'aha mele |

German Konzert, mai Italia mai. concerto - ʻaha mele, lit. - hoʻokūkū (koho), mai ka lat. concerto - hoʻokūkū

He hana no nā mea hoʻokani he nui, kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o nā mea kani a i ʻole nā ​​​​leo e kūʻē i ka hapa nui o lākou a i ʻole ka hui holoʻokoʻa, kū i waho ma muli o ke kumuhana. hoʻomaha i ke mele. mea, kani kala, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kani a i ʻole nā ​​leo. Mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18, ʻo nā concerto ka mea maʻamau no ka mea kani hoʻokahi me kahi orkestra; ʻAʻole maʻamau nā concerto no kekahi mau mea kani me kahi orkestra - "pālua", "triple", "quadruple" (Kelemānia: Doppelkonzert, Triepelkonzert, Quadrupelkonzert). He k. no ka mea kani hoʻokahi (ʻaʻohe orkestra), k. no ka orkestra (me ka wehewehe pono ole ia o na mahele hookahi), k. no ka leo (leo) me ka hoolele, k. no ka papa himeni a cappella. I ka wā ma mua, ua hōʻike nui ʻia nā mele leo-polyphonic. K. a me ka concerto grosso. ʻO nā mea koʻikoʻi nui no ka puka ʻana mai o K. ʻo ia ka multi-choir a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā papa mele, soloists a me nā mea kani, i hoʻohana mua ʻia e nā ʻelele o ke kula Venetian, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o wok.-instr. haku mele ʻana o nā ʻāpana leo a me nā mea kani. ʻO k. Ua kū mai ma Italia i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 16 a me 17. wok. hale pule polyphonic. mele (Concerti ecclesiastici no ka papa mele papalua A. Banchieri, 1595; Motets no 1-4-leo himeni me ka pahu kikohoʻe "Cento concerti ecclesiastici" na L. Viadana, 1602-11). I loko o ia mau ʻaha mele, nā mele like ʻole - mai ka nui, me ka nui. wok. a instr. nā pāʻina, a hiki i ka helu ʻana i nā woks wale nō. ʻaoʻao a me ka ʻāpana o ka bass general. Me ka inoa concerto, ua lawe pinepine nā haku mele o ia ʻano i nā inoa motetti, motectae, cantios sacrae, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka pae kiʻekiʻe loa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hale pule wok. K. polipona. ua puka mai ke ano ma ka papahele 1. 18th century cantatas na JS Bach, nona iho i kapa ai he concerti.

Ua loaʻa i ke ʻano K. ka hoʻohana ākea ma ka ʻōlelo Lūkini. mele halepule (mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 17) - ma nā hana polyphonic no ka papa mele a cappella, e pili ana i ke kahua o ka hīmeni ʻana. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka "hana" o ia mau kristal i hoʻomohala ʻia e NP Diletsky. ʻO Rus. Ua hoʻomohala nui ka poʻe haku mele i ka ʻenehana polyphonic o nā bele hale pule (hana no 4, 6, 8, 12 a ʻoi aku paha nā leo, a hiki i ka 24 leo). Ma ka hale waihona puke o ka Synodal Choir ma Moscow, aia a hiki i ka 500 K. o nā kenekulia 17-18, i kākau ʻia e V. Titov, F. Redrikov, N. Bavykin, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻomau ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻaha mele ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18. ʻO MS Berezovsky a me DS Bortnyansky, i ka hana i lanakila ai ke ʻano melodic-ariose.

I ke kenekulia 17, ma Italia, ke kumu o ka "hoʻokūkū", "hoʻokūkū" o kekahi mau leo ​​solo ("concert") komo i ka instr. mele - ma ka suite a me ka hale pule. sonata, e hoʻomākaukau ana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano kiʻiʻoniʻoni instrumental (Balletto concertata P. Melli, 1616; Sonata concertata D. Castello, 1629). ʻO ka hui like ʻole ("hoʻokūkū") o ka orchestra (tutti) a me nā soloists (solo) a i ʻole ka hui o nā mea kani solo a me ka orchestra (ma ka concerto grosso) ke kumu o nā mea i puka mai i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 17. nā laʻana mua o ka mea kani K. (Concerti da camera a 3 con il cembalo G. Bononcini, 1685; Concerto da camera a 2 violini e Basso continuo G. Torelli, 1686). Eia naʻe, ʻo nā concerto o Bononchini lāua ʻo Torelli he ʻano hoʻololi wale nō ia mai ka sonata a i ka K., i ulu maoli i ka papahele 1. Ke kenekulia 18 i ka hana a A. Vivaldi. K. o keia manawa he haku mele ekolu hapa me elua oi loa wikiwiki a me ka hapa waena lohi. Hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana wikiwiki i hoʻokahi kumuhana (kakaʻikahi ma nā kumuhana 2); Ua hoʻokani ʻia kēia kumumanaʻo i loko o ka orchestra i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia ma ke ʻano he refrain-ritornello (kahi monotemic allegro o ke ʻano rondal). Ua hana ʻo Vivaldi i nā concerto grossi a me nā concerto solo no ka violin, cello, viol d'amour, a me nā ʻuhane like ʻole. mea paahana. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka mea kani i nā concerto solo i hana mua ʻia i nā hana paʻa, akā i ka ulu ʻana o ke ʻano, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻaha mele a me ke ʻano kumuhana. kūʻokoʻa. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke mele ma ke kūʻē ʻana o ka tutti a me ka solo, nā ʻano like ʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e ka dynamic. ʻo ia hoʻi. Ua lanakila ke ʻano kiʻi o ka neʻe ʻana o kahi hale kūʻai homophonic a polyphonic. ʻO nā'ahamele a ka soloist, ma keʻano he kūlana, heʻano o ka virtuosity ornamental. Ua kākau ʻia ka ʻaoʻao waena ma ke ʻano ariose (ʻo ka mea maʻamau ka aria ʻeha a ka soloist e kūʻē i ka hoʻokani pila o ka orchestra). Loaʻa kēia ʻano K. ma ka papahele 1. ʻO ka hoʻolaha nui o ke kenekulia 18. ʻO Clavier concerto i hana ʻia e JS Bach nona pū kekahi (ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea he hoʻonohonoho o kāna concerto violin ponoʻī a me nā concerto violin a Vivaldi no 1, 2 a me 4 claviers). ʻO kēia mau hana a JS Bach, a me K. no clavier a me ka orchestra na GF Handel, i hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka piano. ʻaha mele. ʻO Handel nō hoʻi ke kupuna o ka ʻōkana k. Ma ke ʻano he mea kani hoʻokahi, ma waho aʻe o ka violin a me ka clavier, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke cello, viol dʻamour, oboe (i lilo i pani no ka violin), pū, bassoon, transverse flute, etc.

Ma ka papahele ʻelua. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kenekulia 2 i kahi ʻano o ka mea kani solo k., i ʻike maopopo ʻia i nā mele Viennese.

I K. ua hookumu ia ke ano o ka sonata-symphony. pōʻai, akā i loko o kahi refraction ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka pōʻai ʻaha mele, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he 3 wale nō ʻāpana; ua nele i ka hapa 3 o ka piha, eha-neʻe pōʻaiapuni,ʻo ia hoʻi, ka minuet a (ma hope) scherzo (ma hope, ka scherzo i kekahi manawa komo i loko o K. – ma kahi o ka lohi hapa, e like me ka laʻana, i loko o ka. 1st K. no ka violin a me ka hookani na Prokofiev, a i ole ia ma ke ano he hapa o ka holo ana o ka holo ana eha, e like me ka la'ana, ma na concerto no ka piano a me ka orkestra na A. Litolf, I. Brahms, ma ka 1st K. no ka violin a me ka hookani pila. Shostakovich). Ua hoʻokumu pū ʻia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻāpana pākahi o K. Ma ka ʻāpana 1, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu o ka hoʻolaha pālua - i ka manawa mua i kani ʻia nā kumumanaʻo o nā ʻaoʻao nui a me nā ʻaoʻao i ka orchestra i ka mea nui. nā kī, a ma hope wale nō i ka 2nd exposition ua hōʻike ʻia lākou me ke alakaʻi alakaʻi o ka soloist - ke kumuhana nui i ka mea nui. tonality, a me ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi - i kekahi, e pili ana i ka sonata allegro scheme. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, hoʻokūkū ma waena o ka soloist a me ka orchestra i hana nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā laʻana preclassic, ua hoʻololi nui ke kumu o ka hana ʻaha mele, ua pili loa kahi ʻoki me ka thematic. hooulu ana. Hāʻawi ʻo K. i ka improvisation o ka soloist ma nā kumuhana o ka haku mele, ka mea i kapa ʻia. cadenza, aia ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke code. Ma Mozart, ʻo ke ʻano o K., ka mea i koe ma ke ʻano kiʻi, he melodic, transparent, plastic, ma Beethoven ua hoʻopiha ʻia me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e like me ka dramatization maʻamau o ke ʻano. ʻAʻole ʻo Mozart lāua ʻo Beethoven e pale i kekahi cliché i ke kūkulu ʻana i kā lākou mau pena pena, e haʻalele pinepine ana mai ke kumu o ka ʻike pālua i hōʻike ʻia ma luna. ʻO nā concerto o Mozart a me Beethoven ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kēia ʻano.

I ka wā o ka romanticism, aia ka haʻalele ʻana mai ka classical. ka ratio o na apana ma k. Ua hana ʻo Romantics i hoʻokahi hapa k. ʻelua ʻano: kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi - ka mea i kapa ʻia. he ʻāpana ʻaha mele (i kapa ʻia ma hope he concertino), a he ʻano nui, e pili ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi mele symphonic, ma kahi ʻāpana e unuhi ana i nā hiʻohiʻona o kahi pōʻai sonata-symphony ʻehā. I ke kani K. maʻamau a me ka thematic. nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole i loaʻa, ma ke aloha. K. monothematism, pili leitmotif, ke kumu o "ma o ka hoʻomohala" i loaʻa i ka mea nui loa. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka romanticism. Ua haku ʻia ʻo K. poʻomanaʻo e F. Liszt. Pilikino. koi ma ka papahele 1. Ua hoʻomohala ʻo 19 century i kahi ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka nani a me ka hoʻonaninani, i lilo i hiʻohiʻona stylistic o ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka romanticism (N. Paganini, F. Liszt a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).

Ma hope o Beethoven, ʻelua mau ʻano (ʻelua ʻano) o K. - "virtuoso" a me "symphonized". In virtuoso K. instr. ʻO ka virtuosity a me ka hana ʻahamele ke kumu o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke mele; ma ka papahana 1, ʻaʻole ia he kumuhana. ka hoʻomohala ʻana, a me ke kumu o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka cantilena a me ka motility, decomp. ʻano kikokikona, timbres, etc. I ka nui virtuoso K. thematic. ʻAʻole loa ka hoʻomohala ʻana (Viotti's violin concertos, Romberg's cello concertos) a i ʻole noho i kahi kūlana haʻahaʻa (ʻo ka hapa mua o ka concerto 1 a Paganini no ka violin a me ka orchestra). Ma ka symphonized K., hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke mele ma ka symphony. dramaturgy, kumuhana kumuhana. hoʻomohala ʻana, ma ke kūʻē figuratively-thematic. poepoe. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka dramaturgy hōʻailona ma K. ma muli o kona hui ʻana me ka symphony i ka figurative, artistic, ideological sense (concerts of I. Brahms). ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano K. ʻelua i ka dramaturgy. ʻO nā ʻāpana hana nui: ʻike ʻia ʻo virtuoso K. i ka hegemony piha o ka soloist a me ke kuleana o lalo (a me) o ka orchestra; no ka symphonized K. – dramaturgy. ʻO ka hana o ka orchestra (ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kumuhana e hana pū ʻia e ka soloist a me ka orchestra), e alakaʻi ana i ka like like o ka ʻāpana o ka soloist a me ka orchestra. I ka symphonic K. virtuosity ua lilo i mea hana keaka. hooulu ana. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka symphonization i loko o kahi ʻano virtuoso kikoʻī o ke ʻano e like me ka cadenza. Inā ma virtuoso K. ka cadenza i manaoia e hōʻike 'ike loea. ʻO ke akamai o ka mea mele, ma ka symphony āna i hui ai i ka hoʻomohala holoʻokoʻa o ka mele. Mai ka wā o Beethoven, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe haku mele e kākau i nā cadenzas; i ka 1th fp. Lilo ka cadence concerto o Beethoven. hapa o ke ano o ka hana.

He wehewehe maopopo ma waena o ka virtuosic a me ka symphonic k. ʻaʻole hiki i nā manawa a pau. Ua laha loa ka ʻano K., kahi i hui pū ʻia ai ka ʻaha mele a me nā ʻano symphonic. Eia kekahi laʻana, ma nā'ahamele o F. Liszt, PI Tchaikovsky, AK Glazunov, SV Rachmaninov symphonic. Hoʻohui ʻia ka dramaturgy me ke ʻano virtuoso nani o ka ʻāpana solo. I ka 20th century ka predominance o ka virtuoso concert performance mea maʻamau no nā concerto o SS Prokofiev, B. Bartok, ka predominance o symphonic. ʻike ʻia nā ʻano maikaʻi, no ka laʻana, i ka 1st violin concerto e Shostakovich.

I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mana koʻikoʻi i ka symphony, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka symphony e ka symphony. I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19. ua ala mai kahi ʻano "concert" kūikawā o ka symphonism, i hōʻike ʻia e ka hana. R. Strauss (“Don Quixote”), NA Rimsky-Korsakov (“Spanish Capriccio”). I ka 20th century Quite a few concertos for the orchestra also appeared on the principle of concert performance (no ka laʻana, ma Soviet music, e ka Azerbaijani haku mele S. Gadzhibekov, ka Estonian haku mele J. Ryaets, a me na mea e ae).

Hana ʻia ʻo K. no ʻEulopa a pau. nā mea kani – piano, violin, cello, viola, double bass, woodwinds a me ke keleawe. No RM Gliere ka K. kaulana loa no ka leo a me ka okestra. Pueo. Ua kākau nā haku mele iā K. no ka nar. nā mea kani - balalaika, domra (KP Barchunova a me nā mea'ē aʻe), Armenian tar (G. Mirzoyan), Latvian kokle (J. Medin), a me nā mea'ē aʻe. ʻano maʻamau a hōʻike nui ʻia i ka hana a nā mea haku mele he nui (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, AI Khachaturian, DB Kabalevsky, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, TN Khrennikov, SF Tsintsadze a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).

E hoʻomaopopo ': Orlov GA, Soviet Piano Concerto, L., 1954; Khokhlov Yu., Soviet Violin Concerto, M., 1956; Alekseev A., Concerto and chamber genres of instrumental music, in the book: History of Russian Soviet Music, vol. 1, M., 1956, p. 267-97; ʻO Raaben L., ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Soviet, L., 1967.

LH Raaben