Conservatory |

ital. conservatorio, conservatoire Farani, eng. conservatory, germ. Konservatorium, mai ka lat. mālama - hoʻomalu

I kinohi, ua kapaia o K. he mauna ma Italia. nā hale no nā keiki makua ʻole a me ka poʻe ʻole, kahi i aʻo ʻia ai nā keiki i ka hana lima, a me nā mele, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka hīmeni ʻana (i mea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ai i ka poʻe mele no nā papa hīmeni o ka hale pule). ʻO ka mua o lākou i ka makahiki 1537 ma Naples - "Santa Maria di Loreto". I ke kenekulia 16, ua wehe ʻia nā hale hoʻomalu hou 3 ma Naples: "Pieta dei Turchini", "Dei believe di Gesu Cristo" a me "SantʻOnofrio a Capuana". I ke kenekulia 17, ua lawe ʻo DOS i ke aʻo ʻana i ke mele. wahi i ka hoonaauao ana i na keiki hanai. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā hale hoʻomalu i ka poʻe hīmeni a me nā mea hīmeni. I ka makahiki 1797 ua hui pū ʻo "Santa Maria di Loreto" a me "SantʻOnofrio", a loaʻa ka inoa. K. “Loreto a Capuana”. I ka makahiki 1806, ua hui pū nā keiki makua ʻole ʻelua iā ia, a lilo i Mōʻī. mele Koleke, hope Moi. K. "San Pietro a Maiella".

Ma Venice, nā hoʻokumu o kēia ʻano. ospedale (ʻo ia hoʻi, halemai, hale hānai makua, hale hānai no ka poʻe ʻilihune, nā maʻi). Ma ke kenekulia 16 kaulana: "Della Pieta", "Dei Mendicanti", "Incurabili" a me ospedaletto (no nā kaikamāhine wale nō) "Santi Giovanni e Paolo". I ke kenekulia 18, ua emi nā hana o kēia mau hale. Hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1877, ua wehe ka Hui Benedetto Marcello i nā mele ma Venice. ʻO ka lyceum, ka mea i lilo i state lyceum ma 1895, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi kula kiʻekiʻe ma 1916, a ma 1940 ua hoʻololi ʻia i State Lyceum. K. im. Benedetto Marcello.

Ma Roma i ka makahiki 1566, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Palestrina i ka hui (ka hui) o nā mea hoʻokani pila, mai 1838 - ka Academy (aia ma nā hale pule like ʻole, me ka Basilica o Santa Cecilia). I ka makahiki 1876, ma ka Academy "Santa Cecilia" wehe i ka mele. lyceum (mai 1919 K. "Santa Cecilia").

I ke kenekulia 18 ital. K., kahi i aʻo ai nā haole, ua hana nui i ke aʻo ʻana i nā haku mele a me nā mea hoʻokani pila. Ma muli o ka ulu nui o ka pono no ke aʻo ʻana o prof. nā mea hoʻokani pila ma kekahi mau ʻāina Zap. ʻEulopa i ke kenekulia 18 he mau mele kūikawā uch. nā hui. Ma waena o nā ʻoihana mua o kēia ʻano ʻo ka Mōʻī. He kula o ka himeni a me ka heluhelu 'ana ma Palika (i hoʻonohonoho 'ia i ka makahiki 1784 ma ka Royal Academy of Music; i ka makahiki 1793 ua hui ia me ke kula mele o ka National Guard, i hookumu i ka National Music Institute, mai ka makahiki 1795 ka Faculty of Music and Recitation). (I ka makahiki 1896, ua wehe ʻia ka Schola Cantorum ma Paris.) I ka makahiki 1771, hoʻomaka ka Mōʻī e hana ma Stockholm. Kula Kiʻekiʻe o nā Mele (mai 1880 Academy of Music, mai 1940 K.)

Kekahi mele. uch. nā hui e like me K. ua kapaia he mau kula, muses. in-tami, kula kiʻekiʻe o ka mele, lyceums, kulanui. I ke kenekulia 19, ua hana ʻia nā hui he nui: ma Bologna (ma 1804 ka Music Lyceum, i ka makahiki 1914 ua loaʻa iā ia ke kūlana o kahi hui, i ka makahiki 1925 ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ma hope o G. B. Martini, mai ka makahiki 1942 mai ka Moku'āina K. i kapa ʻia ma hope o G. B. Martini), Berlin (ma 1804 kula himeni, hoʻokumu ʻia e C. F. Zelter, ma ka ia wahi i loko o 1820 he kūikawā hoʻonaʻauao kula i hoʻokumu 'ia e ia, mai 1822 Institute no ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana o organists a me ke kula kumu o ka mele, mai 1875 Royal Institute o ka Ekalesia Music , mai 1922 ka Moku'āina Academy o ka Ekalesia a me School Music, ma 1933-45 ke kula kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonaʻauao mele, a laila hoʻokomo ʻia i ke kula kiʻekiʻe o ke mele, ma ke kūlanakauhale hoʻokahi ma 1850, i hoʻokumu ʻia e Y. Stern, ma hope o ka Stern Conservatory, ma hope o ke kūlanakauhale o K. (ma West Berlin), ma ia wahi ma 2 ke kula kiʻekiʻe o ke mele, i hoʻokumu ʻia e J. ʻO Joachim, ma kahi hoʻokahi i ka makahiki 1869 ka Moku'āina K., ma hope o ke kula kiʻekiʻe o ke mele i kapa ʻia ma hope o X. Eisler), Milana (i ka makahiki 1950 ke Kula Mele, mai ka makahiki 1808 mai ke kula o G. Verdi C.), Florence (ma 1908 ke kula ma ka Academy of Arts, mai 1811 ka Music Institute, mai 1849 ka Music School, mai 1851 ka Moi o ka Mele. in-t, mai ka makahiki 1860 K. ia. L. Cherubini), Prague (1912; ma ka ia wahi ma 1811 ka Academy o Arts, ka mea he 'oihana o ka mele), Brussels (ma 1948 ka Musical School e, ma 1812 ma kona kumu Korol. kula o ka himeni, mai 1823 K.), Warsaw (i ka makahiki 1832, ke keena mele ma ke Kula Drama, ma 1814 ke Kula o na Mele a me Dramatic Arts; ma ia wahi i ka makahiki 1816 ma ke kumu o ke kumu o na hana akamai ma ka Institute of Music and Recitation, mai ka makahiki hoʻokahi K., mai 1821 Music Institute), Vienna (i ka makahiki 1861 ma ke kumu o ka Society of Friends of Music - Singing School, mai 1817 K., mai 1821 Academy of Music and Stage Performance. . Art-va), Parkhme (i 1908 Choir School, mai 1818 Institute of Arts and Crafts, mai 1821 Carmine Music School, mai 1831 K. i kapa ʻia ma hope o A. Boito), Lādana (1888, Royal Academy of Music ), The Hague (ma 1822 ka King's Music School, mai 1826 K.), Liege (1908), Zagreb (ma 1827 ka Musikverein Society, mai 1827 ka People's Land Music Institute, ma hope - ka Croatian Music Institute). i-t, mai 1861 ka Music Academy, ma ia wahi ma 1922 ke kula mele, i hookumuia e ka Musikverein Society, mai 1829 ka Music School o ka Croatian Music Institute mai 1870 K., mai 1916 State K.) , Genoa ( i ka makahiki 1921 ka Music Lyceum, ma hope mai ka Music Lyceum i kapa ʻia ma hope o N. Paganini), Madrid (i ka makahiki 1829, mai 1830 K. mele a me ka heluhelu ʻana), Geneva (ma 1919), Lisbon (1835, Nat. K.), Budapest (ma 1836 National K., mai 1840 National Music School, Vpos ma hope o ka National K. ia. B. Bartok; ma ia wahi ma 1867 ka Academy of Music, mai 1875 ke Kula Kiʻekiʻe o Music. hookolokolo ia lakou. F. Liszt), Rio de Janeiro (ma 1918 ka Mō'ī o K., mai 1841 ka National Music Institute, ma 1890 lilo i hapa o ke kulanui, mai 1931 ka National School o Music Bras. Kulanui; ma laila hoʻi i ka makahiki 1937 ka Braz. K., ma ia wahi i ka makahiki 1940 ka National K. ʻO ke mele mele, ma kahi hoʻokahi i ka makahiki 1942 ka Braz. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Academy of Music ma hope o O. L. Fernandis), Lucca (1945, ma hope mai o ka A. Boccherini), Leipzig (1842, hoʻokumu ʻia e F. Mendelssohn, mai 1843 King K., mai 1876 ke Kula Ki'eki'e o ka Mele, ma 1941 ma lalo o ia - ka F. Mendelssohn Academy), Munich (ma 1945 ke kula kiʻekiʻe o ke mele, mai 1846 K.

Ma ka papahele ʻelua. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka pūnaewele ʻo K. i ke kenekulia 2. Ua wehe ʻia ʻo K. ma Darmstadt (ma 19 ke Kula Mele, mai 1851 ka Mokuʻāina K.), Boston (1922), Stuttgart (1853, mai 1856 ka Mōʻī o K.), Dresden (ma 1896 ke kula kiʻekiʻe o ke mele, mai ka makahiki 1856. 1918 ka Moi. K., mai 1937 State K.), Bucharest (1864, mahope iho o C. Porumbescu K.), Luxembourg (1864), Copenhagen (ma 1867 Royal Danish K., mai 1902 Copenhagen K., mai 1948 State. K.), Turin (ma 1867 ka Music School, mai 1925 ka Lyceum, mai 1935 ka G. Verdi Conservatory), Antwerp (1867, mai 1898 ka Royal Flemish K.), Basel (ma 1867 ka Music School, mai 1905 Academy. of Music), Baltimore a me Chicago (1868), Montreal (1876), Frankfurt am Main (1878, Higher School of Music), Brno (1881, hoʻokumu ʻia e ka Brno Conversation Society, ma 1919 i hui pū ʻia me ke Kula Organ, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1882. e ka Yednota Society, mai 1920 e ka Moku'āina K.; ma ia wahi ma 1947 ka Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts, mai 1969 i kapa ʻia ma hope o L. Janacek), Pesaro (ma 1882 ka Music Lyceum, ma hope o ka ., i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka lilo o G. Rossini, lawe i kona inoa), Bogota (ma 1882 ka National Academy o Music, mai 1910 ka National K.), Helsinki (ma 1882 ka Music School, mai 1924 K., mai 1939 ka Academy ia lakou. Sibelius), Adelaide (ma 1883 he kulanui mele, ma hope K.), Amsterdam (1884), Karlsruhe (ma 1884 ka Baden Higher School of Music, mai 1929 K.), Havana (1835), Toronto (1886), Buenos Aires (1893), Belgrade (ma 1899 ke Kula ʻo Serbian School of Music, mai 1937 ka Academy of Music), a me nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe.

Ma ka 20th kenekulia K. ua hana 'ia ma Sofia (ma 1904 he pilikino mele kula, mai 1912 ka Moku'āina Musical School, mai 1921 ka Musical Academy me ke kula kiʻekiʻe a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe, ma 1947 ka Higher Musical School ua hookaawaleia mai ia, mai 1954 . ), La Paz (1908), Sao Paulo (1909, K. Drama and Music), Melbourne (i ka makahiki 1900, ma muli o ke kula mele, ma hope o K. i kapa ʻia ma hope o N. Melba), Sydney (1914), Tehran (1918). , no ke aʻo ʻana i nā mele ʻEulopa, ma ka wahi like ma 1949, ka National K., i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kumu o ke kula mele kiʻekiʻe, wehe ʻia i ka makahiki 30 mua), ʻo Bratislava (ma 1919, ke kula mele, me 1926 Academy of Music and Drama, mai 1941 K.; ma ia wahi, ma 1949, ke kula kiʻekiʻe o nā mele mele), Kairo (ma 1925 ke kula o Oriental Music, ma ke kumu o ka Musical Club, i kū mai i 1814, mai 1929. t o ka mele Arabic, ma ka wahi like ma 1935 ka Women's Music Institute, ma ia wahi ma 1944 ka Higher School of Music, ma ia wahi ma 1959 ka Cairo National C., ma ka ia wahi ma 1969 ka Academy o Arts, i hui 5 institutes, me K. a me ka Institute o Arabic Music), Baghdad (1940, ka Academy o Fine Arts, i loko o kekahi mau keʻena, me ka mele. ; ma ka wahi like i ka makahiki 1968, ke kula mele no na keiki makana), Beirut (K. ma Ak Academy of Fine Arts), Ierusalema (1947, Academy of Music. Rubin), Pyongyang (1949), Tel Aviv (Heb. K. - "Sulamith-K."), Tokyo (1949, National University of Fine Arts and Music), Hanoi (ma 1955 hou aku, mai 1962 K.), Surakarta (1960), Accra (Academy of Music me kahi papa 2 makahiki. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana), Nairobi (1944, East Africa K.), Algiers (National Institute of Music, nona pū kekahi ʻoihana aʻoaʻo), Rabat (National Committee of Music, Dance and Dramatic Arts), etc.

Ma nā ʻāina kapitalista, me nā muses pilikino o ka mokuʻāina. uch. nā hoʻokumu, no ka laʻana. ma Paris - "Ecole maʻamau" (1918). I kekahi mau ʻāina, ʻo K. ka helu maʻamau. ʻO kahi kula o kahi ʻano kiʻekiʻe aʻe (no ka laʻana, ma Czechoslovakia, me nā kula ma Prague, Brno a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe o nā mele mele ma Bratislava, e hana ana ma kahi o 10 K., ʻo ia hoʻi he kula mele).

Manawa o ke aʻo ʻana, ka hoʻolālā a me ka moʻokāki. ʻO nā papahana no K., ʻaʻole like nā kula kiʻekiʻe o nā mele, nā kula, nā kula, nā koleke a me nā lyceums. ʻO Mn. o lakou he mau keena opiopio, kahi e komo ai na haumana o na makahiki o na keiki. Ma ka hapanui o nā ʻāina, ʻo nā mea hoʻokani, nā kumu hoʻokō, a me nā haku mele i aʻo ʻia i nā mele kahiko. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka poʻe loea mele (ka mea kākau moʻolelo a me nā mea hoʻokalakupua). nā kulanui f-max. Me nā ʻokoʻa a pau i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka moʻokāki. kaʻina hana i nā muses a pau. uch. Hāʻawi nā ʻoihana i nā papa i ka loea, mele-theoretical. nā kumuhana a me ka moʻolelo mele.

Ma Rusia, mele kūikawā uch. ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻoihana i ke kenekulia 18. (e nānā i ka hoʻonaʻauao mele). Ua hana ʻia nā K. mua i ka makahiki 60. Ke kenekulia 19, ma ke ʻano o ka piʻi ʻana o ka lāhui. ʻO ka moʻomeheu Lūkini a me ka hoʻomohala demokala. ka neʻe ʻana. Ua wehe ka RMO i ka Conservatory o St. Petersburg i ka makahiki 1862 ma ke kumu o AG Rubinshtein, a ma 1866, ma ke kumu o NG Rubinshtein, ka Conservatory Moscow. Ua hauʻoli pū ka Music and Drama School o ka Moscow Philharmonic Society (i wehe ʻia i ka makahiki 1886) i nā kuleana o K. (mai ka makahiki 1883). I ka con. 19 - noi. Ua hana ʻia nā muses o ke kenekulia 20 ma nā kūlanakauhale like ʻole o Rūsia. uch-scha, ua hoʻololi ʻia kekahi o lākou i K., incl. ma Saratov (1912), Kyiv a me Odessa (1913). kuleana nui i ka hoolaha mele. Ua hoʻokani ʻia nā hoʻokumu e nā conservatories o ka lehulehu. Ua weheʻia ka mua o lākou ma Moscow (1906); K. ma St. Petersburg, Kazan, Saratov.

ʻOiai nā mea i loaʻa ma ke kahua mele. ka hānai ʻana i nā kānaka maoli. mele lehulehu. ʻO ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hoʻonaʻauao i hiki wale ma hope o Great Oct. socialist. kipi. Ma ke kauoha a ka ʻaha kūkā o nā poʻe Komisina o ka RSFSR i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Iulai 12, 1918, ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo Petrograd a me Moskovskaya K. (a ma hope o nā mea ʻē aʻe) i ka mana o ka People's Commissariat of Education a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kula hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe a pau. nā hui. I loko o nā makahiki o ka Soviet power network K. a me nā hana kiʻi me nā muses. f-tami i hoonuiia.

A hiki i ka Great Oct. socialist. ʻO nā kipi ma Rūsia ua komo nā keʻena ʻōpio a me nā keʻena kiʻekiʻe. I ka USSR, K. he kula kiekie. he keʻena kahi e ʻae ʻia ai ka poʻe me ka pūʻali koa lua a me nā muses. hoʻonaʻauao. K. a i loko o ʻoe e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mea hoʻokani a me nā haku mele, a me nā loea mele. Hoʻolālā ʻia ka papa o ke aʻo ʻana ma K. a me in-ta no 5 mau makahiki a hāʻawi ʻia i ka manaʻo holoʻokoʻa. a me ka hoʻomākaukau kūpono o ka mea hoʻokani pila no prof. nā hana. Kahi maikaʻi ma nā hoʻolālā i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hana a me ka hoʻonaʻauao. hana a nā haumāna. Ma waho aʻe o nā hoʻopaʻi mele kūikawā, aʻo nā haumāna i ka socio-political. ʻepekema, e hōʻike ka mōʻaukala. hoopii, olelo haole. Mele kiʻekiʻe. uch. Aia nā kula iā ʻoe: theoretical a me ka haku mele (me nā keʻena o ka mōʻaukala-theoretical a me ka haku mele), piano, orchestral, leo, conductor-choral, nar. mea paahana; i kekahi helu K. kekahi - ke kumu o ka opera a me ka symphony. nā alakaʻi. Ma lalo o ka hapa nui o K. ahiahi a me nā keʻena palapala i hoʻonohonoho ʻia.

Ma ka uch kiʻekiʻe loa. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā haʻawina postgraduate (nā mea noiʻi hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma ke kahua o ke kumumanaʻo a me ka mōʻaukala o nā mele) a me nā kōkua kōkua (nā hana hana no nā mea hana, haku mele, a me nā kumu) i hana ʻia i loko o nā keʻena. ʻO Mn. K. a i loko o kou mau mea kūikawā. mele nā ​​kula makahiki he ʻumi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i nā papa no nā muses kiʻekiʻe. uch. nā kula (no ka laʻana, ka Central Secondary Special Music School ma Moscow K., ka Moscow Gnessin Secondary Special Music School, ke Kula He ʻumi Makahiki ma Leningrad K., etc.).

Hana nā muses kiʻekiʻe ma USSR. uch. nā hui: ma Alma-Ata (ma 1944 K., mai 1963 Kazakh. Institute, mai ka makahiki 1973 K. i kapa ʻia ma hope o Kurmangazy), ʻo Astrakhan (i ka makahiki 1969, ʻo Astrakhan K., ua kū ma ke kumu o kahi kula mele), ʻo Baku (ma 1901 nā papa mele o ka RMO, mai 1916 ke kula mele o ka RMO, mai 1920 ka People's Republic of ʻO Kazakhstan, mai 1921 ka Azerbaijanian Culture, mai 1948 ka Azerbaijani Culture i kapa ʻia ma hope o U. Gadzhibekov), Vilnius (i ka makahiki 1945 ka moʻomeheu Vilniusskaya, i ka makahiki 1949 i hui pū me Kaunas K., i hana ʻia ma 1933, ua kapa ʻia ʻo K. Lithuanian SSR), Gorky (1946, Gorkovskaya K. i kapa ʻia ma hope o M. I. Glinka), Donetsk (1968, Donetsk music-pedagogical institute, i hanaia ma ke kumu o ka Donetsk lala o ka Slavic Pedagogical Institute), Yerevan (ma 1921 he keena mele, mai 1923 K., mai 1946 Yerevan K. kapa ʻia ma hope o Komitas), Kazan (1945, Kazanskaya K.), Kiev (ma 1868 ke Kula Mele, mai 1883 ka Music School o ka RMO, mai 1913 K., mai 1923 ka Music College; ma kahi hoʻokahi i 1904 ka Music. Kula Drama, mai 1918 ka Higher Music Drama Institute i kapa ʻia ma hope o N. V. Lysenko; ʻAʻole i hana ʻo Chisinau (1934, K., ma 1940-1940, mai ka makahiki 1941 ka Chisinau Institute of Arts i kapa ʻia ma hope o G. Muzichesku), Leningrad (45, ma ke kumu o nā papa mele o ka RMO, i kū mai i ka makahiki 1963), mai ka makahiki 1862 mai Leningrad K. ia. N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov), Lvov (ma 1859, ke Kula Mele ma ka Union of Singing and Music Society, mai 1944 ka N. V. Lysenko Music Institute, mai 1903 ka Higher Music Institute -t ​​i kapa ʻia ma hope o N. V. Lysenko, mai ka makahiki 1904 mai ka Lvov Musical College i kapa ʻia ma hope o N. V. Lysenko), Minsk (ma 1907 ka Minsk Musical College, mai ka makahiki 1939 ka Minsk, i kēia manawa ka Belarusian Musical College i kapa ʻia ma hope o A. V. Lunacharsky), Moscow (1924, ma ke kumu o nā papa mele o ka RMO, i kū mai ma 1932, mai 1866 ka Moscow K. i kapa ʻia ma hope o P. I. Tchaikovsky; ma ka wahi like ma 1860 ka Gnessin Sisters Music School, mai 1940 ka Second Moscow State School, mai 1895 ka State Musical Technical School, mai 1919 ka Gnessin Musical College, ma ke kumu o ka Gnesin Musical Pedagogical Institute i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1920) , Novosibirsk (1925, Novosibirsk M. I. Glinka K.), Odessa (ma 1944 ke Kula Mele, ma hope mai ke Kula Mele o ka RMO, mai 1956 K., mai 1871 ka Music Institute, ma 1913-1923 i kapa ʻia ma hope o L. Beethoven, mai 1927 K., mai 1934 Odessa K. i kapa ʻia ma hope o A. V. Nezhdanovo d), Riga (1939, i kēia manawa K. ia. ʻAe. ʻO Vitola o ka Latvian SSR), Rostov-on-Don (Music and Pedagogical Institute), Saratov (ma 1950, ke Kula Mele o ka RMO, mai 1919 K., i ka makahiki 1895-1912 ke Kula Nui, mai 1924 Saratov K. i kapa ʻia ma hope o L. V. Sobinov), Sverdlovsk (35, mai ka makahiki 1935 mai ka inoa o M. P. Mussorgsky, mai 1934 Uralsky K. i kapa ʻia ma hope o M. P. Mussorgsky), Tallinn (ma 1939, ma ke kumu o ka Tallinn Higher Musical Institute). kula, mai 1946 Tallinskaya K.), Tashkent (ma 1919 Higher Musical School, mai 1923 Tashkentskaya K.), Tbilisi (ma 1934 Musical kula, mai 1936 Musical kula, mai 1874 K., mai 1886 Tbilisi K. i kapa ʻia ma hope o V. Sarajishvili), Frunze (1917, Kirghiz Institute of Art), Kharkov (ma 1947 Music School, ma hope Music School o ka RMO, mai 1967 K., ma 1871-1917 Music Academy , ma 1920 Music Institute, ma 23-1924 Music Institute o Drama, ma 1924-29 Music Theatre Institute, ma 1930 a mai 36 K., ma 1936 ma ke kumu o K. a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Kharkov Institute of Arts e ka Kharkov Institute of Arts).

Mai ka makahiki 1953, ka Intern. nā ʻaha kūkā o nā alakaʻi o K. Mai ka makahiki 1956, ka Hui o nā kula ʻEulopa, K. a me nā kula mele kiʻekiʻe.

AA Nikolaev