Franz Liszt Franz Liszt |

ʻO Franz Liszt

Me ka ʻole o Liszt i ka honua, ʻokoʻa ka hopena holoʻokoʻa o nā mele hou. V. Stasov

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hana haku mele a F. Liszt mai nā ʻano ʻē aʻe a pau o nā hana like ʻole a ikaika loa a kēia mea hoihoi maoli i ka hana noʻeau. He mea hoʻokani piano a me ka mea alakaʻi, ka mea hoʻokani mele a me ka luhi o ka lehulehu, ua "makemake ʻo ia a maʻalahi i nā mea hou, hou, koʻikoʻi; ka ʻenemi o nā mea maʻamau a pau, hele wāwae, hana maʻamau" (A. Borodin).

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo F. Liszt ma ka ʻohana o Adam Liszt, he kahu kahu hipa ma ka waiwai o Prince Esterhazy, he mea hoʻokani pila i alakaʻi i nā haʻawina piano mua o kāna keiki, i hoʻomaka e hoʻokani ma ka lehulehu i ka makahiki 9, a ma 1821- 22. ua aʻo ʻia ma Vienna me K. Czerny (piano) a me A. Salieri (hoʻokumu). Ma hope o nā ʻaha mele kūleʻa ma Vienna a me Pest (1823), ua lawe ʻo A. Liszt i kāna keiki i Paris, akā ua lilo ka haole i mea keakea i ke komo ʻana i ka conservatory, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻonaʻauao mele a Liszt e nā haʻawina pilikino i haku ʻia mai F. Paer a. A. Reicha. Ua lanakila ka ʻōpio virtuoso iā Paris a me Lākana me kāna mau hana, haku i nā mea he nui (ʻo Don Sancho, ʻo ka Castle of Love, nā ʻāpana piano).

ʻO ka make ʻana o kona makuakāne i ka makahiki 1827, ʻo ia ka mea i koi mua ai iā Liszt e mālama i kona ola ponoʻī, ua lawe ʻia ʻo ia he alo a he alo me ka pilikia o ke kūlana hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ka mea pena i loko o ke kaiāulu. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻike honua o ke kanaka ʻōpio ma lalo o ka mana o nā manaʻo o ka socialism utopia e A. Saint-Simon, ka hoʻomana Kalikiano e Abbé F. Lamennay, a me nā ʻepekema Farani o ke kenekulia 1830. etc. ʻO ka July Revolution of 1834 ma Paris i hoʻokumu i ka manaʻo o ka "Revolutionary Symphony" (koe i ka pau ʻole), ke ala ʻana o nā mea ulana lole ma Lyon (1835) - ka ʻāpana piano "Lyon" (me kahi epigraph - ka motto a ka poʻe kipi "E ola, hana, a make paha i ka hakakā"). Hoʻokumu ʻia nā manaʻo noʻeau o Liszt e like me ka romanticism Farani, ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana me V. Hugo, O. Balzac, G. Heine, ma lalo o ka mana o ka hana a N. Paganini, F. Chopin, G. Berlioz. Hoʻokumu ʻia lākou i loko o nā ʻatikala "Ma ke kūlana o ka poʻe o ke kiʻi a me nā kūlana o ko lākou noho ʻana i loko o ke kaiāulu" (1837) a ma "Letters of the Bachelor of Music" (39-1835), i kākau ʻia me ka hui pū ʻana me M d'Agout (ma hope ua kākau ʻo ia ma lalo o ka pseudonym Daniel Stern), kahi i hele lōʻihi ai ʻo Liszt i Switzerland (37-1837), kahi āna i aʻo ai ma Geneva Conservatory, a i Italia (39-XNUMX).

Ua hoʻomau ʻia nā "makahiki auwana" i hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 1835 i nā huakaʻi koʻikoʻi o nā ʻano he nui o ʻEulopa (1839-47). ʻO ka hōʻea ʻana o Liszt i kona ʻāina ʻo Hungary, kahi i hoʻohanohano ʻia ai ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he meʻe aupuni, he lanakila maoli nō ia (ua hoʻouna ʻia nā mea i loaʻa mai nā ʻahamele e kōkua i ka poʻe i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ke kaiakahinaha i hiki mai i ka ʻāina). ʻEkolu manawa (1842, 1843, 1847) ʻo Liszt i kipa aku iā Rūsia, e hoʻokumu ana i nā pilina ola me nā mea hoʻokani mele Lūkini, e kākau ana i ka Chernomor March mai M. Glinka's Ruslan a me Lyudmila, A. Alyabyev's romance The Nightingale, etc. ʻO Liszt i kēia mau makahiki, ʻaʻole i hōʻike wale i nā ʻono o ka lehulehu, akā he mau hōʻike pū kekahi o kāna mau hana mele a hoʻonaʻauao. Ma nā ʻaha mele piano a Liszt, nā symphonies a L. Beethoven a me ka "Fantastic Symphony" na G. Berlioz, e hoʻomaka ana i ka "William Tell" na G. Rossini a me "The Magic Shooter" na KM Weber, nā mele na F. Schubert, nā mea hoʻokani kino. a me nā fugues na JS Bach, a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻokalakupua a me nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo (ma nā kumuhana mai Don Giovanni na WA ​​Mozart, nā opera na V. Bellini, G. Donizetti, G. Meyerbeer, a ma hope mai e G. Verdi), nā unuhi o nā ʻāpana. mai Wagner operas a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka piano ma ka lima o Liszt e lilo i mea kani āpau e hiki ke hana hou i nā waiwai āpau o ka leo o ka opera a me nā helu symphony, ka mana o ka okana a me ka melodiousness o ka leo kanaka.

I kēia manawa, ʻo nā lanakila o ka mea hoʻokani piano nui, nāna i lanakila ma ʻEulopa a pau me ka ikaika kumu o kona ʻano ʻano ʻino, ua hoʻemi a emi iki ka ʻoluʻolu maoli iā ia. Ua mahuahua ka paʻakikī iā Liszt i ka hoʻonanea ʻana i nā ʻono o ka lehulehu, nona kona ʻano maikaʻi a me ka hōʻike ʻana i waho o ka hana i uhi pinepine i nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi o ka mea hoʻonaʻauao, nāna i ʻimi e "ʻoki i ke ahi mai loko aku o ka puʻuwai o nā kānaka." Ma hope o ka hāʻawiʻana i kahi'ahamele aloha ma Elizavetgrad i Ukraine i ka makahiki 1847, ua neʻeʻo Liszt i Kelemānia, e hoʻomaha iā Weimar, i hoʻolaʻaʻia e nā kuʻuna o Bach, Schiller a me Goethe, kahi i paʻa aiʻo ia i ke kūlana o ka bandmaster ma ka hale aliʻi, alakaʻi i ka orchestra a me ka opera. hale.

ʻO ka wā Weimar (1848-61) - ka manawa o ka "concentration of thought", e like me ka mea i kapa ʻia e ka mea haku mele - ʻo ia, ma luna o nā mea a pau, he wā o ka hoʻomohala ikaika. Hoʻopau a hana hou ʻo Liszt i nā haku mele i haku ʻia a hoʻomaka ʻia, a hoʻokō i nā manaʻo hou. No laila mai ka mea i hana ʻia i ka 30s. Hoʻonui ʻia ka "Album of the traveler" i "Makahiki o ka hele ʻana" - nā pōʻai o nā ʻāpana piano (makahiki 1 - Switzerland, 1835-54; makahiki 2 - Italia, 1838-49, me ka hoʻohui ʻana o "Venice and Naples", 1840-59) ; loaʻa i nā Etudes hope loa o ka mākau hana kiʻekiʻe loa ("Etudes of transcendent performance", 1851); "Nā haʻawina nui e pili ana i nā caprices o Paganini" (1851); "Poetic and Religious Harmonies" (10 mau ʻāpana no ka pianoforte, 1852). Ke hoʻomau nei i ka hana ma nā mele Hungarian (Hungarian National Melodies for Piano, 1840-43; "Hungarian Rhapsodies", 1846), hana ʻo Liszt i 15 "Hungarian Rhapsodies" (1847-53). ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā manaʻo hou e alakaʻi i ka puka ʻana o nā hana koʻikoʻi o Liszt, e hoʻokomo ana i kāna mau manaʻo i nā ʻano hou - Sonatas in B minor (1852-53), 12 symphonic poems (1847-57), "Faust Symphonies" na Goethe (1854). -57) a me Symphony to Dante's Divine Comedy (1856). Ua hui pū ʻia lākou me 2 concerto (1849-56 a me 1839-61), "Dance of Death" no ka piano a me ka orchestra (1838-49), "Mephisto-Waltz" (ma muli o "Faust" na N. Lenau, 1860), etc.

Ma Weimar, hoʻonohonoho ʻo Liszt i ka hana o nā hana maikaʻi loa o ka opera a me ka symphony classics, nā haku mele hou loa. Ua hoʻokani mua ʻo ia iā Lohengrin na R. Wagner, Manfred na J. Byron me nā mele a R. Schumann, alakaʻi ʻia nā symphonies a me nā opera na G. Berlioz, etc. i ka pahuhopu o ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā loina hou o ke kiʻi aloha kiʻekiʻe (ka puke F. Chopin, 1850; nā ʻatikala Berlioz a me kāna Harold Symphony, Robert Schumann, R. Wagner's Flying Dutchman, etc.). Hoʻokumu nā manaʻo like i ka hui ʻana o ka "New Weimar Union" a me ka "General German Musical Union", i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i hilinaʻi ai ʻo Liszt i ke kākoʻo o nā mea mele kaulana i hui pū ʻia a puni iā ​​​​ia ma Weimar (I. Raff, P. Cornelius, K. . Tausig, G. Bulow and others).

Eia naʻe, ʻo ka philistine inertia a me nā hana hoʻopunipuni o ka ʻaha Weimar, ka mea i hoʻopiʻi nui i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hoʻolālā nui a List, ua koi iā ia e haʻalele. Mai 1861, noho lōʻihi ʻo Liszt ma Roma, kahi āna i hoʻāʻo ai e hoʻoponopono i nā mele o ka hale pule, kākau ʻo ia i ka oratorio "Christ" (1866), a i ka makahiki 1865 ua loaʻa iā ia ke kūlana abbot (ma lalo o ka mana o ke Kamāliʻiwahine K. Wittgenstein. , me ia i pili ai i ka makahiki 1847 G.). Ua kōkua pū nā poho kaumaha i ke ʻano o ka hōʻeha a me ke kānalua - ka make ʻana o kāna keiki ʻo Daniel (1860) a me kāna kaikamahine ʻo Blandina (1862), i hoʻomau i ka ulu ʻana i nā makahiki, kahi manaʻo o ka mehameha a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻole i kāna mau manaʻo noʻeau a me ka pilikanaka. Ua ʻike ʻia lākou i kekahi mau hana ma hope - ʻo ke kolu o "Makahiki o Wanderings" (Roma; hoʻokani ʻo "Cypresses of Villa d'Este", 1 a me 2, 1867-77), nā ʻāpana piano ("Grey Clouds", 1881; " Funeral Gondola", "Czardas make", 1882), ka lua (1881) a me ke kolu (1883) "Mephisto Waltzes", i ka hope symphonic poem "Mai ka cradle i ka lua kupapaʻu" (1882).

Eia nō naʻe, i nā makahiki 60 a me 80, hāʻawi ʻo Liszt i ka nui o ka ikaika a me ka ikaika i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka moʻomeheu mele Hungarian. Noho mau ʻo ia ma Pest, hana i kāna mau hana ma laila, me nā mea e pili ana i nā kumuhana aupuni (ka oratorio The Legend of Saint Elizabeth, 1862; The Hungarian Coronation Mass, 1867, etc.), kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Academy of Music in Pest (ʻo ia kona pelekikena mua), kākau i ka pōʻai piano "Hungarian Historical Portraits", 1870-86), ka "Hungarian Rhapsodies" (16-19), a pēlā aku. nā haumāna mai nā ʻāina like ʻole (A. Siloti, V. Timanova, E. d'Albert, E. Sauer a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Hele pū nā haku mele iā ia, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Borodin, nāna i haʻalele i nā hoʻomanaʻo hoihoi a nani o Liszt.

Hopu mau a kākoʻo ʻo Liszt i ka mea hou a me ke kumu i loko o ke kiʻi me ka noʻonoʻo kūʻokoʻa, e hāʻawi ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke mele o nā kula aupuni ʻEulopa (Czech, Norewan, Spanish, etc.) . ʻO Dargomyzhsky, nā haku mele o The Mighty Handful , nā hana hoʻokani A. a me N. Rubinsteinov. No nā makahiki he nui, hoʻolaha ʻo Liszt i ka hana a Wagner.

Ua hoʻoholo ka mea akamai piano o Liszt i ka poʻokela o nā mele piano, kahi no ka manawa mua i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kāna mau manaʻo kiʻi, alakaʻi ʻia e ka manaʻo o ka pono o ka hoʻoikaika ʻuhane i nā kānaka. ʻO ka makemake e hōʻoia i ka misionari hoʻonaʻauao o ka hana, e hoʻohui i kāna mau ʻano āpau no kēia, e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i nā mele i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke akeakamai a me ka palapala, e synthesize i loko o ka hohonu o ka ʻikepili a me ka poetic me nā kiʻi kiʻi, ua hoʻokomo ʻia i ka manaʻo o Liszt. programmability i ke mele. Ua wehewehe ʻo ia ʻo "ka hoʻohou ʻana o ke mele ma o kona pilina kūloko me ka poetry, ʻo ia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā ʻike kiʻi mai ka schematism", e alakaʻi ana i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano a me nā ʻano hou. ʻO nā pāʻani a Listov mai nā Makahiki o Wanderings, e hoʻopili ana i nā kiʻi kokoke i nā hana o ka palapala, ka pena kiʻi, ke kiʻi kiʻi, nā moʻolelo kahiko (sonata-fantasy "Ma hope o ka heluhelu ʻana iā Dante", "Petrarch's Sonnets", "Betrothal" e pili ana i kahi kiʻi pena a Raphael, "The Thinker". " e pili ana i kahi kiʻi kiʻi a Michelangelo, "The Chapel of William Tell", pili i ke kiʻi o ka meʻe aupuni o Switzerland), a i ʻole nā ​​​​kiʻi o ke ʻano ("On the Wallenstadt Lake", "At the Spring"), he mau mele mele. o na unahi like ole. Ua hoʻokomo ʻo Liszt iā ia iho i kēia inoa e pili ana i kāna hana nui symphonic one-movement program. ʻO kā lākou mau poʻo inoa e kuhikuhi i ka mea hoʻolohe i nā mele a A. Lamartine ("Preludes"), V. Hugo ("He aha ka mea i lohe ʻia ma ka mauna", "Mazeppa" - aia kekahi aʻo piano me ka inoa like), F. Schiller ("Naʻauao"); i nā pōʻino o W. Shakespeare ("Hamlet"), ʻo J. Herder ("Prometheus"), i ka moʻolelo kahiko ("Orpheus"), ke kiʻi pena a W. Kaulbach ("Battle of the Huns"), ke keaka o ʻO JW Goethe ("Tasso" , kokoke ka mele i ka mele a Byron "The Complaint of Tasso").

Ke koho ʻana i nā kumu, noho ʻo Liszt i nā hana i loaʻa nā manaʻo consonant o ke ʻano o ke ola, nā mea pohihihi o ka noho ʻana ("Preludes", "Faust Symphony"), ka hopena pōʻino o ka mea pena a me kona hanohano posthumous ("Tasso", me ka subtitle "Hoʻopiʻi a lanakila"). Hoʻopili pū ʻia ʻo ia e nā kiʻi o ka moʻomeheu kanaka ("Tarantella" mai ka pōʻai "Venice a me Naples", "Spanish Rhapsody" no ka piano), ʻoi aku hoʻi e pili ana i kāna kamaʻāina ʻo Hungary ("Hungarian Rhapsodies", symphonic poem "Hungary" ). ʻO ke kumuhana heroic a me heroic-tragic o ka paio hoʻokuʻu aupuni o ka poʻe Hungarian, ke kipi o 1848-49, ua kani me ka ikaika kupaianaha i ka hana a Liszt. a me kona lanakila ʻana (“Rakoczi March”, “Funeral Procession” no ka piano; symphonic poem “Lament for Heroes”, etc.).

Ua iho ʻo Liszt i ka mōʻaukala o ka mele ma ke ʻano he mea hou wiwo ʻole i ke ʻano o ke ʻano mele, harmoni, hoʻonui i ka leo o ka piano a me ka symphony orchestra me nā kala hou, hāʻawi i nā hiʻohiʻona hoihoi o ka hoʻonā ʻana i nā ʻano oratorio, kahi mele aloha ("Lorelei" ma. ʻO ke kiʻi a H. Heine, "Like the Spirit of Laura" ma St. V. Hugo, "Ekolu Gypsies" ma St. N. Lenau, etc.), nā hana okana. Ke lawe nei i ka nui mai nā moʻomeheu moʻomeheu o Farani a me Kelemānia, ʻo ia ke ʻano o nā mele Hungarian, ua loaʻa iā ia ka hopena nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka moʻomeheu mele ma ʻEulopa.

E. Tsareva

• ʻO ke ola o Liszt a me ke ala hana →

ʻO Liszt kahi mele kahiko o Hungarian. ʻO kona pilina me nā moʻomeheu lāhui ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohālike, nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona nani o Liszt. ʻO ka papahana ke kumu alakaʻi o kāna hana hana

ʻO Liszt - ka mea haku mele maikaʻi loa o ke kenekulia 30, he mea hoʻokani piano a alakaʻi hoʻi, he mele mele kaulana a me ka lehulehu - ʻo ia ka haʻaheo o ka poʻe Hungarian. Akā ʻo ka hopena o Liszt ua haʻalele ʻo ia i kona ʻāina hānau mua, noho i nā makahiki he nui ma Farani a me Kelemania, i kekahi manawa wale nō e kipa aku i Hungary, a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola ʻana i noho ai i laila no ka manawa lōʻihi. Ua hoʻoholo kēia i ka paʻakikī o ke kiʻi noʻeau o Liszt, kona pilina pili me ka moʻomeheu Farani a me Kelemania, kahi āna i lawe nui ai, akā nāna i hāʻawi nui me kāna hana hoʻomohala ikaika. ʻAʻole hoʻi ka mōʻaukala o ke ola mele ma Palisa i ka XNUMXs, ʻaʻole hoʻi ka mōʻaukala o nā mele Kelemania i ka waena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, e pau me ka inoa ʻole o Liszt. Eia nō naʻe, pili ʻo ia i ka moʻomeheu Hungarian, a ʻo kāna hāʻawi ʻana i ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kona ʻāina hānau.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Liszt ponoʻī, i kona wā ʻōpio ma Farani, ua noʻonoʻo ʻo ia i kona ʻāina hānau: "Eia ka lehu o koʻu makuakāne, ma ʻaneʻi, ma ka lua kapu, ua loaʻa koʻu ʻeha mua i kona puʻuhonua. Pehea e hiki ʻole ai iaʻu ke manaʻo e like me ke keiki o kahi ʻāina kahi aʻu i ʻeha nui ai a aloha nui ai? Pehea wau e noʻonoʻo ai ua hānau ʻia au ma kahi ʻāina ʻē? Ke kahe nei ke koko ʻē aʻe i loko o koʻu mau aʻa, e noho ana kaʻu poʻe aloha ma kahi ʻē? Ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1838 e pili ana i ka pōʻino weliweli - ka waikahe i hoʻopōʻino iā Hungary, ua haʻalulu nui ʻo ia: "Ua hōʻike mai kēia mau ʻike a me nā manaʻo iaʻu i ke ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo" motherland "."

Haʻaheo ʻo Liszt i kona poʻe, kona ʻāina hānau, a hoʻoikaika mau ʻo ia he Hungarian. "Ma waena o nā mea pena ola a pau," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1847, "ʻO wau wale nō ka mea i ʻaʻa haʻaheo e kuhikuhi i kona ʻāina haʻaheo. ʻOiai e kanu ana kekahi poʻe i nā loko pāpaʻu, e holo mau ana au i mua ma ke kai kahe piha o ka lāhui nui. Ke manaoio nei au i kuu hoku alakai; ʻO ke kumu o koʻu ola ʻo ia ʻo Hungary e kuhikuhi haʻaheo iaʻu i kekahi lā. A ua ʻōlelo hou ʻo ia i ka hapahā o ke kenekulia ma hope mai: "E ʻae ʻia iaʻu e ʻae aku, ʻoiai koʻu mihi ʻole i ka ʻōlelo Hungarian, ke noho nei wau he Magyar mai ka lua a i ka lua ma ke kino a me ka ʻuhane a, e like me kēia koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi. ala, ke hoʻoikaika nei au e kākoʻo a hoʻomohala i ka moʻomeheu mele Hungarian".

I kāna ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa, ua huli ʻo Liszt i ke kumuhana Hungarian. I ka makahiki 1840, ua kākau ʻo ia i ka Heroic March in the Hungarian Style, a laila ʻo ka cantata Hungary, ka Funeral Procession kaulana (no ka hanohano o nā koa i hāʻule) a, ʻo ka hope loa, he mau puke puke o Hungarian National Melodies and Rhapsodies (he iwakāluakūmākahi mau ʻāpana i ka huina) . I ke kikowaena waena - i ka makahiki 1850, ua hana ʻia ʻekolu symphonic poem e pili ana i nā kiʻi o ka ʻāina hānau ("Lament for the Heroes", "Hungary", "Battle of the Huns") a me ʻumikūmālima Hungarian rhapsodies, ʻo ia nā hoʻonohonoho manuahi o ka poʻe. nā mele. Hiki ke lohe ʻia nā kumuhana Hungarian ma nā hana uhane a Liszt, i kākau ʻia no Hungary - "Grand Mass", "Legend of St. Elizabeth", "Hungarian Coronation Mass". ʻOi aku ka nui o kona huli ʻana i ke kumuhana Hungarian i nā makahiki 70-80 i kāna mau mele, nā ʻāpana piano, nā hoʻonohonoho a me nā moemoeā ma nā kumuhana o nā hana a nā haku mele Hungarian.

Akā ʻo kēia mau hana Hungarian, he nui i loko o lākou iho (ʻo kā lākou helu i hiki i hoʻokahi haneli a me kanakolu), ʻaʻole i kaʻawale i ka hana a Liszt. ʻO nā hana ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka heroic, he mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau me lākou, hoʻokaʻawale i nā huli kikoʻī a me nā loina like o ka hoʻomohala ʻana. ʻAʻohe laina koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā hana Hungarian a me nā "haole" a Liszt - ua kākau ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano like a hoʻonui ʻia me nā hoʻokō o ka hana kahiko a me ke aloha ʻEulopa. ʻO ia ke kumu ʻo Liszt ka haku mele mua i lawe mai i nā mele Hungarian i ke kahua honua ākea.

Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole wale ka hopena o ka ʻāina makuahine i hopohopo iā ia.

ʻOiai i kona wā ʻōpiopio, ua moeʻuhane ʻo ia e hāʻawi i ka hoʻonaʻauao mele i nā ʻāpana ākea o ka poʻe, i haku ai ka poʻe haku mele i nā mele ma ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka Marseillaise a me nā mele kipi ʻē aʻe i hāpai i ka lehulehu e hakakā no ko lākou hoʻokuʻu ʻia. Loaʻa iā Liszt kahi manaʻo o kahi kipi kaulana (ua hīmeni ʻo ia ma ka ʻāpana piano "Lyon") a koi ʻo ia i nā mea hoʻokani pila ʻaʻole e kaupalena iā lākou iho i nā ʻahamele no ka pono o ka poʻe ʻilihune. No ka lōʻihi loa i loko o nā hale aliʻi, nānā lākou iā lākou (i ka poʻe mele. MD) ma ke ʻano he mau kauā hoʻokolokolo a me nā parasites, no ka lōʻihi loa ua hoʻonani lākou i nā hana aloha o ka poʻe ikaika a me ka hauʻoli o ka poʻe waiwai: ua hiki mai ka manawa e hoʻāla ai i ka wiwo ʻole i ka poʻe nāwaliwali a e hoʻēmi i ka ʻeha o ka poʻe i hoʻoluhi ʻia! Pono ke kiʻi e hoʻoulu i ka nani i ka poʻe, e hoʻoikaika i nā hoʻoholo koa, e hoʻāla i ke kanaka, e hōʻike iā ʻoe iho! " I loko o nā makahiki, ʻo kēia manaʻoʻiʻo i ke kūlana koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana i ke ola o ke kaiāulu ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hana hoʻonaʻauao ma ke ʻano nui: Ua hana ʻo Liszt ma ke ʻano he pianist, conductor, critic - he propagandist ikaika o nā hana maikaʻi loa o ka wā i hala a me kēia manawa. ʻO ia hoʻi ma lalo o kāna hana ma ke ʻano he kumu. A, ʻoiaʻiʻo, me kāna hana, makemake ʻo ia e hoʻokumu i nā manaʻo kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole naʻe i hōʻike maopopo ʻia kēia mau manaʻo iā ia.

ʻO Liszt ka ʻelele ʻoi loa o ka romanticism i ke mele. Adent, enthusiast, emotionally unstable, passionately seeking, ʻo ia, e like me nā haku haku mele ʻē aʻe, ua hele i loko o nā hoʻāʻo he nui: paʻakikī a kū'ē kona ala hana. Noho ʻo Liszt i nā manawa paʻakikī a, e like me Berlioz lāua ʻo Wagner, ʻaʻole i pakele i ka kānalua a me ke kanalua, ʻo kona mau manaʻo kālai'āina he pohihihi a huikau, makemake ʻo ia i ke akeakamai idealistic, i kekahi manawa ʻimi ʻo ia i ka hōʻoluʻolu ma ka hoʻomana. "Ua maʻi ko mākou mau makahiki, a ua maʻi mākou me ia," i pane aku ai ʻo Liszt i nā ʻōlelo hōʻino no ka loli ʻana o kāna mau manaʻo. Akā ʻo ke ʻano holomua o kāna hana a me kāna mau hana pilikanaka, ʻo ka hanohano hanohano o kona helehelena ma ke ʻano he mea pena a me ke kanaka i hoʻololi ʻole i kona ola lōʻihi.

"E lilo i mea hoʻohālike o ka maʻemaʻe pono a me ke kanaka, ua loaʻa iā ia ma ke kumu kūʻai o ka paʻakikī, nā mōhai ʻeha, e lilo i kumu no ka ʻakaʻaka a me ka lili - ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau o nā haku ʻoiaʻiʻo," i kākau ai ka iwakāluakūmāhā. -makahiki Liszt. A pēlā ʻo ia i mau ai. ʻO ka ʻimi ikaika a me ka hakakā paʻakikī, ka hana titanic a me ka hoʻomanawanui i ka lanakila ʻana i nā pilikia i hele pū me ia i kona ola a pau.

ʻO nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka manaʻo kiʻekiʻe o ka nohona o ke mele i hoʻoikaika i ka hana a Liszt. Ua hoʻoikaika ʻo ia e hiki ke loaʻa kāna mau hana i ka lehulehu o ka poʻe hoʻolohe, a ʻo ia ka mea e wehewehe ai i kona hoihoi paʻakikī i ka papahana. Ma hope o ka makahiki 1837, ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo Liszt i ka pono o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ke mele a me nā kumu kumu e mālama ai ʻo ia i kāna hana a pau: "No kekahi mau mea pena, ʻo kā lākou hana ko lākou ola ... ʻo ia, hōʻike i nā leo i nā mea huna o loko o kona hopena. Manaʻo ʻo ia i loko o ia mau mea, hoʻokomo i nā manaʻo, ʻōlelo, akā ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o kāna ʻōlelo ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, a, e like me nā ao gula nani e lawe ana i ka napoʻo ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole i hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou e ka noʻonoʻo o ka mea hele mehameha. maʻalahi i nā wehewehe ʻokoʻa loa. No laila, ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻole a he ʻakaʻaka paha - e like me kā lākou e ʻōlelo pinepine ai - inā e wehewehe ka haku mele i kahi kiʻi o kāna hana ma kekahi mau laina a, me ka hāʻule ʻole i nā kikoʻī liʻiliʻi a me nā kikoʻī, hōʻike i ka manaʻo i lawelawe. ʻo ia ke kumu o ka haku mele ʻana. A laila, e noa ka hoʻohewa ʻana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka holomua o kēia manaʻo.

He ʻano holomua ka huli ʻana o Liszt i ka papahana, ma muli o ke ala holoʻokoʻa o kāna mau manaʻo hoʻomohala. Ua makemake ʻo Liszt e kamaʻilio ma o kāna hana kiʻi ʻaʻole me kahi pōʻai liʻiliʻi o ka poʻe akamai, akā me ka lehulehu o ka poʻe hoʻolohe, e hoʻonāukiuki i nā miliona o ka poʻe me kāna mele. ʻOiaʻiʻo, kūʻē ka papahana a Liszt: i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻokomo i nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo nui, ua hāʻule pinepine ʻo ia i ka abstraction, i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo ʻole, a no laila ua kaupalena ʻia ka laulā o kāna mau hana. Akā ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa o lākou e lanakila ai i kēia ʻike maopopo ʻole a me ka ʻole o ka papahana: ʻo nā kiʻi mele i hana ʻia e Liszt he paʻa, hoʻomaopopo, hōʻike a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kumumanaʻo, maopopo ke ʻano.

Ma muli o nā kumumanaʻo o ka papahana, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka ʻike noʻonoʻo o ke kiʻi me kāna hana hoʻomohala, ua hoʻonui ʻo Liszt i nā kumuwaiwai hōʻike o ke mele, ma mua o Wagner ma kēia ʻano. Me kāna mau ʻike ʻulaʻula, ua hoʻonui ʻo Liszt i ke ʻano o ke mele; i ka manawa like, hiki ke noʻonoʻo pono ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hou wiwo ʻole o ke kenekulia XNUMX ma ke kahua o ka lokahi. ʻO Liszt ka mea nāna i hana i kahi ʻano hou o "symphonic poem" a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻomohala mele i kapa ʻia ʻo "monothematism". ʻO ka hope loa, ʻo kāna mau mea i hoʻokō ʻia ma ka ʻenehana piano a me ke kikokikona he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia, no ka mea, he pianist akamai ʻo Liszt, ka mea like ʻole i ʻike ʻia e ka mōʻaukala.

Nui ka hoʻoilina mele āna i waiho ai, akā ʻaʻole like nā hana a pau. ʻO nā wahi koʻikoʻi o ka hana a Liszt ʻo ia ka piano a me ka symphony – eia kona manaʻo noʻonoʻo a me kāna mau manaʻo noʻeau i piha i ka ikaika. ʻO ka waiwai kānalua ʻole nā ​​mele leo a Liszt, kahi i kū ai nā mele; ʻaʻole makemake nui ʻo ia i ka opera a me ke keʻena mele.

Nā kumuhana, nā kiʻi o ko Liszt hana. ʻO kona koʻikoʻi i ka mōʻaukala o Hungarian a me ke kiʻi mele honua

He waiwai a ʻokoʻa ka hoʻoilina mele a Liszt. Ua ola ʻo ia i nā makemake o kona manawa a ua hoʻoikaika ʻo ia e pane me ka noʻonoʻo i nā koi maoli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. No laila ka hale kūʻai heroic o nā mele, kāna hana keaka maoli, ka ikehu ahi, nā ala maikaʻi. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka idealism i loaʻa i ka ʻike honua a Liszt, ua hoʻopili ʻia i kekahi mau hana, e hoʻāla ana i kahi ʻano ʻike ʻole o ka ʻōlelo, ʻaʻohe a i ʻole abstractness o ka ʻike. Akā i kāna mau hana maikaʻi loa, ua lanakila kēia mau manawa maikaʻi ʻole - i loko o ia mau mea, e hoʻohana ai i ka ʻōlelo a Cui, "ʻo ke ola maoli ʻana."

Ua hoʻoheheʻe ko Liszt i nā mea hoʻoikaika kino. ʻO ka heroism a me ka mana ikaika o Beethoven, me ka hoʻomāinoino a me ke kala o Berlioz, ka daimonio a me ka virtuosity nani o Paganini, he mana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻono a me nā hiʻohiʻona nani o ka ʻōpio Liszt. Ua hoʻomau ʻia kāna hoʻomohala hou ʻana ma lalo o ka hōʻailona o ka romanticism. ʻO ka mea haku mele i hoʻopaʻa i ke ola, ka moʻokalaleo, ka noʻonoʻo a me ke mele maoli.

Ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi moʻomeheu ʻokoʻa i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hui pū ʻia nā ʻano kuʻuna aupuni like ʻole i ka mele a Liszt. Mai ke kula aloha Farani, ua lawe ʻo ia i nā ʻano like ʻole i ka hui ʻana o nā kiʻi, ko lākou kiʻi kiʻi; mai nā mele opera Italia o ke kenekulia XNUMX (Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi) - ka makemake o ka naʻau a me ka hauʻoli o ka cantilena, ka leo leo ikaika; mai ke kula Kelemania - ka hohonu a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka lokahi, hoʻokolohua ma ke kahua o ke ʻano. Pono e hoʻohui ʻia i ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka wā oʻo o kāna hana, ua ʻike pū ʻo List i ka mana o nā kula aupuni ʻōpio, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Rūsia, nona nā hoʻokō āna i aʻo ai me ka nānā pono.

Hoʻohui ʻia kēia mau mea a pau i ke ʻano kiʻi o Liszt, ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ke ʻano mele mele aupuni-Hungarian. Loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau ʻāpana kiʻi; I waena o lākou, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hui nui ʻelima:

1) Hōʻailona ʻia nā kiʻi heroic o kahi ʻano ʻoniʻoni nui a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana e ke kumu maoli. Hōʻike ʻia lākou e kahi hale kūʻai haʻaheo chivalrous, ka nani a me ka nani o ka hōʻike ʻana, ke kani māmā o ke keleawe. "Hoʻonohonoho ʻia" e ka hele wāwae ʻana. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o kahi koa wiwo ʻole i ka manaʻo o Liszt, e hakakā ana no ka hauʻoli a me ke kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ke kumu mele o kēia mau kiʻi i loko o nā kumumanaʻo heroic o Beethoven, ʻo Weber kekahi hapa, akā ʻo ka mea nui loa, ma ʻaneʻi, ma kēia wahi, ʻike maopopo ʻia ka mana o ka mele aupuni Hungarian.

Ma waena o nā kiʻi o nā kaʻina hoʻohanohano, aia nō hoʻi nā mea improvisational, nā kumuhana liʻiliʻi, i ʻike ʻia he moʻolelo a i ʻole he ballad e pili ana i ka wā hanohano o ka ʻāina. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea liʻiliʻi - ʻano nui like a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā melismatics e hoʻohālikelike i ka momona o ke kani a me nā ʻano kala.

2) He ʻano like nā kiʻi pōʻino me nā kiʻi koa. ʻO ia nā mele kanikau punahele a Liszt (ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "trenody"), nona nā mele i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā hanana pōʻino o ka hakakā ʻana o ka poʻe ma Hungary a i ʻole ka make ʻana o kāna mau poʻe kālai'āina a me ka lehulehu. ʻOi aku ka ʻoi o ka hele ʻana ma ʻaneʻi, ʻoi aʻe ka makaʻu, haʻalulu, a pinepine ma kahi o

laila

or

(no ka laʻana, ʻo ke kumuhana ʻelua mai ka neʻe mua o ka Concerto Piano ʻElua). Hoʻomanaʻo mākou i nā huakaʻi hoʻolewa o Beethoven a me kā lākou prototypes i ke mele o ka French Revolution i ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX (e nānā, no ka laʻana, ʻo Gossek kaulana Funeral March). Akā ʻo Liszt ka mea i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka leo o nā trombones, hohonu, "haʻahaʻa", nā bele hoʻolewa. E like me ka mea kākau mele Hungarian ʻo Bence Szabolczy i ʻōlelo ai, "he haʻalulu kēia mau hana me ka makemake ʻino, ʻike mākou ma nā mele hope loa o Vörösmarty a ma nā kiʻi pena hope loa o ka mea pena ʻo Laszlo Paal."

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ke kumu ʻāina-Hungarian o ia mau kiʻi. No ka ʻike ʻana i kēia, ua lawa ka nānā ʻana i ka poem orchestral “Lament for the Heroes” (“Heroi'de funebre”, 1854) a i ʻole ka ʻāpana piano kaulana “The Funeral Procession” (“Funerailles”, 1849). Loaʻa i ke kumuhana mua o ka "Funeral Procession" kahi hiʻohiʻona o kahi lua i hoʻonui ʻia, e hāʻawi ana i kahi pōʻeleʻele kūikawā i ka huakaʻi hoʻolewa. Mālama ʻia ka astringency o ke kani (harmonic major) i ka cantilena lyrical kanikau ma hope. A, e like me ka pinepine me Liszt, hoʻololi ʻia nā kiʻi kanikau i mau kiʻi koa - i kahi neʻe kaulana kaulana, i kahi hakakā hou, ke kāhea nei ka make ʻana o kahi koa aupuni.

3) Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi ʻano manaʻo a me ka semantic me nā kiʻi e hōʻike ana i nā manaʻo kānalua, kahi kūlana hopohopo o ka noʻonoʻo. ʻO kēia mau manaʻo paʻakikī o nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo i waena o nā mea aloha i pili i ka manaʻo o Goethe's Faust (hoʻohālikelike me Berlioz, Wagner) a i ʻole Byron's Manfred (hoʻohālikelike me Schumann, Tchaikovsky). Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia ʻo Shakespeare's Hamlet i loko o ka pōʻai o kēia mau kiʻi (e hoʻohālikelike me Tchaikovsky, me ka mele ponoʻī a Liszt). ʻO ke ʻano o ia mau kiʻi i koi ʻia i nā ʻano hōʻike hou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke kahua o ka lokahi: hoʻohana pinepine ʻo Liszt i nā wā hoʻonui a hoʻemi ʻia, nā chromatisms, a me nā harmonies out-of-tonal, hui pū ʻana, nā modulations wiwo ʻole. "Ke ʻā nei kekahi ʻano o ke kuni a me ka hoʻomanawanui ʻole i kēia ao kuʻikahi," wahi a Sabolci. ʻO kēia nā huaʻōlelo hoʻomaka o nā sonatas piano a i ʻole ka Faust Symphony.

4) Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke ʻano o ka hōʻike kokoke i ke ʻano ma ke ʻano kiʻi kahi i nui ai ka hoʻohenehene a me ka ʻōlelo hoʻomāʻewaʻewa, ʻo ka ʻuhane o ka hōʻole a me ka luku ʻia. ʻO kēlā "satanic" i wehewehe ʻia e Berlioz i ka "Sabbath of Witches" mai ka "Fantastic Symphony" e loaʻa i kahi ʻano ʻoi aku ka hiki ʻole ke kū ʻole ma Liszt. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o nā kiʻi o ka ʻino. ʻO ke kumu o ke ʻano - hula - ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa me kahi kukui hoʻopunipuni, me nā leo ʻoi, i nā consonances dissonant, i hoʻoikaika ʻia e nā memo lokomaikaʻi. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona maopopo loa o kēia ʻekolu Mephisto Waltzes, ka hopena o ka Faust Symphony.

5) Ua paʻa pū ka pepa i nā ʻano manaʻo aloha: ka ʻona me ke kuko, ka manaʻo hauʻoli a i ʻole ka hauʻoli moeʻuhane, languor. I kēia manawa he cantilena hanu i loko o ka ʻuhane o nā keaka ʻItalia, i kēia manawa he ʻōlelo hauʻoli nui, i kēia manawa he leʻaleʻa nani o "Tristan" harmonies, hoʻolako nui ʻia me nā hoʻololi a me ka chromaticism.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻāpana kiʻi i kaha ʻia. ʻO nā kumumanaʻo Heroic kahi kokoke i ka pōʻino, ua hoʻololi pinepine ʻia nā kumu "Faustian" i "Mephistopheles", a ʻo nā kumumanaʻo "erotic" e pili ana i nā manaʻo hanohano a hanohano a me nā hoʻowalewale o ka "satanic" hoʻopunipuni. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i pau ka palette hōʻike a Liszt i kēia: ma ka "Hungarian Rhapsodies" nā kiʻi hula moʻomeheu moʻomeheu i manaʻo nui ʻia, i nā "Years of Wanderings" he nui nā kiʻi kiʻi ʻāina, i loko o nā etudes (a i ʻole nā ​​​​'ahamele) aia nā scherzo fantastic visions. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o List ma kēia mau wahi ʻo ia ka mea mua loa. ʻO lākou ka mea i mana ikaika i ka hana a nā hanauna haku mele.

* * *

I ka wā nui o ka hana a List – i nā makahiki 50-60 – ua kaupalena ʻia kona mana i kahi pōʻai haiki o nā haumāna a me nā hoaaloha. I loko naʻe o nā makahiki, ua ʻike nui ʻia nā hoʻokō paionia o Liszt.

ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka mea mua, ua pili ko lākou mana i ka hana piano a me ka hana. Me ka makemake a me ka makemake ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea a pau i huli i ka piano ke hele i ka lanakila nui o Liszt ma kēia wahi, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka wehewehe ʻana o ka mea kani a me ke ʻano o nā haku mele. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua ʻike ʻia ko Liszt mau loina noʻonoʻo a me ka noʻeau i ka hana haku mele, a ua hoʻohui ʻia e nā ʻelele o nā kula aupuni like ʻole.

ʻO ka loina maʻamau o ka papahana, i waiho ʻia e Liszt ma ke ʻano he counterbalance iā Berlioz, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻoi aku ke ʻano o ka wehewehe kiʻi- "theatrical" o ka pā i koho ʻia. ʻO ka mea nui, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā loina o Liszt e nā haku mele Lūkini, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Tchaikovsky, ma mua o Berlioz (ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hala nā kumu hope, no ka laʻana, na Mussorgsky i ka Pō ma Bald Mountain a i ʻole Rimsky-Korsakov ma Scheherazade).

Ua laulaha like ke ano o ka poem symphonic papahana, a hiki i keia la. Ma hope koke iho o Liszt, ua kākau ʻia nā mele symphonic ma Farani e Saint-Saens lāua ʻo Franck; i ka Czech Republic - Sour cream; ma Kelemānia, ua loaʻa iā R. Strauss nā hana kiʻekiʻe loa ma kēia ʻano. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ia mau hana ma luna o ka monothematism. ʻO nā kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi mele symphonic i hui pū ʻia me kahi sonata allegro i unuhi pinepine ʻia, ʻoi aku ka manuahi. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka manaʻo monothematic - ma kāna wehewehe ʻokoʻa - ʻo ia hoʻi, i loko o nā haku mele ʻole ("ke kumu cyclic" i ka symphony a me ke keʻena-instrumental hana a Frank, Taneyev's c-moll symphony a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). ʻO ka hope, huli pinepine ka poʻe haku mele ma hope i ke ʻano mele o ka ʻaha mele piano a Liszt (e nānā i ka Rimsky-Korsakov's Piano Concerto, Prokofiev's First Piano Concerto, Glazunov's Second Piano Concerto, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).

ʻAʻole wale nā ​​​​kumukūʻai haku mele o Liszt i hoʻomohala ʻia, akā ʻo nā spheres figurative o kāna mele, ʻoi aku ka heroic, "Faustian", "Mephistopheles". E hoʻomanaʻo kākou, no ka laʻana, i ka haʻaheo "mau kumuhana o ka manaʻo pilikino" i loko o nā symphonies a Scriabin. No ka hoʻohewa ʻana i ka hewa i nā kiʻi "Mephistophelian", me he mea lā i hoʻopunipuni ʻia e ka hoʻohenehene, hoʻomau ʻia i ka ʻuhane o ka "hula o ka make", ʻike ʻia ko lākou ulu hou ʻana ma ke mele o ko mākou manawa (e ʻike i nā hana a Shostakovich). ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o "Faustian" kānalua, "diabolo" hoʻowalewale ʻia hoʻi. Hōʻike piha ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana like ʻole i ka hana a R. Strauss.

ʻO ka ʻōlelo mele ʻulaʻula o Liszt, waiwai i nā nuances maʻalahi, ua loaʻa pū kekahi hoʻomohala koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka nani o kāna mau harmonies i lilo i kumu no ka ʻimi ʻana o ka French Impressionists: me ka ʻole o nā hana kiʻi a Liszt, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo Debussy a me Ravel (ʻo ka mea hope, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā hoʻokō o ka piano a Liszt i kāna mau hana. ).

Ua kākoʻo ʻia a hoʻoulu ʻia nā "ʻike" o Liszt o ka wā hope o ka hana ʻana i ke kahua o ka lokahi e kona ulu nui ʻana i nā kula aupuni ʻōpio. Aia ma waena o lākou - a ma luna o nā mea a pau ma waena o ka poʻe Kuchkists - ua loaʻa iā Liszt nā manawa kūpono no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻōlelo mele me nā ʻano hou, melodic a me nā rhythmic huli.

M. Druskin

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