Nā mele haole o ke kenekulia 20

ʻO ka makemake o ka poʻe haku mele e hana i ka hapa nui o nā mea a pau o ka pālākiō chromatic e hiki ai iā mākou ke hōʻike i kahi manawa kaʻawale i ka mōʻaukala o nā mele kula ʻē aʻe, i hōʻuluʻulu i nā hopena o nā kenekulia i hala a hoʻomākaukau i ka ʻike kanaka no ka ʻike o ke mele ma waho o ka. Pūnaehana 12-tone.

ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20 i hāʻawi i ka honua mele 4 mau neʻe nui ma lalo o ka inoa hou: impressionism, expressionism, neoclassicism a me neofolklorism - ʻaʻole lākou āpau e alualu i nā pahuhopu like ʻole, akā pili pū kekahi me kekahi i loko o ka wā mele hoʻokahi.

Kaumaha

Ma hope o ka hana pono ʻana i ke kanaka a hōʻike i kona honua i loko, ua neʻe ke mele i kāna mau manaʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka ʻike ʻana o ke kanaka i ka honua a puni. ʻO ka hakakā ma waena o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli a me nā moeʻuhane i hāʻawi ʻia i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o kekahi a me kekahi. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia hoʻololi ma o ka neʻe ʻana o ka inoa hoʻokahi i nā kiʻi nani Farani.

Mahalo i nā kiʻi pena ʻo Claude Monet, Puvis de Chavannes, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec a me Paul Cézanne, ua hoʻohuli ke mele i ka manaʻo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke kūlanakauhale, i pōwehiwehi i nā maka ma muli o ka ua o ka hāʻule, he kiʻi kiʻi nō hoʻi ia e hiki ke hana. lawe ʻia e nā leo.

Ua ʻike mua ʻia ka impressionism mele ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, i ka wā i hoʻopuka ai ʻo Erik Satie i kāna opuses ("Sylvia", "Angels", "Three Sarabands"). ʻO ia, ʻo kāna hoaaloha ʻo Claude Debussy a me kā lāua mea hahai ʻo Maurice Ravel i hoʻoikaika a me nā ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana mai ka manaʻo ʻike maka.

Hōʻailona

ʻO Expressionism, ʻaʻole like i ka impressionism, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i kahi manaʻo i loko, akā he hōʻike waho o ka ʻike. Ua hoʻomaka ia i nā makahiki mua o ke kenekulia 20 ma Kelemānia a me Austria. Ua lilo ka Expressionism i mea pane i ke Kaua Honua Mua, e hoʻihoʻi ana i nā haku mele i ke kumuhana o ka hakakā ma waena o ke kanaka a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia ma L. Beethoven a me nā mea pili. I kēia manawa ua loaʻa i kēia hoʻokūkū ka manawa e hōʻike iā ia iho me nā memo 12 āpau o nā mele ʻEulopa.

ʻO Arnold Schoenberg ka mea kaulana loa o ka expressionism a me nā mele haole o ke kenekulia 20. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ke Kula ʻo New Viennese a lilo i mea kākau o dodecaphony a me ka hana serial.

ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ke Kula ʻo New Vienna ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana tonal "kahiko" me nā ʻenehana atonal hou e pili ana i nā manaʻo o dodecaphony, seriality, seriality a me pointillism.

Ma waho aʻe o Schoenberg, ua komo ke kula ʻo Anton Webern, Alban Berg, Rene Leibowitz, Victor Ullmann, Theodor Adorno, Heinrich Jalowiec, Hans Eisler a me nā mea haku mele ʻē aʻe.

ʻĀnōpiko

ʻO nā mele haole o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20 i hoʻāla ʻia i ka manawa like i nā ʻenehana a me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka hōʻike ʻana, i hoʻomaka koke e launa pū kekahi i kekahi a me nā hoʻokō mele o nā kenekulia i hala, he mea paʻakikī ke loiloi chronologically i nā ʻano mele o kēia manawa.

Ua hiki i ka Neoclassicism ke hoʻopili pono i nā mea hou o nā mele 12-leo a me nā ʻano a me nā loina o nā mele kahiko. I ka hōʻike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohālikelike like i kona hiki a me nā palena, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka neoclassicism iā ia iho mai nā hoʻokō maikaʻi loa o nā mele kula i kēlā manawa.

ʻO Paul Hindemith ka mea nui loa o ka neoclassicism ma Kelemānia.

I Farani, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kaiāulu i kapa ʻia ʻo "Six", nona nā haku mele i kā lākou hana i alakaʻi ʻia e Erik Satie (ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka impressionism) a me Jean Cocteau. ʻO Louis Durey, Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc, Germaine Taillefer a me Georges Auric ka hui. Huli ka poʻe a pau i ka classicism Farani, e kuhikuhi ana i ke ola hou o ke kūlanakauhale nui, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana synthetic.

Neofollorism

ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka moʻolelo me ke ʻano hou i puka mai ai ka neofolklorism. ʻO kāna ʻelele koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka mea haku mele Hungarian ʻo Bela Bartok. Ua'ōleloʻo ia e pili ana i ka "maʻemaʻe lāhui" i nā mele o kēlā me kēia lāhui, nā manaʻo e pili ana i kāna i hōʻike ai ma kahi puke o ka inoa hoʻokahi.

Eia nā hiʻohiʻona nui a me nā hopena o nā hoʻoponopono noʻeau i nui i nā mele haole o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20. Aia kekahi mau papa helu ʻē aʻe o kēia wā, ʻo kekahi o ia mau hui i kākau ʻia ma waho o ke tonality i kēia manawa i ka nalu mua o ka avant-garde.