʻo a me ke kūʻokoʻa i ke mele. ʻOiai ke kūʻē ʻana o ka poʻe pale i nā lula, ua uhaʻi ʻo ia i nā kaulahao i hoʻopili ʻia ai ke mele iā ia iho, a makemake ʻo ia e hahai wale i nā ʻōlelo a ka puʻuwai mai kēia manawa. R. Rollan

ʻO ka hana a ka mea haku mele opera Italia ʻo C. Monteverdi kekahi o nā mea kūʻokoʻa i ka moʻomeheu mele o ke kenekulia XNUMX. I kona hoihoi i ke kanaka, i kona mau kuko a me kona mau ehaeha, he mea pena maoli o Monteverdi. ʻAʻohe o nā haku mele o ia manawa i hiki ke hōʻike i ke mele i ka pōʻino, ka manaʻo o ke ola ma ke ʻano, e hoʻokokoke i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kona ʻoiaʻiʻo, e hōʻike i ke ʻano primordial o nā ʻano kanaka ma ia ʻano.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Monteverdi i loko o ka ʻohana kauka. Ua alakaʻi ʻia kāna mau haʻawina mele e M. Ingenieri, he mea hoʻokani pila akamai, ke alakaʻi o ka hale pule ʻo Cremona. Ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia i ka ʻenehana polyphonic o ka haku mele e hiki mai ana, hoʻolauna iā ia i nā hana mele maikaʻi loa a G. Palestrina lāua ʻo O. Lasso. Ua hoʻomaka mua ʻo Moiteverdi e haku. Aia i ka 1580 mua. ua paʻi ʻia nā hōʻiliʻili mua o nā hana polyphonic leo (madrigals, motets, cantatas), a ma ka hopena o kēia ʻumi makahiki ua lilo ʻo ia i mea haku mele kaulana ma Italia, he lālā o ka Academy of Site Cecilia ma Roma. Mai ka makahiki 1590, ua lawelawe ʻo Monteverdi i loko o ka hale pule o ke Duke o Mantua (ma ke ʻano he lālā orkestra a mele, a laila ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi band). Lush, ʻaha waiwai nui ʻo Vincenzo Gonzaga i huki i nā pūʻali koa maikaʻi loa o ia manawa. Ma nā mea a pau, hiki iā Monteverdi ke hālāwai me ka mea haku mele Italia nui ʻo T. Tasso, ka mea pena Flemish P. Rubens, nā lālā o ka kamera kaulana Florentine, nā mea kākau o nā opera mua - J. Peri, O. Rinuccini. Hele pū ka mea haku mele i Prague, Vienna, Innsbruck, a me Antwerp me ke Duke i nā huakaʻi hele pinepine a me nā hoʻouka kaua. I Feberuari 1607, ua hoʻokani ʻia ka opera mua a Monteverdi, ʻo Orpheus (libretto na A. Strigio), me ka lanakila nui ma Mantua. Ua hoʻololi ʻo Monteverdi i kahi pāʻani pastoral i manaʻo ʻia no nā ʻahaʻaina hale aliʻi i mea hana keaka maoli e pili ana i ka ʻeha a me ka pōʻino o Orpheus, e pili ana i ka nani make ʻole o kāna hana. (Ua hoʻomau ʻo Monteverdi lāua ʻo Striggio i ka ʻano pōʻino o ka denouement o ka moʻolelo - ʻO Orpheus, haʻalele i ke aupuni o ka poʻe make, hōʻole i ka pāpā, nānā i hope iā Eurydice a nalowale iā ia a mau loa. hana. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana a me ka cantilena ākea, nā mele a me nā hui, ballet, kahi ʻāpana orchestral i kūkulu ʻia e hoʻokomo i kahi manaʻo lyrical hohonu. Hoʻokahi wale nō hiʻohiʻona mai ka lua o ka opera ʻo Monteverdi, ʻo Ariadne (1608), i ola a hiki i kēia lā. ʻO kēia ka "Lament of Ariadne" kaulana ("Let me die ..."), i lilo i prototype no nā lamento arias (arias of complaint) ma ka opera Italia. (ʻIke ʻia ʻo Lament of Ariadne i ʻelua mana - no ka leo solo a ma ke ʻano o ka madrigal leo ʻelima.)

I ka makahiki 1613, ua neʻe ʻo Monteverdi i Venice a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola i noho ma ka lawelawe ʻo Kapellmeister ma ka hale pule o St. Mark. Ua wehe ke ola mele waiwai o Venice i nā manawa hou no ka mea haku mele. Kākau ʻo Monteverdi i nā opera, ballets, interludes, madrigals, mele no ka hale pule a me nā ʻahaʻaina pā hale. ʻO kekahi o nā hana mua loa o kēia mau makahiki, ʻo ia ka hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi "The Duel of Tancred and Clorinda" e pili ana i ka kikokikona mai ka mele "Jerusalem Liberated" na T. Tasso, e hui pū ana i ka heluhelu (ka hapa o ka Narrator), e hana ana (ka ʻO nā ʻāpana recitative o Tancred lāua ʻo Clorinda) a me kahi orkestra e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka duel, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka manaʻo. Ma ka pili ʻana me ka "Duel" Ua kākau ʻo Monteverdi e pili ana i ke ʻano hou o concitato (hauʻoli, agitated), hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano "ʻoluʻolu, haʻahaʻa" i lanakila i kēlā manawa.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka nui o nā madrigals o Monteverdi e ko lākou ʻano hōʻikeʻike a me ke ʻano koʻikoʻi (ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili ʻewalu hope o nā madrigals, 1638, i hana ʻia ma Venice). Ma kēia ʻano mele leo polyphonic, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano o ka mea haku mele, a ua koho ʻia nā ʻano hōʻike. ʻO ka ʻōlelo harmonic o nā madrigals he kumu maoli (nā hoʻohālikelike tonal wiwo ʻole, chromatic, dissonant chords, etc.). I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1630 - mua o 40s. hiki i ka hana opera a Monteverdi i kona piko ("Return of Ulysses to his homeland" - 1640, "Adonis" - 1639, "The Wedding of Aeneas and Lavinia" - 1641; ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia nā opera 2 hope loa).

I ka makahiki 1642, ua ho'okumu 'ia 'o Monteverdi's The Coronation of Poppea ma Venice (libretto na F. Businello e pili ana i ka Tacitus' Annals). ʻO ka opera hope loa o ka mea haku mele he 75 makahiki, ua lilo ia i piko maoli, ʻo ia ka hopena o kāna ala hana. ʻO nā kiʻi mōʻaukala kikoʻī maoli i hana i loko - ʻo ka Emepera Roma ʻo Nero, i ʻike ʻia no kāna maalea a me ka lokoino, kāna kumu - ke akeakamai Seneca. ʻO ka hapa nui o The Coronation e hōʻike ana i nā hoʻohālikelike me nā pōʻino o ka haku mele o kēia wā, ʻo W. Shakespeare. ʻO ka wehe a me ka ikaika o nā kuko, ʻoi aku ka "Shakespearean" ʻokoʻa o nā hiʻohiʻona sublime a me ke ʻano, comedy. No laila, ua pani ʻia ka ʻōlelo aloha a Seneca i nā haumāna - ka hopena pōʻino o ka oaera - me kahi interlude hauʻoli o kahi ʻaoʻao a me kahi kaikamahine, a laila hoʻomaka kahi orgy maoli - hoʻohenehene ʻo Nero a me kona mau hoa i ke kumu, hoʻolauleʻa i kona make.

"ʻO kāna kānāwai wale nō ke ola ponoʻī," kākau ʻo R. Rolland e pili ana iā Monteverdi. Me ka wiwo ʻole o ka ʻike ʻana, ua ʻoi loa ka hana a Monteverdi ma mua o kona manawa. Ua ʻike ka mea haku mele i kahi lōʻihi loa o ka hale keaka mele: ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hoʻokani operatic na WA Mozart, G. Verdi, M. Mussorgsky. ʻO ia paha ke kumu i kahaha nui ai ka hopena o kāna mau hana. No nā makahiki he nui, noho lākou i ka poina a hoʻi hou i ke ola i ko mākou manawa wale nō.

I. Okhalova

ʻO ke keiki a ke kauka a ʻo ka hiapo o ʻelima mau kaikunāne. Ua aʻo ʻo ia i ke mele me MA Ingenieri. I ka makahiki ʻumikūmālima, ua paʻi ʻo ia i nā Melodies Spiritual, ma 1587 - ka puke mua o nā madrigals. I ka makahiki 1590, ma ke aloaliʻi o ke Duke o Mantua, ua lilo ʻo Vincenzo Gonzaga i violist a mele, a laila ke alakaʻi o ka hale pule. Hele pū me ke duke i Hungary (i ka wā o ke kaua Turkish) a me Flanders. I ka makahiki 1595 ua mare ʻo ia i ka mea mele ʻo Claudia Cattaneo, nāna e hāʻawi iā ia i ʻekolu keiki kāne; e make ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1607 ma hope koke iho o ka lanakila ʻana o ka Orpheus. Mai ka makahiki 1613 - he pou no ke ola o ka hale pule ma ka Repubalika Venetian; ka haku mele kapu, nā puke hope loa o nā madrigals, nā hana dramatic, ka hapa nui i nalowale. Ma kahi o 1632 ua lawe ʻo ia i ka ʻoihana kahuna.

He kahua paʻa loa ka hana opera a Monteverdi, ʻo ia ka hua o ka ʻike mua i ka haku ʻana i nā mele madrigal a me nā mele kapu, nā ʻano i loaʻa i ka haku Cremonese nā hopena like ʻole. ʻO nā ʻanuʻu nui o kāna hana keaka - ma ka liʻiliʻi loa, e pili ana i ka mea i hiki mai iā mākou - ʻike ʻia ʻelua mau manawa ʻokoʻa: ʻo ka Mantua i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia a me ka Venetian, e hāʻule ana i waena.

ʻO ka mea kānalua, ʻo "Orpheus" ka ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi loa ma Italia o ke ʻano leo leo a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia ʻumikumamāhiku. Hoʻoholo ʻia kona koʻikoʻi e ka hana keaka, ka saturation nui o nā hopena, me ka orchestral, nā hoʻopiʻi koʻikoʻi a me nā incantations, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka hīmeni ʻana o Florentine (i hoʻonui ʻia me nā piʻi a me nā haʻahaʻa o ka naʻau) me ka nui o nā mea hoʻokomo madrigal, no laila ke mele ʻana. ʻO Orpheus kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o kā lākou hoʻokūkū.

I nā opera hope loa o ka manawa Venetian, i kākau ʻia ma mua o kanakolu mau makahiki ma hope mai, hiki i kekahi ke manaʻo i nā loli stylistic like ʻole i hana ʻia ma ka melodrama Italia (ʻoi loa ma hope o ka pua ʻana o ke kula Roma) a me nā hoʻololi e pili ana i nā ʻano expressive. a hui pū ʻia me ke kūʻokoʻa nui i loko o kahi kāwele hōʻikeʻike ākea loa. Hoʻopau ʻia a hoʻemi nui ʻia nā ʻāpana mele, hui ʻia ka ariose a me ka recitative me ka maʻalahi a me ka hana ma muli o nā pono o ka pāʻani, aʻo nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka hoʻomohala a me ka symmetrical, me nā neʻe rhythmic maʻalahi, ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, e kali ana i ke ʻano o ka autonomizing. ka ʻōlelo operatic, ka hoʻolauna, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau a me nā hoʻolālā, ʻoi aku ke kūʻokoʻa i nā koi loli mau o ke kamaʻilio mele.

Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i holo ʻo Monteverdi i ka pilikia o ka neʻe ʻana mai ka kikokikona poetic, no ka mea, ʻoiaʻiʻo mau ʻo ia i kāna mau manaʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ke kumu o ka mele ma ke ʻano he kauā o ka mele, e kōkua ana i ka mea hope i kona hiki ke hōʻike. manaʻo kanaka.

ʻAʻole pono mākou e poina ma Venice ua loaʻa ka mea haku mele i kahi lewa maikaʻi no kahi libretto me nā moʻolelo mōʻaukala e holomua ana ma ke ala o ka ʻimi ʻana i ka "ʻoiaʻiʻo", a i ʻole, me nā ʻāpana kūpono i ka noiʻi psychological.

Hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ke keʻena liʻiliʻi a Monteverdi ʻo "The Duel of Tancred and Clorinda" i ka kikokikona o Torquato Tasso - ʻoiaʻiʻo, he madrigal i ke ʻano kiʻi kiʻi; Ua hoʻonoho ʻia ʻo ia i loko o ka hale o Count Girolamo Mocenigo i ka manawa o ka carnival o 1624, ua hoʻohauʻoli ʻo ia i ka lehulehu, "aneane e haehae i kona waimaka." ʻO kēia ka hui ʻana o ka oratorio a me ka ballet (hōʻike ʻia nā hanana i ka pantomime), kahi i hoʻokumu ai ka mea haku mele nui i kahi pilina pili, hoʻomau a pololei ma waena o nā mele a me nā mele i ke ʻano o ka mele mele maʻemaʻe. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui loa o ka poetry i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ke mele, kokoke i ke mele kamaʻilio, ʻo "Duel" e pili ana i nā manawa weliweli a hanohano, mystical a me ka naʻau i lilo ai ke kani i kahi ʻano kiʻi. I ka hopena hope loa, ua lilo kahi puʻupuʻu pōkole i "nui", kahi e pau ai ka modulation me ka ʻole o ka leo alakaʻi e pono ai, aʻo ka leo e hana i kahi cadenza ma kahi memo ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka chord, ʻoiai i kēia manawa. wehe ʻia kahi kiʻi o kahi honua hou. ʻO ka pallor o ka Clorinda make e hōʻike ana i ka hauʻoli.

G. Marchesi (unuhi e E. Greceanii)