Farinelli |

ʻO Farinelli

ʻO Farinelli ka mea mele kaulana loa, a ʻo ia paha ka mea mele kaulana loa o nā manawa a pau.

"ʻO ka honua," e like me Sir John Hawkins, "ʻaʻole i ʻike i ʻelua mele e like me Senesino lāua ʻo Farinelli ma ke kahua i ka manawa like; ʻO ka mua he mea hoʻokani ʻoiaʻiʻo a kupaianaha, a, e like me ka ʻōlelo a nā luna kānāwai, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kani ʻana o kona leo ma mua o ko Farinelli, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka lua i hiki ʻole ke kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka mea mele nui loa ma ka honua.

ʻO ka mea haku mele ʻo Rolli, ma ke ala, he mea mahalo nui iā Senesino, i kākau: "ʻAʻole ʻae ka pono o Farinelli iaʻu e hōʻole i ka ʻae ʻana ua hahau ʻo ia iaʻu. Me he mea la ia'u, a hiki i keia manawa, ua lohe au i ka leo kanaka, aka i keia manawa ua lohe au i ka leo holookoa. Eia kekahi, ʻo ia ke ʻano aloha a hoʻokipa, a hauʻoli loa wau i ke kamaʻilio ʻana me ia.

Akā ʻo ka manaʻo o SM Grishchenko: "ʻO kekahi o nā haku koʻikoʻi o bel canto, ʻo Farinelli ka ikaika leo maikaʻi loa a me ka laulā (3 octaves), he leo maʻalahi a neʻe o kahi leo mālie, māmā a me ka hanu lōʻihi ʻole. Ua kaulana kāna hana no kona akamai virtuoso, wehewehe wehewehe, mele hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hoʻohiwahiwa hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā, kahaha i kona komo ʻana i ka naʻau a me ka hōʻike ʻana. Ua mākaukau maikaʻi ʻo ia i ke ʻano o ka coloratura improvisation.

… He mea hoʻokani maikaʻi ʻo Farinelli i nā ʻāpana mele a me ka heroic i ka moʻo opera Italia (i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāna ʻoihana operatic ua hīmeni ʻo ia i nā ʻāpana wahine, ma hope o nā ʻāpana kāne): Nino, Poro, Achilles, Sifare, Eukerio (Semiramide, Poro, Iphigenia in Aulis ", "Mithridates", "Onorio" Porpora), Oreste ("Astianact" Vinci), Araspe ("Abandoned Dido" Albinoni), Hernando ("Faithful Luchinda" Porta), Nycomed ("Nycomede" Torri), Rinaldo (" Haʻalele ʻia ʻo Armida" Pollaroli), Epitide ("Meropa" Throws), Arbache, Siroy ("Artaxerxes", "Syroy" Hasse), Farnaspe ("Adrian in Syria" Giacomelli), Farnaspe ("Adrian in Syria" Veracini).

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Farinelli (inoa maoli ʻo Carlo Broschi) ma Ianuali 24, 1705 ma Andria, Apulia. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā mele ʻōpio i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka castration ma muli o ka ʻilihune o ko lākou ʻohana, ka mea i ʻike i kēia he kumu waiwai, ʻo Carlo Broschi mai kahi ʻohana hanohano. ʻO kona makuakāne, ʻo Salvatore Broschi, ʻo ia ke kiaʻāina o nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Maratea a me Cisternino, a ma hope iho ʻo ia ke alakaʻi o Andria.

He mea hoʻokani pila maikaʻi ʻo ia, ua aʻo ʻo ia i kāna mau keiki kāne ʻelua. ʻO ka hiapo, ʻo Ricardo, ma hope iho ua lilo ʻo ia i mea kākau o ʻumikūmāhā mau opera. ʻO ka muli loa, ʻo Carlo, i hōʻike i ke akamai hīmeni maikaʻi. I ka makahiki ʻehiku, ua kāpī ʻia ke keiki i mea e mālama ai i ka maʻemaʻe o kona leo. ʻO ka pseudonym Farinelli mai nā inoa o nā kaikunāne Farin, nāna i mālama i ka mea mele i kona wā ʻōpio. Ua aʻo mua ʻo Carlo i ka hīmeni ʻana me kona makuakāne, a laila ma ka Neapolitan Conservatory "SantʻOnofrio" me Nicola Porpora, ke kumu kaulana loa o ka mele a me ke mele i kēlā manawa, nāna i aʻo i nā mele mele e like me Caffarelli, Porporino a me Montagnatza.

I ka makahiki ʻumikūmālima, ua hana ʻo Farinelli i kāna hoʻomaka mua ma Naples ma ka opera a Porpora ʻo Angelica a me Medora. Ua kaulana nui ʻia ka mea mele ʻōpio no kāna mau hana ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Aliʻi ma Roma i ka makahiki 1721/22 ma ka opera Eumene a me Flavio Anichio Olibrio na Porpora.

Ma ʻaneʻi ua hīmeni ʻo ia i ka hapa nui o ka wahine ma ka opera Sofonisba a Predieri. I kēlā me kēia ahiahi, hoʻokūkū ʻo Farinelli me ka mea hoʻokani pū ma ka ʻaha mele, me ka hīmeni ʻana me ka leo bravura. 'Ōleloʻo C. Berni e pili ana i nā hana a ke keiki'ōpioʻo Farinelli: "I ka makahiki heʻumikūmāhiku, ua neʻeʻo ia mai Naples a hiki i Roma, kahi, i ka wā o ka hoʻokani mele hoʻokahi, ua hoʻokūkūʻo ia i kēlā me kēia ahiahi me ka mea hoʻokani pū kaulana i ka aria, kahi āna i hui pū ai. ma keia mea kani; i kinohi me he mea la he hakaka maalahi wale no, a hiki i ka manawa i hoihoi ai ka poe nana i ka hoopaapaa a mokuahana i elua aoao; Ma hope o ka hana pinepine ʻana, i ka wā i kūkulu ai lāua i ka leo hoʻokahi me ko lāua ikaika a pau, e hōʻike ana i ka mana o ko lāua māmā a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e ʻoi aku kekahi i kekahi me ka nani a me ka ikaika, ua wili lāua i ke kani me kahi trill a hiki i ka hapakolu no ka manawa lōʻihi. hoomaka ka anaina e nana i ka puka, a me he mea la ua paupauaho loa; a ua oki iho la ka mea puhi pu me ka luhi loa, me ka manao ua luhi like kona hoa paio, a ua pau ka hakaka; a laila ʻo Farinelli me ka ʻakaʻaka ʻana he hōʻailona ʻo ia a hiki i kēia manawa ua hoʻomākeʻaka wale ʻo ia me ia, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia, ma ka hanu hoʻokahi, me ka ikaika hou, ʻaʻole wale e wili i ke kani i nā trills, akā e hana pū i nā mea hoʻonani paʻakikī a wikiwiki loa a hiki i kona ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻōki i ka paʻi ʻana o ka lehulehu. Hiki i kēia lā ke hoʻomaka i kona kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma mua o kona mau hoa.

I ka makahiki 1722, ua hoʻokani ʻo Farinelli no ka manawa mua ma ka opera ʻo Metastasio ʻo Angelica, a mai ia manawa mai kona aloha aloha me ka haku mele ʻōpio, ka mea i kapa iā ia ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o "caro gemello" ("dear brother"). ʻO ia mau pilina ma waena o ka mea haku mele a me ka "mele" ke ʻano o kēia manawa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka opera Italia.

I ka makahiki 1724, ua hana ʻo Farinelli i kāna ʻāpana kāne mua, a lanakila hou ma Italia, i kēlā manawa i ʻike iā ia ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo Il Ragazzo (Boy). Ma Bologna, hīmeni ʻo ia me ka mea mele kaulana ʻo Bernacchi, he iwakālua mau makahiki i ʻoi aku ma mua ona. I ka makahiki 1727, noi ʻo Carlo iā Bernacchi e hāʻawi iā ia i nā haʻawina hīmeni.

I ka makahiki 1729, hīmeni pū lāua ma Venice me castrato Cherestini ma ka opera a L. Vinci. I ka makahiki aʻe, hoʻokani lanakila ka mea mele ma Venice i ka opera Idaspe a kona kaikaina ʻo Ricardo. Ma hope o ka hana ʻana o ʻelua virtuoso arias, hele ka poʻe i ka huhū! Me ka nani hoʻokahi, hoʻihoʻi hou ʻo ia i kāna lanakila ma Vienna, ma ka hale aliʻi o Emperor Charles VI, e hoʻonui ana i kāna "leo acrobatics" e hoʻonani i ka Mōʻī.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻoluʻolu loa ka ʻEmepera i ka mea mele ʻaʻole e lawe wale ʻia me nā hana hoʻopunipuni virtuoso: “ʻO kēia mau lele nunui, kēia mau memo pau ʻole a me nā paukū, ces notes qui ne finissent jamais, he mea kupanaha wale nō, akā ua hiki mai ka manawa e pio ai ʻoe; ua oi loa aku oe i na makana a ke ano maoli i haawi mai ia oe; inā makemake ʻoe e hiki i ka puʻuwai, pono ʻoe e hele i ke ala maʻalahi a maʻalahi. " ʻO kēia mau huaʻōlelo liʻiliʻi i hoʻololi loa i ke ʻano o kāna hīmeni ʻana. Mai ia manawa mai, hoʻohui ʻo ia i ka poʻe ʻehaʻeha me ka poʻe ola, ka mea maʻalahi me ka mea hanohano, a laila e hauʻoli a kahaha ka poʻe hoʻolohe i ke ana like.

I ka makahiki 1734, hele mai ka mea mele i ʻEnelani. Ua noi ʻo Nicola Porpora, i waena o kāna hakakā ʻana me Handel, iā Farinelli e hana i kāna hoʻomaka mua ma ka Royal Theatre ma Lākana. Ua koho ʻo Carlo i ka opera ʻo Artaxerxes na A. Hasse. Hoʻokomo pū ʻo ia i ʻelua aria o kona kaikunāne i kūleʻa.

"Ma ka aria kaulana "Son qual nave," i haku ʻia e kona kaikunāne, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i ka memo mua me ka ʻoluʻolu a hoʻonui mālie i ke kani i kēlā mana kupaianaha, a laila hoʻonāwaliwali iā ia ma ke ʻano like a hiki i ka hopena o ko lākou hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana iā ia. ʻelima mau minuke holoʻokoʻa," wahi a Ch. Bernie. - Ma hope o kēlā, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka nani a me ka wikiwiki o nā pauku i hiki ʻole i ka poʻe violinists o ia manawa ke hoʻomau iā ia. I ka pōkole, ua ʻoi aku ʻo ia ma mua o nā mea mele ʻē aʻe a pau e like me ka ʻoi o ka lio kaulana ʻo Childers ma mua o nā lio heihei ʻē aʻe, akā ʻaʻole ʻo Farinelli wale nō ka mea i hoʻohanohano ʻia ma ka neʻe ʻana, ua hui pū ʻo ia i nā pono o nā mea mele nui a pau. He mana, ʻoluʻolu, a me ka laulā o kona leo, a me ka ʻoluʻolu, ka lokomaikaʻi, a me ka wikiwiki i kona ʻano. He ʻoiaʻiʻo nō kona mau ʻano i ʻike ʻole ʻia i mua ona, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ma hope ona i loko o kekahi kanaka; ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hikiʻole ke hoʻokuʻu i nā mea hoʻolohe a pau - he kanakaʻepekema a he naʻaupō, he hoaaloha a heʻenemi.

Ma hope o ka hana ʻana, hoʻōho ka lehulehu: “ʻO Farinelli ke Akua!” Lele ka ʻōlelo ma Lākana a puni. "Ma ke kūlanakauhale," i kākau ai ʻo D. Hawkins, "ʻo nā huaʻōlelo a ka poʻe i lohe ʻole iā Farinelli e hīmeni a ʻike ʻole i ka pāʻani Foster, ʻaʻole kūpono ke ʻike ʻia i loko o ka ʻaha kanaka maikaʻi, ua lilo maoli i ʻōlelo nane."

ʻO ka lehulehu o ka poʻe mahalo i ʻākoakoa ma ka hale keaka, kahi e loaʻa ai i ka mea mele he iwakāluakūmālima makahiki ka uku e like me ka uku o nā lālā a pau o ka hui i hui pū ʻia. Ua loaʻa i ka mea mele ʻelua tausani guinea i ka makahiki. Eia hou, ua loaʻa iā Farinelli nā kālā nui i kāna mau hana pono. No ka laʻana, ua loaʻa iā ia ʻelua haneli guinea mai ke Aliʻi ʻo Wales, a he 100 guinea mai ka ʻelele Sepania. Ma ka huina, ua waiwai ka Italia i ka nui o elima tausani paona i ka makahiki.

I ka Mei 1737, ua hele ʻo Farinelli i Sepania me ka manaʻo paʻa e hoʻi i ʻEnelani, kahi i hana ai ʻo ia i kahi ʻaelike me nā aliʻi, a laila holo ʻo ia i ka opera, no nā hana no ke kau e hiki mai ana. Ma ke ala, hīmeni ʻo ia no ka Mōʻī o Farani ma Palisa, kahi i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Riccoboni, ua hoʻohiwahiwa ʻo ia i ka poʻe Farani, ka mea i ia manawa inaina nui i nā mele Italia.

I ka lā i hiki mai ai, ua hoʻokani ka "musico" i mua o ka Mō'ī a me ka Mō'īwahine o Sepania aʻaʻole i mele i mua o ka lehulehu no nā makahiki he nui. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia i kahi penihana mau ma kahi o £3000 i ka makahiki.

ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kono aku ka mōʻī wahine Sepania iā Farinelli i Sepania me kahi manaʻolana huna e lawe mai i kāna kāne ʻo Philip V mai kahi kūlana kaumaha e pili ana i ka pupule. Ua hoʻopiʻi mau ʻo ia i nā poʻo poʻo weliweli, hoʻopaʻa iā ia iho i loko o kekahi o nā keʻena o ka Hale Aliʻi ʻo La Granja, ʻaʻole i holoi a hoʻololi i ka lole olonā, me ka manaʻo ua make ʻo ia.

"Ua hoʻopūʻiwa ʻia ʻo Pilipo i ka aria mua loa i hana ʻia e Farinelli," i hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻelele Pelekane ʻo Sir William Coca i kāna hōʻike. - I ka pau ʻana o ka lua, hoʻouna ʻo ia i ka mea mele, hoʻomaikaʻi iā ia, me ka hoʻohiki ʻana e hāʻawi iā ia i nā mea āpau āna i makemake ai. Ua noi wale ʻo Farinelli iā ia e ala, holoi, hoʻololi i nā lole a mālama i kahi hālāwai kuhina. Ua hoʻolohe ke aliʻi a ua ola hou mai ia manawa mai.

Ma hope o kēlā, kāhea ʻo Pilipo i kēlā me kēia ahiahi iā Farinelli i kona wahi. No nā makahiki he ʻumi, ʻaʻole i hoʻokani ka mea mele i mua o ka lehulehu, ʻoiai ʻo ia i kēlā me kēia lā e hīmeni ʻo ia i ʻehā aria punahele i ke aliʻi, ʻelua o ia mau mea i haku ʻia e Hasse - "Pallido il sole" a me "Per questo dolce amplesso".

Ma lalo o ʻekolu pule ma hope o kona hōʻea ʻana i Madrid, ua koho ʻia ʻo Farinelli i mele mele no ke aliʻi. Ua wehewehe ka mōʻī e waiho wale ka mea mele iā ia a me ke aliʻi wahine. Mai ia manawa, ua hauʻoli ʻo Farinelli i ka mana nui ma ka ʻaha Sepania, akā ʻaʻole ia e hana ʻino. ʻImi wale ʻo ia e hōʻoluʻolu i ka maʻi o ke aliʻi, pale i nā mea pena kiʻi o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni a hoʻolilo i kāna poʻe e aloha ai i ka opera Italia. Akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻōla iā Pilipo V, ka mea i make i ka makahiki 1746. ʻO kāna keiki ʻo Ferdinand VI, i hānau ʻia ma kāna male mua, ua lanakila ma ka noho aliʻi. Hoʻopaʻahao ʻo ia i kona makuahine hānai ma ka hale aliʻi o La Granja. Noi ʻo ia iā Farinelli ʻaʻole e haʻalele iā ia, akā koi ke aliʻi hou e noho ka mea mele ma ka ʻaha. Ua koho ʻo Ferdinand VI iā Farinelli i luna o nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni aliʻi. I ka makahiki 1750, hāʻawi ka mōʻī iā ia i ka Papa o Calatrava.

ʻO nā hana o ka mea leʻaleʻa i kēia manawa ua emi ka monotonous a me ka luhi, ʻoiai ua hoʻohuli ʻo ia i ka mōʻī e hoʻomaka i kahi keaka. ʻO ka hope he hoʻololi nui a hauʻoli no Farinelli. Ua koho ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi hoʻokahi o kēia mau hana, ua kauoha ʻo ia mai Italia i nā haku mele a me nā mele maikaʻi loa o ia manawa, a me Metastasio no ka libretto.

ʻO kekahi aliʻi Sepania, ʻo Charles III, ua lawe ʻo ia i ka noho aliʻi, ua hoʻouna ʻo ia iā Farinelli i Italia, e hōʻike ana i ka hui ʻana o ka hilahila a me ka hana ʻino me ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka castrati. ʻĪ maila ke aliʻi: “He kāpona wale nō kaʻu e pono ai ma ka papaʻaina.” Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomau ʻia ka uku penikala maikaʻi o ka mea mele a ua ʻae ʻia e lawe i kāna waiwai a pau.

I ka makahiki 1761, noho ʻo Farinelli i kona hale nani ma kahi kokoke i Bologna. Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo ia i ke ola o kahi kanaka waiwai, e hoʻomāʻona i kona mau makemake i ka hana noʻeau a me ka ʻepekema. Hoʻopuni ʻia ka villa o ka mea mele e kahi hōʻiliʻili nani o nā snuffboxes, nā mea nani, nā kiʻi pena, nā mea kani. Ua hoʻokani ʻo Farinelli i ka harpsichord a me ka viola no ka manawa lōʻihi, akā mele ʻole ʻo ia, a laila ma ke noi wale nō o nā malihini kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka mea nui, makemake ʻo ia i ka hoʻokipa ʻana i nā hoa hana kiʻi me ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ke kanaka o ke ao nei. Ua hele mai ʻo ʻEulopa a pau e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mea a lākou i manaʻo ai he mele nui loa o nā manawa a pau: Gluck, Haydn, Mozart, Emperor of Austria, Saxon princess, Duke of Parma, Casanova.

I ʻAukake 1770, kākau ʻo C. Burney i kāna puke moʻolelo:

"ʻO kēlā me kēia mele mele, ʻoi aku ka poʻe i laki i ka lohe ʻana iā Signor Farinelli, e hauʻoli i ka ʻike ʻana e ola ana ʻo ia a i ke olakino maikaʻi a me ka ʻuhane. Ua ʻike au he ʻōpio ʻo ia ma mua o kaʻu i manaʻo ai. He lōʻihi a lahilahi, akā ʻaʻole naʻe he palupalu.

… ʻAʻole i hīmeni ʻo Signor Farinelli no ka manawa lōʻihi, akā naʻe, leʻaleʻa nō ia i ka hoʻokani ʻana i ka harpsichord a me viola lamour; he nui kāna mau mele kani i hana ʻia ma nā ʻāina like ʻole a kapa ʻia e ia, e hilinaʻi ana i kona mahalo i kēia a i kēlā mea kani, ma nā inoa o nā mea pena Italia nui loa. ʻO kāna punahele nui he pianoforte i hana ʻia ma Florence i ka makahiki 1730, kahi i kākau ʻia ma nā leka gula "Raphael d'Urbino"; a laila hele mai ʻo Correggio, Titian, Guido, a pēlā aku. Ua hoʻokani ʻo ia i kāna Raphael no ka manawa lōʻihi, me ke akamai a me ka maʻalahi, a nāna i haku i kekahi mau ʻāpana nani no kēia mea kani. Aia ka lua o ka wahi i ka harpsichord i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia e ka Mōʻīwahine o Sepania i hala, nāna i aʻo me Scarlatti ma Pokukala a me Sepania… Ua hana ʻia ke kolu o ka punahele a Signor Farinelli ma Sepania ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi ponoʻī; loaʻa iā ia kahi kīpē hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia, e like me ka Count Taxis ma Venice, kahi e hiki ai i ka mea hoʻokani ke hoʻololi i ka ʻāpana i luna a i lalo. I loko o kēia mau harpsichord Paniolo, ʻeleʻele nā ​​kī nui, ʻoiai ua uhi ʻia nā kī palahalaha a me ka ʻoi me ka makuahine o ka momi; hana ʻia lākou e like me nā hiʻohiʻona Italia, he kedera holoʻokoʻa, koe wale nō ka papa kani, a waiho ʻia i loko o kahi pahu lua.

Ua make ʻo Farinelli ma Iulai 15, 1782 ma Bologna.