Fritz Kreisler |
Fritz Kreisler
ʻO wai ka mea i lohe i hoʻokahi hana a Punyani, Cartier, Francoeur, Porpora, Louis Couperin, Padre Martini a i ʻole Stamitz ma mua o koʻu hoʻomaka ʻana e kākau ma lalo o ko lākou mau inoa? Noho wale lākou ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā lexicons mele, a poina ʻia kā lākou haku mele ma nā paia o nā monasteries a i ʻohi ʻia i ka lepo ma nā papa o nā hale waihona puke. ʻO kēia mau inoa ʻaʻole i ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā pūpū hakahaka, nā ʻaʻahu kahiko poina aʻu i huna ai i koʻu ʻano. F. Kleisler
ʻO F. Kreisler ka mea hana violinist hope loa, ma kāna hana i hoʻomau ʻia ka ulu ʻana o nā kuʻuna o ka virtuoso-romantic art o ke kenekulia XNUMX, i hoʻohuli ʻia ma o ka prism o ka ʻike honua o ke au hou. Ma nā ʻano he nui, ua manaʻo ʻo ia i nā ʻano wehewehe o kēia mau lā, e ʻimi ana i ke kūʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka wehewehe. Ke hoʻomau nei i nā kuʻuna o nā Strausses, ʻo J. Liner, nā moʻolelo kuʻuna kūlanakauhale o Viennese, ua hana ʻo Kreisler i nā mea hana violin he nui a me nā hoʻonohonoho i kaulana nui ʻia ma ke kahua.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Kreisler i loko o ka ʻohana o ke kauka, he violinist amateur. Mai kona wā kamaliʻi, lohe ʻo ia i kahi quartet i loko o ka hale, alakaʻi ʻia e kona makuakāne. ʻO ka haku mele ʻo K. Goldberg, Z. Freud a me nā mea koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe o Vienna i hele mai ma ʻaneʻi. Mai ka makahiki ʻehā, ua aʻo ʻo Kreisler me kona makuakāne, a laila me F. Ober. I ka makahiki 3 ua komo ʻo ia i ka Conservatory Vienna iā I. Helbesberger. I ka manawa like, ua hana ʻia ka hana mua a ka mea hoʻokani pila ma ka ʻaha mele a K. Patti. Wahi a ke kumumanaʻo o ka haku mele, ua aʻo ʻo Kreisler me A. Bruckner a i ka makahiki 7 i haku ai i kahi quartet string. ʻO nā hana a A. Rubinstein, I. Joachim, P. Sarasate he mea nui iā ia. I ka makahiki 8, ua puka 'o Kreisler mai ka Conservatory o Vienna me ka mekala gula. He kūleʻa kāna mau ʻahamele. Akā makemake kona makuakāne e hāʻawi iā ia i ke kula koʻikoʻi. A komo hou ʻo Kreisler i ka conservatory, akā i kēia manawa ma Paris. Ua lilo ʻo J. Massard (kumu o G. Venyavsky) i kumu violin nona, a ʻo L. Delibes ma ka haku mele, nāna i hoʻoholo i kona ʻano haku mele. A ma ʻaneʻi, ma hope o 9 mau makahiki, loaʻa iā Kreisler kahi mekala gula. Ma ke ʻano he ʻumikūmālua makahiki, me ka haumāna a F. Liszt ʻo M. Rosenthal, ua huakaʻi ʻo ia i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e hana ana i kāna hana mua ma Bosetona me kahi ʻahamele a F. Mendelssohn.
ʻOiai ke kūleʻa nui ʻana o ke keiki liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ke koi nei ka makuakāne i ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana i ka liberal arts piha. Haʻalele ʻo Kreisler i ka violin a komo i ka hale haʻuki. I ka makahiki ʻumikūmāwalu, hele ʻo ia i ka huakaʻi i Rusia. Akā, i kona hoʻi ʻana mai, komo ʻo ia i kahi keʻena lapaʻau, haku i nā huakaʻi koa, pāʻani i ka hui Tyrolean me A. Schoenberg, hui me I. Brahms a komo i ka hana mua o kāna quartet. ʻO ka hope, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Kreisler e hoʻokūkū i ka hoʻokūkū no ka hui o nā violins ʻelua o ka Vienna Opera. A - he hemahema loa! Ua hoʻoholo ka mea hoʻonāwaliwali e haʻalele i ka violin no ka wā pau ʻole. Ua hala wale ka pilikia i ka makahiki 1896, i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ʻo Kreisler i kahi huakaʻi lua o Rūsia, kahi i lilo ai ka hoʻomaka o kāna ʻoihana akamai. A laila, me ka lanakila nui, mālama ʻia kāna mau ʻahamele ma Berlin ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a A. Nikish. He hui pū me E. Izai, ka mea i hoʻoikaika nui i ke ʻano o Kreisler ka mea hoʻokani pila.
I ka makahiki 1905, ua hana ʻo Kreisler i ka pōʻaiapuni o nā ʻāpana violin "Classical Manuscripts" - 19 mau mea liʻiliʻi i kākau ʻia ma ke ʻano he hoʻohālike o nā hana kahiko o ke kenekulia 1935. ʻO Kreisler, i mea e pohihihi ai, hūnā ʻo ia i kāna mea kākau, hāʻawi i nā pāʻani ma ke ʻano he unuhi. I ka manawa like, ua paʻi ʻo ia i kāna stylizations o nā waltzes Viennese kahiko - "The Joy of Love", "The Pangs of Love", "Beautiful Rosemary", i hoʻopiʻi ʻia i ka hoʻohewa weliweli a kūʻē i nā transcriptions he mele maoli. ʻAʻole hiki i ka XNUMX i haʻi aku ʻo Kreisler i ka hoax, nā mea hoʻohewa weliweli.
Ua hele pinepineʻo Kreisler i Rusia, hoʻokani pū me V. Safonov, S. Rachmaninov, I. Hoffmann, S. Kusevitsky. I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua koho ʻia ʻo ia i ka pūʻali koa, kokoke i Lvov i hoʻouka ʻia e nā Cossacks, ua ʻeha ʻia ma ka ʻūhā a ua mālama ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi. Haʻalele ʻo ia i ʻAmelika, hāʻawi i nā ʻahamele, akā, i kona hakakā ʻana me Rusia, ua keakea ʻia ʻo ia.
I kēia manawa, me ka mea haku mele Hungarian ʻo V. Jacobi, ua kākau ʻo ia i ka operetta "Flowers of the Apple Tree", i hana ʻia ma New York i ka makahiki 1919. Ua hele ʻo I. Stravinsky, Rachmaninov, E. Varese, Izai, J. Heifets a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ka mua.
Hana ʻo Kreisler i nā huakaʻi he nui a puni ka honua, nui nā moʻolelo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. I ka makahiki 1933, hana 'o ia i ka lua o ka Zizi operetta i hana 'ia ma Vienna. ʻO kāna repertoire i kēia manawa i kaupalena ʻia i nā mele kahiko, aloha a me kāna mau mea liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole ʻo ia e pāʻani i ke mele o kēia wā: “ʻAʻole hiki i ka haku mele ke loaʻa i kahi mask kūpono e kūʻē i nā kinoea ʻeha o ka moʻomeheu hou. Mai kāhāhā kekahi i ka hoʻolohe ʻana i ke mele a nā ʻōpio o kēia wā. ʻO kēia ke mele o ko kākou au a he mea maʻamau. ʻAʻole e hele ka mele i kahi ala ʻē aʻe ke ʻole ka loli ʻana o ke kūlana politika a me ka nohona o ka honua.
I ka makahiki 1924-32. Noho ʻo Kreisler ma Berlin, akā i ka makahiki 1933 ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e haʻalele no ka fascism, mua i Farani a laila i ʻAmelika. Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo ia i kāna hana a hana i kāna hana. ʻO ka mea hoihoi loa o lākou, ʻo ia nā transcriptions haku mele o nā concerto violin na N. Paganini (Mua) a me P. Tchaikovsky, nā mea pāʻani a Rachmaninov, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Dvorak, F. Schubert, etc. I ka makahiki 1941, ua paʻi ʻia ʻo Kreisler e he kaʻa a ʻaʻole hiki ke hana. ʻO ka ʻaha mele hope āna i hāʻawi ai ma Carnegie Hall i ka makahiki 1947.
Loaʻa iā Peru Kreisler he 55 mau haku mele a ʻoi aku ma mua o 80 mau kope a me nā hoʻololi ʻana o nā concerto a me nā pāʻani like ʻole, i kekahi manawa e hōʻike ana i kahi hana hoʻomohala radical o ke kumu. ʻO nā haku mele a Kreisler - kāna violin concerto "Vivaldi", stylizations o nā haku kahiko, Viennese waltzes, e like me Recitative and Scherzo, "Chinese Tambourine", hoʻonohonoho o "Folia" na A. Corelli, "Devil's Trill" na G. Tartini, nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO "Witch" Paganini, nā cadenzas i nā concerto na L. Beethoven a me Brahms e hana nui ʻia ma ke kahua, e hauʻoli nui ana me ka poʻe hoʻolohe.
V. Grigoriev
Ma ke kiʻi mele o ka hapakolu mua o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i kahi kiʻi e like me Kreisler. ʻO ia ka mea nāna i hana i kahi ʻano pāʻani hou loa, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻoikaika maoli i kona mau hoa a pau. ʻAʻole ʻo Heifetz, ʻaʻole ʻo Thibaut, ʻaʻole ʻo Enescu, ʻaʻole ʻo Oistrakh, ka mea i "aʻo" nui mai ka violinist Austrian nui i ka manawa o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kāna talena. Pīhoihoi ka pāʻani a Kreisler, hoʻohālike, aʻo ʻana, ka nānā ʻana i nā kikoʻī liʻiliʻi loa; kūlou ihola ka poʻe hoʻokani pila i mua ona. Ua hauʻoli ʻo ia i ka mana kānalua ʻole a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola.
I ka makahiki 1937, i ka makahiki 62 o Kreisler, ua lohe ʻo Oistrakh iā ia ma Brussels. "Noʻu," i kākau ai ʻo ia, "ʻo ka pāʻani ʻana o Kreisler he manaʻo poina ʻole. I ka minuke mua loa, i nā kani mua loa o kāna kakaka kū hoʻokahi, ua ʻike au i ka mana a me ka nani o kēia mea hoʻokani pila. I ka loiloi ʻana i ka honua mele o nā makahiki 30, ua kākau ʻo Rachmaninov: "Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Kreisler ka mea hoʻokani pila maikaʻi loa. Aia ma hope ona ʻo Yasha Kheyfets, a i ʻole ma hope ona. Me Kreisler, ua loaʻa iā Rachmaninoff kahi hui mau no nā makahiki he nui.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano o Kreisler ma ke ʻano he haku mele a me ka mea hoʻokani mai ka hui ʻana o nā moʻomeheu mele Viennese a me Palani, kahi hui i hāʻawi maoli i kahi mea aloha. Ua pili ʻo Kreisler me ka moʻomeheu mele Viennese e nā mea he nui i loko o kāna hana ponoʻī. Ua hāpai ʻo Vienna iā ia i ka hoihoi i nā papa mele o ka XNUMXth-XNUMXth mau kenekulia, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ke ʻano o kāna mau liʻiliʻi "kahiko". Akā ʻoi aku ka pololei o kēia pili ʻana me Vienna i kēlā me kēia lā, kona māmā, nā mele i hoʻohana ʻia a me nā kuʻuna e pili ana iā Johann Strauss. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻokoʻa nā waltzes a Kreisler me Strauss, kahi e like me kā Y. Kremlev i ʻōlelo pololei ai, "ua hui pū ʻia ka nani me ka ʻōpio, a ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā mea āpau me kekahi ʻano ʻano ʻokoʻa a me ka ʻike leʻaleʻa o ke ola." Ua nalowale ka waltz o Kreisler i kona wā ʻōpio, lilo i mea naʻaupō a pili pono, he "pāʻani naʻau". Akā, noho kaʻuhane o ka "Strauss" Vienna kahiko i loko.
Ua ʻaiʻē ʻo Kreisler i nā ʻenehana violin mai nā kiʻi Farani, ʻo vibrato. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā haʻalulu i mea ʻala like ʻole o ka Farani. ʻO Vibrato, i hoʻohana ʻia ʻaʻole wale i ka cantilena, akā i loko o nā paukū, ua lilo i hoʻokahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o kāna ʻano hana. Wahi a K. Flesh, ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka haʻalulu, ua hahai ʻo Kreisler iā Yzai, nāna i hoʻolauna mua i kahi vibrato ākea ākea me ka lima hema i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā no nā violinists. Manaʻo ka mea haku mele Palani ʻo Marc Pencherl ʻaʻole ʻo Isai ka hiʻohiʻona o Kreisler, akā ʻo kāna kumu ma ka Paris Conservatory Massard: "He haumāna mua o Massard, ua loaʻa iā ia mai kāna kumu kahi vibrato hōʻike, ʻokoʻa loa mai ke kula Kelemania." Ua ʻike ʻia ka poʻe violinists o ke kula Kelemania i kahi ʻano makaʻala i ka haʻalulu, a lākou i hoʻohana nui ai. A ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻomaka ʻo Kreisler e pena me ia ʻaʻole wale i ka cantilena, akā he ʻano hoʻoneʻe hoʻi, ua kūʻē i nā canons aesthetic o ka hana hoʻonaʻauao o ke kenekulia XNUMX.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pololei loa ka noʻonoʻo ʻana iā Kreisler i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka vibration he mea hahai iā Izaya a i ʻole Massar, e like me Flesch lāua ʻo Lehnsherl. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Kreisler i ka vibration i kahi hana ʻokoʻa a me ka hōʻike ʻana, ʻaʻole i kamaʻāina i kona mau mua, me Ysaye a me Massard. No ia, ua pau ka "pena" a lilo i mea paʻa mau o ka violin cantilena, kona ʻano ikaika loa o ka hōʻike. Eia kekahi, he kiko'ī loa ia, ma ke ʻano ʻo ia kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o kona ʻano pilikino. Ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka vibration i ke ʻano kaʻa, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka pāʻani i kahi melodiousness kupaianaha o ke ʻano o ka malu "spicy", i loaʻa ʻia e kahi ala kūikawā o ke kani ʻana. Ma waho o kēia, ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka haʻalulu Kreisler.
ʻOkoʻa ʻo Kreisler mai nā violinists a pau i nā ʻenehana hahau a me ka hana kani. Ua pāʻani ʻo ia me ke kakaka ma kahi mamao loa mai ke alahaka, kokoke i ka fretboard, me nā kī pōkole akā paʻa; Ua hoʻohana nui ʻo ia i ka portamento, hoʻopiha i ka cantilena me nā "accents-sighs" a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kekahi leo mai kekahi me nā caesuras palupalu me ka portamentation. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā leo ma ka lima ʻākau me nā leo ma ka hema, ma o ka "push" vibratory. ʻO ka hopena, ua hana ʻia kahi cantilena "sensual" o kahi timbre "matte" palupalu.
"I ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kakaka, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Kreisler mai kona mau lā," i kākau ai ʻo K. Flesh. - Ma mua ona, aia kahi loina hiki ʻole: e hoʻoikaika mau e hoʻohana i ka lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa o ke kakaka. ʻAʻole pololei kēia kumumanaʻo, inā wale nō ma muli o ka hoʻokō ʻenehana o ka "ʻoluʻolu" a me ka "ʻoluʻolu" e koi ai i ka palena kiʻekiʻe o ka lōʻihi o ke kakaka. ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao, hōʻike ka laʻana a Kreisler ʻaʻole pili ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka ikaika i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kakaka holoʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe loa o ke kakaka i nā hihia kūikawā wale nō. Ua wehewehe ʻo Kreisler i kēia hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻenehana kakaka ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he "pōkole loa kona mau lima"; i ka manawa like, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāpana haʻahaʻa o ke kakaka i hopohopo iā ia e pili ana i ka hiki i kēia hihia ke hao i nā "es" o ka violin. ʻO kēia "hoʻokele waiwai" i kaulike ʻia e kona ʻano ikaika o ke kakaka me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana, a ʻo ia hoʻi i hoʻoponopono ʻia e kahi haʻalulu ikaika loa.
ʻO Pencherl, ka mea nāna i nānā iā Kreisler no nā makahiki he nui, hoʻopuka i kekahi mau hoʻoponopono i nā ʻōlelo a Flesch; kākau ʻo ia ua pāʻani ʻo Kreisler i nā kī liʻiliʻi, me ka hoʻololi pinepine ʻana o ke kakaka a me kona lauoho i paʻa loa i loaʻa i ke koʻokoʻo kahi puʻupuʻu, akā ma hope, i ka wā ma hope o ke kaua (ʻo ia hoʻi ke Kaua Honua Mua. ʻano kūlou.
ʻO nā kīʻaha liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i hui pū ʻia me ka portamento a me ka haʻalulu hōʻike ʻana he mau hana hoʻopunipuni. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hele ko lākou hoʻohana ʻana e Kreisler i nā palena o ka ʻono maikaʻi. Ua hoʻopakele ʻia ʻo ia e ke ʻano koʻikoʻi o ke mele i ʻike ʻia e Flesch, ʻo ia ka mea i hānau ʻia a me ka hopena o ka hoʻonaʻauao: "ʻAʻole ia he mea nui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka naʻau o kāna portamento, hoʻopaʻa mau ʻia, ʻaʻole ʻono, helu ʻia ma ka kūleʻa haʻahaʻa," wahi a Flesh. Hoʻoholo like ʻo Pencherl, me ka manaʻo ʻaʻole i hōʻeha iki nā ʻano hana a Kreisler i ka paʻa a me ka hanohano o kona ʻano.
He ʻokoʻa nā mea hana manamana lima a Kreisler me nā hoʻololi heʻe he nui a me ka "sensual", i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā glissandos, kahi e hoʻopili pinepine ai i nā leo pili e hoʻonui i ko lākou hōʻike.
Ma keʻano laulā, ʻano palupalu ka pāʻani ʻana a Kreisler, me nā timbres "hohonu", he rubato "romantic" manuahi, i hui pū ʻia me kahi puʻupuʻu maʻemaʻe: "ʻO ka ʻala a me ke kani nā kumu ʻelua i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kāna hana hana." "ʻAʻole ʻo ia i kaumaha i ke kani no ka kūleʻa kānalua, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i alualu i nā moʻolelo wikiwiki." ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā ʻōlelo a Flesch mai ka manaʻo o Pencherl: "I ka cantabile, ua loaʻa i kāna sonority kahi mea ʻē aʻe - ʻālohilohi, wela, e like me ke ʻano, ʻaʻole i haʻahaʻa loa ma muli o ka paʻakikī mau o ka puʻupuʻu i hoʻōla i ka pāʻani holoʻokoʻa. ”
ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ke kiʻi o Kreisler ka mea hoʻokani pila. Ke waiho nei ka hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi mau paʻi ʻana iā ia.
Ma nā lālā nui ʻelua o kāna hana - ka hana a me ka hoʻomohala - ua kaulana ʻo Kreisler ma ke ʻano he haku o nā mea liʻiliʻi. Pono ka mea liʻiliʻi i nā kikoʻī, no laila ua lawelawe ka pāʻani Kreisler i kēia kumu, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano, nā nuances maʻalahi o nā manaʻo. He mea kupaianaha kona ʻano hoʻokani no kona hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻana a hiki i kekahi ʻano, ka salonism, ʻoiai he hanohano. No ka leo mele a pau o ka pāʻani ʻana a Kreisler, ma muli o nā kikoʻī pōkole kikoʻī, ua nui ka declamation i loko. Ma kahi nui, "'ōlelo", "'ōlelo" intonation, ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale i ka hana kakaka o kēia wā, lawe i kona kumu mai Kreisler. ʻO kēia ʻano declamatory i hoʻokomo i nā mea o ka improvisation i kāna pāʻani, a ʻo ka palupalu, ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka intonation i hāʻawi iā ia i ke ʻano o ka hana mele manuahi, ʻike ʻia e ka wikiwiki.
I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻano o kona ʻano, ua kūkulu ʻo Kreisler i nā papahana o kāna mau ʻahamele e like me ia. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka pauku mua i nā hana nui, a ʻo ka lua i nā mea liʻiliʻi. Ma hope o Kreisler, ua hoʻomaka nā violinists ʻē aʻe o ka XNUMXth century e hoʻopiha i kā lākou mau papahana me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a me nā transcriptions, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia ma mua (ua hoʻokani ʻia nā miniatures ma ke ʻano he encore). Wahi a Pencherl, "ma nā hana nui ʻo ia ka mea unuhi ʻōlelo hanohano loa, noʻonoʻo i lokoеUa hōʻike ʻo nza iā ia iho i ke kūʻokoʻa e hoʻokani i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma ka hopena o ka ʻahamele.
ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻae i kēia manaʻo. Ua hoʻolauna pū ʻo Kreisler i nā mea he nui, ʻokoʻa wale nō iā ia, i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā papa mele. Ma kahi ʻano nui, hōʻike ʻia kāna improvisation hiʻohiʻona, kahi aestheticization, i hana ʻia e ka maʻalahi o kāna ʻono. Ua kākau ʻo K. Flesh ua hana liʻiliʻi ʻo Kreisler a manaʻo ʻo ia he mea pono ke "pāʻani." ʻAʻole ʻo ia i manaʻoʻiʻo i ka pono o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻamau, a no laila ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa kāna ʻenehana manamana lima. Eia nō naʻe, ma ke kahua, hōʻike ʻo ia i ka "ʻoluʻolu ʻoluʻolu."
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Pencherl e pili ana i kēia ma kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa. Wahi a ia, ʻo ka ʻenehana no Kreisler mau i ka hope, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i kauā, me ka manaʻo inā loaʻa kahi kumu ʻenehana maikaʻi i ka wā kamaliʻi, a laila ʻaʻole hopohopo kekahi. Ua haʻi ʻo ia i kahi mea kākau moʻolelo: "Inā hana maikaʻi kahi virtuoso i kona wā ʻōpiopio, a laila e mau loa kona mau manamana lima, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke mālama i kāna ʻenehana i kēlā me kēia lā." ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o ke kālena o Kreisler, ka hoʻonui ʻana i kona ʻano pilikino, ua maʻalahi ʻia e ka heluhelu ʻana i nā mele ensemble, ka hoʻonaʻauao ākea (ka palapala a me ka philosophical) i kahi ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā hola he nui i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā unahi a i ʻole nā hana. Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke maona kona pololi i ke mele. Ke pāʻani nei i nā hui me nā hoaaloha, hiki iā ia ke noi e hana hou i ka Schubert Quintet me ʻelua cellos, āna i hoʻomana ai, ʻekolu manawa i ka lālani. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, ʻo ka makemake i ke mele, ua like ia me ka makemake i ka pāʻani, ʻo ia hoʻi - "hoʻokani pila a pāʻani roulette, haku a puhi ʻana paha i ka opiuma ...". "Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka virtuosity i loko o kou koko, a laila ʻo ka leʻaleʻa o ka piʻi ʻana i ke kahua e uku iā ʻoe no kou ʻeha a pau ..."
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo Pencherl i ke ʻano o waho o ka mea hoʻokani pila, kāna hana ma ke kahua. Ma kahi ʻatikala i haʻi ʻia ma mua, ua kākau ʻo ia: “Hoʻomaka koʻu mau hoʻomanaʻo mai kahi mamao aku. He keiki ʻōpio loa wau i ka wā i loaʻa iaʻu ka pōmaikaʻi e kamaʻilio lōʻihi me Jacques Thiebaud, ʻo ia ka mea i ka wanaʻao o kāna ʻoihana akamai. Ua manaʻo wau iā ia i kēlā ʻano mahalo hoʻomana kiʻi e pili ana i nā keiki (ma kahi mamao ʻaʻole ia he mea kūpono ʻole iaʻu). I koʻu nīnau ʻana aku iā ia me ke kuko no nā mea a pau a me nā kānaka a pau o kāna ʻoihana, ua hoʻopā mai kekahi o kāna mau pane iaʻu, no ka mea, ʻo ia ka mea aʻu i manaʻo ai he akua i waena o ka poʻe hoʻokani pila. "Aia kekahi ʻano kupaianaha," i ʻōlelo mai ai ʻo ia iaʻu, "ʻo ia ka mea e hele aʻe ma mua oʻu. E hoʻomanaʻo i ka inoa o Kreisler. ʻO kēia kā mākou haku no nā mea a pau.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Pencherl e hele i ka ʻaha mele mua loa o Kreisler. "Ua like ʻo Kreisler me he colossus iaʻu. Hoʻopuka mau ʻo ia i kahi manaʻo kupaianaha o ka mana me kahi puʻupuʻu ākea, he ʻāʻī pāʻani o ka mea hoʻolei kaumaha, he helehelena me nā hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha, lei aliʻi me ka lauoho mānoanoa i ʻoki ʻia. I ka nānā pono ʻana, ua hoʻololi ka mahanahana o ka maka i ka mea i ʻike mua ʻia i mea ʻino.
I ka hoʻokani ʻana o ka mea hoʻokani i ka hoʻolauna, kū ʻo ia me he mea lā e kiaʻi ana - kona mau lima ma kona ʻaoʻao, ʻo ka violin kokoke i ka honua, hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka curl me ka manamana lima o kona lima hema. I ka manawa o ka hoʻolauna ʻana, hoʻāla aʻela ʻo ia iā ia, me he mea lā, i ke kekona hope loa, e kau aku ma luna o kona poʻohiwi me ka ʻōniʻoniʻo wikiwiki loa e like me ka hopu ʻia ʻana o ka mea kani e ka ʻauwae a me ka ʻāʻī.
Hōʻike ʻia ka moʻolelo o Kreisler ma ka puke a Lochner. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia ma Vienna i ka lā 2 o Pepeluali i ka makahiki 1875 ma ka ʻohana kauka. He mea aloha mele kona makuakāne a ʻo ke kūʻē wale ʻana o kona kupuna kāne i kāohi iā ia mai ke koho ʻana i kahi ʻoihana mele. Hoʻokani pinepine ka ʻohana i ke mele, a hoʻokani mau nā quartets i nā Pōʻaono. Ua hoʻolohe ʻo Fritz liʻiliʻi iā lākou me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomaha ʻana, hoihoi i nā leo. ʻO ka mele mele i loko o kona koko i huki ai i nā kaula kāmaʻa ma nā pahu cigar a hoʻohālike i nā mea pāʻani. "I hoʻokahi manawa," wahi a Kreisler, "i koʻu wā ʻekolu a me ka hapa o koʻu mau makahiki, aia wau ma hope o koʻu makuakāne i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i ka quartet stroke a Mozart, e hoʻomaka me nā memo. re – b-flat – paʻakai (ʻo ia hoʻi G nui No. 156 e like me ka Koechel Catalog. - LR). "Pehea ʻoe e ʻike ai e pāʻani i kēlā mau memo ʻekolu?" Ua nīnau au iā ia. Lawe ʻo ia me ka hoʻomanawanui i kahi pepa, huki i ʻelima mau laina a wehewehe mai iaʻu i ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia memo, kau ʻia ma waena a i ʻole kēlā laina.
I ka makahiki 4, ua kūʻai ʻia ʻo ia i violin maoli, a ʻo Fritz i lawe kūʻokoʻa i ka mele Austrian aupuni ma luna. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e noʻonoʻo ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana he hana mana liʻiliʻi, a hoʻomaka kona makuakāne e hāʻawi iā ia i nā haʻawina mele.
Pehea ka wikiwiki o kona hoʻomohala ʻana e hiki ke hoʻokolokolo ʻia e ka mea i hoʻokomo ʻia ka prodigy keiki 7 makahiki (i ka makahiki 1882) i ka Conservatory Vienna ma ka papa o Joseph Helmesberger. Ua kākau ʻo Kreisler ma ka Musical Courier i ʻApelila 1908: “I kēia manawa, ua hāʻawi mai nā hoaaloha iaʻu i ka violin hapalua, ʻoluʻolu a me ke mele, o kahi brand kahiko loa. ʻAʻole au i ʻoluʻolu loa iā ia, no ka mea, manaʻo wau ʻoiai e aʻo ana i ka conservatory hiki iaʻu ke loaʻa i kahi violin ʻekolu hapaha ... "
He kumu maikaʻi ʻo Helmesberger a hāʻawi i kāna holoholona i kumu ʻenehana paʻa. I ka makahiki mua o kona noho ʻana ma ka conservatory, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Fritz i kāna hana mua, e hoʻokani ana i kahi ʻaha mele a ka mea mele kaulana ʻo Carlotta Patti. Ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kumumanaʻo me Anton Bruckner a, ma waho aʻe o ka violin, hāʻawi nui i ka manawa e hoʻokani i ka piano. I kēia manawa, liʻiliʻi ka poʻe i ʻike he pianist maikaʻi loa ʻo Kreisler, e pāʻani wale ana i nā mea hoʻokani paʻakikī mai kahi pepa. 'Ōlelo lākou i ka wā i lawe mai ai ʻo Auer iā Heifetz i Berlin i ka makahiki 1914, ua pau lāua ʻelua i ka hale pilikino hoʻokahi. Ua noi aku nā malihini i ʻākoakoa, ʻo Kreisler kekahi i ke keiki e pāʻani i kekahi mea. "Akā, pehea ka hoʻokani pila?" i ninau aku ai o Heifetz. A laila hele ʻo Kreisler i ka piano a, ma ke ʻano he hoʻomanaʻo, hele pū me Mendelssohn's Concerto a me kāna ʻāpana ponoʻī, The Beautiful Rosemary.
Ua puka maikaʻi ʻo Kreisler 10 makahiki mai ka Conservatory ʻo Vienna me kahi mekala gula; Ua kūʻai aku nā hoaaloha iā ia i ʻekolu hapaha violin na Amati. ʻO ke keikikāne, ka mea i moeʻuhane mua i kahi violin holoʻokoʻa, ua hauʻoli hou. Ma kaʻaha kūkāʻohana i ka manawa like, ua hoʻoholoʻia e hoʻopau i kāna hoʻonaʻauao mele, ponoʻo Fritz e hele i Paris.
I nā makahiki 80 a me 90, aia ke kula Violin Paris i kona zenith. Ua aʻo ʻo Marsik ma ka conservatory, nāna i hānai iā Thibault a me Enescu, Massar, mai kāna papa ʻo Venyavsky, Rys, Ondrichek i puka mai. Aia ʻo Kreisler i ka papa o Joseph Lambert Massard, "Manaʻo wau ua aloha ʻo Massard iaʻu no ka mea ua pāʻani wau i ke ʻano o Wieniawski," i ʻae ʻo ia ma hope. Ma ka manawa like, ua aʻo ʻo Kreisler i ka haku mele me Leo Delibes. Ua ʻike ʻia ka maopopo o ke ʻano o kēia haku i nā hana a ka mea hoʻokani pila.
He lanakila ka puka ʻana mai ka Paris Conservatoire i ka makahiki 1887. Ua lanakila ke keikikāne 12 makahiki i ka makana mua, e hoʻokūkū ana me 40 mau violinists, ʻo kēlā me kēia o lākou he 10 mau makahiki ma mua ona.
I kona hōʻea ʻana mai Parisa a hiki i Vienna, ua loaʻa ʻole i ka ʻōpio violinist kahi makana mai ka luna ʻAmelika ʻo Edmond Stenton e huakaʻi i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa me Moritz Rosenthal. Ua hele ka huakaʻi ʻAmelika i ka makahiki 1888/89. Ma Ianuali 9, 1888, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Kreisler i kāna hana mua ma Bosetona. ʻO ia ka ʻahamele mua i hoʻomaka maoli i kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he violinist ʻahamele.
I ka hoʻi ʻana i ʻEulopa, ua haʻalele ʻo Kreisler i ka violin no ka hoʻopau ʻana i kāna hoʻonaʻauao ākea. I kona wā kamaliʻi, ua aʻo kona makuakāne iā ia i nā kumuhana hoʻonaʻauao ākea ma ka home, e aʻo ana i ka Latin, Helene, ʻepekema kūlohelohe a me ka makemakika. I kēia manawa (i ka makahiki 1889) komo ʻo ia i ke Kula Lapaʻau ma ke Kulanui o Vienna. ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ua aʻo ikaika ʻo ia me nā polopeka nui loa. Aia kekahi mau hōʻike e aʻo ana ʻo ia i ke kaha kiʻi (ma Paris), aʻo i ka mōʻaukala kiʻi (ma Roma).
Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo loa kēia manawa o kāna moʻolelo. ʻO nā ʻatikala a I. Yampolsky e pili ana iā Kreisler e hōʻike ana i ka makahiki 1893 ua hele mai ʻo Kreisler i Moscow, kahi āna i hāʻawi ai i 2 mau ʻaha mele ma ka Russian Musical Society. ʻAʻohe o nā hana haole ma ka violinist, me ka monograph a Lochner, i loaʻa kēia ʻikepili.
Ma 1895-1896, ua lawelawe ʻo Kreisler i kāna ʻoihana koa ma ka regiment o Archduke Eugene o Habsburg. Ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Archduke i ka violinist ʻōpio mai kāna mau hana a hoʻohana iā ia i nā ahiahi mele ma ke ʻano he soloist, a me ka orchestra i ka wā e hoʻokani ana i nā hana opera amateur. Ma hope mai (i ka makahiki 1900) ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ʻo Kreisler i ke kūlana Lutanela.
Hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka pūʻali koa, ua hoʻi ʻo Kreisler i ka hana mele. I ka makahiki 1896 ua huakaʻi ʻo ia i Tureke, a laila 2 mau makahiki (1896-1898) i noho ma Vienna. Hiki iāʻoe ke hālāwai pinepine me ia i loko o ka cafe "Megalomania" - heʻano hui mele ma ke kapikala Austrian, kahi i'ākoakoa aiʻo Hugo Wolf, Eduard Hanslick, Johann Brahms, Hugo Hofmannsthal. ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana me kēia poʻe i hāʻawi iā Kreisler i ka noʻonoʻo ʻimi ʻokoʻa. Ma hope o hoʻokahi manawa, hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ia i kāna mau hālāwai me lākou.
ʻAʻole maʻalahi ke ala i ka hanohano. ʻO ke ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka hana a Kreisler, ka mea hoʻokani "ʻaʻole like" i nā violinists ʻē aʻe, kahaha a hoʻoweliweli i ka lehulehu Viennese conservative. No ka makemake nui, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e komo i ka orchestra o ka Royal Vienna Opera, akā ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ʻo ia ma laila, i ʻōlelo ʻia "no ka nele o ke ʻano o ke kani." Hele mai ka kaulana ma hope o nā ʻaha mele o 1899. I ka hōʻea ʻana i Berlin, ua hana ʻole ʻo Kreisler me ka lanakila lanakila. Ua hauʻoli ʻo Joachim nui me kāna kālena hou a maʻamau. Ua kamaʻilio ʻia ʻo Kreisler ma ke ʻano he violinist hoihoi loa o kēia au. I ka makahiki 1900, ua kono ʻia ʻo ia i ʻAmelika, a ʻo kahi huakaʻi i ʻEnelani i Mei 1902 i hoʻohui i kona kaulana i ʻEulopa.
He manawa leʻaleʻa a mālama ʻole ia o kona wā ʻōpio. Ma ke ʻano maoli, he kanaka olaola ʻo Kreisler, ʻoluʻolu, maʻalahi i ka ʻakaʻaka a me ka ʻakaʻaka. I ka makahiki 1900-1901 ua huakaʻi ʻo ia i ʻAmelika me ka mea hoʻokani pila ʻo John Gerardi a me ka mea hoʻokani pila ʻo Bernhard Pollack. Hoʻohenehene mau nā hoaaloha i ka mea hoʻokani piano, no ka mea, ua hopohopo mau ʻo ia no ko lākou ʻano o ka puka ʻana i loko o ka lumi noʻeau i ke kekona hope, ma mua o ka hele ʻana i ke kahua. I kekahi lā ma Chicago, ua ʻike ʻo Pollak ʻaʻole lāua ʻelua i loko o ka lumi kiʻi. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ke keʻena me ka hōkele kahi i noho ai lākou ʻekolu, a holo wikiwiki aku ʻo Pollak i ke keʻena o Kreisler. Ua komo ʻo ia i loko me ke kīkēkē ʻole a loaʻa iā ia ka mea hoʻokani pila a me ka cellist e waiho ana ma luna o kahi moena pālua nui, me nā pākeʻe huki a hiki i ko lākou mau auwae. Huhu lākou fortissimo i kahi duet weliweli. “E, pupule ʻolua! Ua hoʻōho ʻo Pollack. "Ua ʻākoakoa ka lehulehu a ke kali nei no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻaha mele!"
– E moe au! uwo ʻo Kreisler ma ka ʻōlelo deragona Wagnerian.
Eia ko'u maluhia o ka naau! wahi a Gerardi.
Me kēia mau ʻōlelo, huli aʻela lāua ma kekahi ʻaoʻao a hoʻomaka e uhu ʻoi aku ka leo ʻole ma mua o ka wā ma mua. Me ka huhū, ua huki ʻo Pollack i ko lākou mau ʻaʻahu a ʻike ʻia aia lākou i loko o nā ʻaʻahu huelo. Ua hoʻomaka wale ka ʻahamele he 10 mau minuke lohi a ʻaʻole i ʻike ka poʻe i kekahi mea.
I ka makahiki 1902, ua loaʻa kahi hanana nui i ke ola o Fritz Kreisler - ua male ʻo ia iā Harriet Lyse (ma hope o kāna kāne mua, ʻo Mrs. Fred Wortz). He wahine maikaʻi ʻo ia, akamai, ʻoluʻolu, ʻoluʻolu. Ua lilo ʻo ia i hoa aloha loa nona, kaʻana like i kona mau manaʻo a haʻaheo pupule iā ia. Hauʻoli lākou a hiki i ka wā ʻelemakule.
Mai ka makahiki 900 a hiki i ka makahiki 1941, ua nui nā kipa ʻana o Kreisler i ʻAmelika a ua hele mau ʻo ia ma ʻEulopa. Ua pili loa ʻo ia me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a, ma ʻEulopa, me ʻEnelani. I ka makahiki 1904, ua hāʻawi ka London Musical Society iā ia i mekala gula no kāna hana ʻana i ka Beethoven Concerto. Akā ma ka ʻuhane, ʻo Kreisler kahi kokoke loa iā Farani a i loko o kāna mau hoaaloha Farani ʻo Ysaye, Thibault, Casals, Cortot, Casadesus a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka pili ʻana o Kreisler i ka moʻomeheu Farani he mea kūlohelohe. Hele pinepine ʻo ia i ka ʻāina Belgian o Ysaye, hoʻokani mele ma ka home me Thibaut a me Casals. Ua ʻae ʻo Kreisler he mana nui ko Izai iā ia a ua ʻaiʻē ʻo ia i kekahi mau ʻenehana violin mai iā ia. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i lilo ʻo Kreisler i "hoʻoilina" ʻo Izaya ma ke ʻano o ka vibration ua ʻōlelo ʻia. Akā ʻo ka mea nui, ʻo Kreisler ka mea hoihoi i ka lewa kiʻi e lanakila ana ma ka pōʻai o Ysaye, Thibaut, Casals, ko lākou ʻano hoihoi i ke mele, i hui pū ʻia me ka noiʻi hohonu ʻana. Ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana me lākou, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā manaʻo aesthetic o Kreisler, ua hoʻoikaika ʻia nā ʻano maikaʻi a maikaʻi o kona ʻano.
Ma mua o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua ʻike iki ʻia ʻo Kreisler ma Rusia. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i ʻelua mau ʻahamele ma ʻaneʻi, i ka makahiki 1910 a me 1911. I Dekemaba 1910, hāʻawi ʻo ia i 2 mau ʻahamele ma St. Petersburg, akā ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike ʻia, ʻoiai ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi loiloi maikaʻi ma ka magazine Music (No. 3, p. 74). Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo kāna hana e hana i kahi manaʻo hohonu me ka ikaika o ka ʻano a me ka maʻalahi o ka ʻōlelo. Ua hoʻokani ʻo ia i kāna mau hana ponoʻī, a i ia manawa e mau ana ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā pāʻani kahiko.
I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua ʻike hou ʻia ʻo Kreisler ma Rusia. I loko o kēia kipa ʻana, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna mau ʻahamele (Dekemaba 2 a me 9, 1911). "I waena o kā mākou mau violinists o kēia manawa," i kākau ai ka mea hoʻopiʻi Lūkini, "pono e kau ʻia ka inoa o Fritz Kreisler ma kahi o nā wahi mua. Ma kāna mau hana, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka mea pena kiʻi ʻo Kreisler ma mua o ka virtuoso, a ʻo ka manawa nani e hūnā mau i loko ona i ka makemake maoli e pono ai nā violinists āpau e hōʻike i kā lākou ʻenehana. Akā ʻo kēia, e like me ka mea hoʻohewa, pale iā ia mai ka mahalo ʻia e ka "lehulehu ākea", ka mea e ʻimi nei i ka "virtuosity maʻemaʻe" i kēlā me kēia mea hana, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka ʻike.
I ka makahiki 1905, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Kreisler e paʻi i kāna mau hana, e komo ana i loko o ka hoax kaulana i kēia manawa. Ma waena o nā paʻi ʻia ʻo "Three Old Viennese Dances", i ʻōlelo ʻia no Joseph Lanner, a me kahi ʻano o nā "transcriptions" o nā pāʻani e nā mele kahiko - Louis Couperin, Porpora, Punyani, Padre Martini, etc. kāna mau ʻahamele ponoʻī, a laila paʻi ʻia a hoʻopuehu koke lākou a puni ka honua. ʻAʻohe mea hoʻokani pila i hoʻokomo ʻole iā lākou i kāna papa mele. ʻO ke kani maikaʻi, hoʻonaninani ʻia, mahalo nui ʻia lākou e nā mea mele a me ka lehulehu. Ma ke ʻano he haku mele "ponoʻī", ua hoʻokuʻu like ʻo Kreisler i nā pāʻani salon Viennese, a ʻoi aku ka hoʻohewa ʻana iā ia no ka "ʻono ʻino" āna i hōʻike ai i nā pāʻani e like me "The Pangs of Love" a i ʻole "Viennese Caprice".
Ua hoʻomau ka hoax me nā ʻāpana "kahiko" a hiki i ka makahiki 1935, i ka manawa i ʻae ai ʻo Kreisler i ka mea hoʻokalakupua mele New Times ʻo Olin Dowen ua kākau ʻo ia i ka moʻo Classical Manuscripts holoʻokoʻa, koe naʻe nā pahu mua 8 ma Louis XIII's Ditto Louis Couperin, i kākau ʻia e ia. Wahi a Kreisler, ua hiki mai ka manaʻo o ia ʻano hoax i kona manaʻo i 30 mau makahiki i hala aku nei e pili ana i ka makemake e hoʻopiha hou i kāna repertoire ʻaha mele. "Ua ʻike wau he mea hilahila a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole ka hoʻomau ʻana i koʻu inoa ponoʻī i nā papahana." I kekahi manawa, ua wehewehe ʻo ia i ke kumu o ka hoʻopunipuni ma muli o ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā mea haku mele. A ma ke ʻano he hōʻike, ua haʻi ʻo ia i kahi hiʻohiʻona o kāna hana ponoʻī, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka loiloi ʻana o nā pāʻani "classical" a me nā haku mele i pūlima ʻia me kona inoa - "Viennese Caprice", "Chinese Tambourine", etc.
ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana o ka hoax i hoʻomaka ai ka ʻino. Ua kākau ʻo Ernst Neumann i kahi ʻatikala weliweli. Ua hū ʻia kahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa, wehewehe kikoʻī ʻia i loko o ka puke a Lochner, akā ... a hiki i kēia lā, mau nā "ʻāpana kahiko" a Kreisler i loko o ka repertoire o nā violinists. Eia kekahi, ʻo Kreisler, ʻoiaʻiʻo, i ka wā e kūʻē ana iā Neumann, kākau ʻo ia: "ʻO nā inoa aʻu i koho pono ai, ʻaʻole maopopo i ka hapa nui. ʻO wai ka mea i lohe i ka hana hoʻokahi a Punyani, Cartier, Francoeur, Porpora, Louis Couperin, Padre Martini a i ʻole Stamitz ma mua o koʻu hoʻomaka ʻana e haku ma lalo o ko lākou inoa? Noho lākou ma nā papa inoa o nā paukū o nā hana palapala; ʻO kā lākou mau hana, inā e ola ana, ke huli mālie nei lākou i ka lepo i loko o nā hale mōneka a me nā hale waihona puke kahiko. Ua hoʻolaha ʻo Kreisler i ko lākou mau inoa ma ke ʻano ʻokoʻa a me ke kānalua ʻole i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoihoi i nā mele violin o nā kenekulia XNUMXth-XNUMXth.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua hoʻomaha nā Kreislers ma Switzerland. Ma hope o ka ho'opau'ana i nā'aelike a pau, e like me ka huaka'i o Rusia me Kusevitsky, ua holo wikiwiki'o Kreisler i Vienna, kahi i kākau inoa'ia ai'o ia ma ke'ano he lieutenant i ka pū'ali. ʻO ka lono i hoʻouna ʻia aku ka mea hoʻokani pila kaulana i ke kahua kaua, ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka hopena ikaika ma Austria a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, akā ʻaʻohe hopena ʻike ʻia. Ua waiho ʻia ʻo Kreisler ma ka pūʻali koa. ʻO ka regiment āna i lawelawe ai ua hoʻoneʻe koke ʻia i ke alo Lūkini kokoke i Lvov. I Kepakemapa 1914, hoʻolaha ʻia ka lono wahaheʻe ua pepehi ʻia ʻo Kreisler. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ʻeha ʻo ia a ʻo ia ke kumu o kona wehe ʻana. Ua haʻalele koke ʻo ia me Harriet no ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ke koena o ka manawa, ʻoiai ke kaua ʻana, noho lākou i laila.
Ua hōʻailona ʻia nā makahiki ma hope o ke kaua e ka hana ʻaha mele. ʻAmelika, ʻEnelani, Kelemānia, ʻAmelika hou, Czechoslovakia, Italia - hiki ʻole ke helu i nā ala o ka mea pena kiʻi nui. I ka makahiki 1923, ua hele nui ʻo Kreisler i ka Hikina, e kipa ana iā Iapana, Korea, a me Kina. I Iapana, ua lilo ʻo ia i hoihoi nui i nā hana pena a me nā mele. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻohana i nā leo o ka hana Kepani i kāna hana ponoʻī. I ka makahiki 1925 ua huakaʻi ʻo ia i Australia a me New Zealand, mai laila aku a i Honolulu. A hiki i ka waena o 30s, ʻo ia paha ka violinist kaulana loa ma ka honua.
He kanaka kū'ē i ka fascist ikaika ʻo Kreisler. Ua hoʻohewa nui ʻo ia i ka hoʻomāinoino i loaʻa ma Kelemania e Bruno Walter, Klemperer, Busch, a hōʻole loa ʻo ia e hele i kēia ʻāina "a hiki i ka pono o nā mea pena a pau, me ka nānā ʻole i ko lākou kumu, hoʻomana a me ko lākou lāhui, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kā lākou ʻoihana e lilo i mea ʻole i loko o Kelemania. .” No laila ua kākau ʻo ia ma kahi leka iā Wilhelm Furtwängler.
Me ka hopohopo, ua hahai ʻo ia i ka laha ʻana o ka fascism ma Kelemania, a i ka wā i hoʻohui pū ʻia ai ʻo Austria i ka Reich fascist, ua hele ʻo ia (i ka makahiki 1939) i ke kamaʻāina Farani. I ke Kaua Honua II, noho ʻo Kreisler ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Aia kona mau minamina a pau ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā pūʻali koa kūʻē i ka fascist. I loko o kēia manawa, hāʻawi mau ʻo ia i nā ʻaha mele, ʻoiai ua hoʻomaka mua nā makahiki e hoʻomaopopo iā lākou iho.
ʻApelila 27, 1941, i kona hele ʻana i ke alanui ma New York, ua pā ʻo ia e kahi kaʻa. No nā lā he nui i waena o ke ola a me ka make ka mea pena kiʻi nui, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻike i ka poʻe e puni ana iā ia. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ua hoʻokō kona kino i ka maʻi, a i ka makahiki 1942 ua hiki iā Kreisler ke hoʻi i ka hana ʻahamele. ʻO kāna mau hana hope loa i hanaʻia ma 1949. Eia naʻe, no ka manawa lōʻihi ma hope o ka haʻaleleʻana i ke kahua, aiaʻo Kreisler i waenakonu o ka nānāʻana o nā mea hoʻokani pila o ka honua. Ua kamaʻilio pū lākou me ia, kūkākūkā me ka "manaʻo noʻonoʻo" maʻemaʻe.
Ua komo ʻo Kreisler i ka mōʻaukala o ke mele ʻaʻole wale ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani, akā he haku mele kumu. ʻO ka hapa nui o kāna hoʻoilina hoʻoilina he pūʻulu o nā mea liʻiliʻi (ma kahi o 45 mau pāʻani). Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua mau pūʻulu: aia kekahi o nā mea liʻiliʻi i ke ʻano Viennese, ʻo kekahi - nā pāʻani e hoʻohālike ana i nā mele kahiko o nā kenekulia 2th-2th. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Kreisler i kona lima ma ke ʻano nui. Ma waena o kāna mau hana nui he 1917 bow quartets a me 1932 operettas "Apple Blossom" a me "Zizi"; ka mea mua i haku ʻia ma 11, ʻo ka lua ma 1918. ʻO ka mua o "Apple Blossom" i hana ʻia ma Nowemapa 1932, XNUMX ma New York, "Zizi" - ma Vienna i Dekemaba XNUMX. He lanakila nui ko Kreisler operettas.
Loaʻa iā Kreisler nā kope he nui (ma luna o 60!). Hoʻolālā ʻia kekahi o lākou no ka poʻe i mākaukau ʻole a me nā hana a nā keiki, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe he hoʻonohonoho ʻoliʻoli maikaʻi. ʻO ka nani, ka waihoʻoluʻu, ka violinism i hāʻawi iā lākou i ke kaulana kaulana. I ka manawa like, hiki iā mākou ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i nā transcriptions o kahi ʻano hou, manuahi e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke kaʻina hana, ke kumu a me ke kani maʻamau "Kreisler". Aia i loko o kāna mau palapala nā hana like ʻole a Schumann, Dvorak, Granados, Rimsky-Korsakov, Cyril Scott a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kekahi ʻano hana noʻonoʻo he hoʻoponopono manuahi. ʻO kēia nā ʻano like ʻole a Paganini (“The Witch”, “J Palpiti”), “Foglia” na Corelli, Tartini's Variations ma kahi kumuhana na Corelli i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana iā Kreisler, a pēlā aku. ʻO Paganini, ka diabolo sonata a Tartini.
He kanaka naʻauao ʻo Kreisler - ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻo ia i ka Latin a me ka Helene, heluhelu ʻo ia i ka Iliad na Homer lāua ʻo Virgil ma nā kumu. ʻO ka nui o kona kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka pae maʻamau o ka poʻe violinists, e kau mālie, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe i kēlā manawa, hiki ke hoʻokolokolo ʻia e kāna kamaʻilio me Misha Elman. I ka ʻike ʻana i ka Iliad ma kāna pākaukau, nīnau ʻo Elman iā Kreisler:
– Ma ka Hebera anei ia?
ʻAʻole, ma ka ʻōlelo Helene.
- He maikaʻi kēia?
– Kiekie!
– Aia ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania?
- ʻoia.
ʻO nā manaʻo, e like me kā lākou e ʻōlelo nei, he superfluous.
Ua mālama ʻo Kreisler i kahi ʻano hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kona ola ʻana. I kekahi manawa, - wahi a Elman, - nīnau wau iā ia: ʻo wai ka mea hoʻokani pila āna i lohe ai i hoʻoikaika ikaika iā ia? Pane akula ʻo Kreisler me ke kānalua ʻole: Venyavsky! Me ka waimaka o kona mau maka, ua hoomaka koke mai la oia e wehewehe pono aku i kana paani, a ma ke ano o Elmana i kulu pu ai me na waimaka. I ka hoʻi ʻana i ka home, nānā ʻo Elman i ka puke wehewehe ʻōlelo a Grove a ... ua ʻike ʻo ia ua make ʻo Venyavsky i ka wā ʻo Kreisler he 5 mau makahiki wale nō.
I kekahi manawa, huli ae la o Kreisler ia Elman, ua hoomaka o Kreisler e hooiaio iaia me ke aka o ka minoaka, i ka wa e hookani ai o Paganini i na harmonic papalua, ua hookani kekahi o lakou i ka violin, a ua kiwi kekahi. No ka hoʻohuli ʻana, hōʻike ʻo ia i ka hana a Paganini.
He lokomaikaʻi a lokomaikaʻi ʻo Kreisler. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka hapa nui o kāna waiwai i nā hana aloha. Ma hope o ka ʻaha mele ma ka Metropolitan Opera ma Malaki 27, 1927, hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā mea i loaʻa a pau, ʻo ia ka nui o $ 26, i ka American Cancer League. Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua mālama ʻo ia i 000 mau keiki makua ʻole o kona mau hoa aloha; I kona hōʻea ʻana i Berlin i ka makahiki 43, ua kono ʻo ia i 1924 o nā keiki ʻilihune loa i ka pāʻina Kalikimaka. 60 i puka mai. "Ke holo maikaʻi nei kaʻu ʻoihana!" wahi āna me ka paʻipaʻi lima.
ʻO kona manaʻo nui i ka poʻe i hui pū ʻia e kāna wahine. I ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II, ua hoʻouna ʻo Kreisler i nā bale ʻai mai ʻAmelika a i ʻEulopa. Ua ʻaihue ʻia kekahi o nā bale. I ka wā i hōʻike ʻia ai kēia mea iā Harriet Kreisler, ua noho mālie ʻo ia: ʻoiai, ʻo ka mea nāna i ʻaihue i hana, i kona manaʻo, e hānai i kona ʻohana.
He ʻelemakule, i ka pō o ka haʻalele ʻana i ke kahua, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka wā i paʻakikī ai ka helu ʻana i ka hoʻopiha ʻana i kāna kapikala, kūʻai aku ʻo ia i ka waihona waiwai nui o nā manuscripts a me nā relics like ʻole āna i hōʻiliʻili ai me ke aloha i kona ola ʻana no 120 tausani 372 dala a puunaue i keia dala mawaena o na hui aloha Amerika elua. Ua kōkua mau ʻo ia i kona mau ʻohana, a ʻo kona ʻano i nā hoa hana hiki ke kapa ʻia he chivalrous maoli. I ka hiki mua ʻana o Joseph Segeti i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1925, ua kahaha nui ʻo ia i ka ʻano lokomaikaʻi o ka lehulehu. ʻIke ʻia ma mua o kona hōʻea ʻana, ua paʻi ʻo Kreisler i kahi ʻatikala a hōʻike ʻo ia iā ia ʻo ka violinist maikaʻi loa e hele mai ana mai nā ʻāina ʻē.
He maʻalahi loa ʻo ia, makemake nui i ka maʻalahi i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a ʻaʻole hilahila i ka poʻe maʻamau. Ua makemake nui ʻo ia e hiki aku kāna hana kiʻi i nā kānaka a pau. I kekahi lā, wahi a Lochner, ma kekahi o nā awa ʻEnelani, ua haʻalele ʻo Kreisler mai ka mokuahi aku e hoʻomau i kāna huakaʻi ma ke kaʻaahi. He kali lōʻihi ia, a ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia he mea maikaʻi e pepehi i ka manawa inā hāʻawi ʻo ia i kahi ʻahamele liʻiliʻi. I loko o ka lumi anu a me ke kaumaha o ke kahua, ua lawe ʻo Kreisler i kahi violin mai kāna pahu a hoʻokani ʻo ia no nā luna dute, nā mea eli lanahu, a me nā mea hoʻokele. I ka pau ʻana, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka manaʻolana ua makemake lākou i kāna hana.
Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka lokomaikaʻi o Kreisler i nā violinists ʻōpio me ko Thibaut lokomaikaʻi. Ua mahalo nui ʻo Kreisler i nā kūleʻa o ka hanauna ʻōpio o ka violinists, manaʻoʻiʻo ua loaʻa i ka nui o lākou, inā ʻaʻole akamai, a laila ʻo ka mākaukau o Paganini. Eia naʻe, ʻo kona mahalo, ma ke ʻano he lula, pili wale i ka ʻenehana: "Hiki iā lākou ke pāʻani maʻalahi i nā mea āpau i kākau ʻia i mea paʻakikī loa no ka mea kani, a he mea hoʻokō nui kēia i ka mōʻaukala o nā mea kani. Akā mai ka manaʻo o ke akamai unuhi a me kēlā ikaika pohihihi ʻo ia ka radioactivity o kahi mea hoʻokani nui, ma kēia ʻano ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa ko mākou mau makahiki mai nā makahiki ʻē aʻe.
Ua hoʻoili ʻia ʻo Kreisler mai ke kenekulia 29 i ka lokomaikaʻi o ka naʻau, kahi hilinaʻi aloha i nā kānaka, i nā manaʻo kiʻekiʻe. Ma kāna kiʻi, e like me kā Pencherl i ʻōlelo maikaʻi ai, aia ka hanohano a me ka hoʻohuli ʻana, ka maopopo Latin a me ka manaʻo maʻamau o Viennese. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i nā haku mele a me ka hana a Kreisler, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō hou i nā koi aesthetic o ko mākou manawa. Nui nā mea i hala. Akā, ʻaʻole pono mākou e poina i kāna hana kiʻi i hoʻokumu i kahi manawa holoʻokoʻa i ka mōʻaukala o ka moʻomeheu violin honua. ʻO ia ke kumu o ka lono o kona make ʻana ma Ianuali 1962, ua hoʻokomo ʻo XNUMX i nā mea hoʻokani pila a puni ka honua i ke kaumaha nui. ʻO kahi mea pena kiʻi nui a me kahi kanaka nui, nona ka hoʻomanaʻo e hoʻomau ʻia no nā kenekulia, ua hala.
L. Raaben
