Harpsichord

harpsichord [Palani] clavecin, mai Late Lat. clavicymbalum, mai ka lat. clavis – kī (no laila ke kī) a me cymbalum – kimebala] – he mea kani kīpē i ʻohi ʻia. ʻIke ʻia mai ke kenekulia 16. (hoʻomaka e kūkulu ʻia ma ke kenekulia 14), ʻo ka ʻike mua e pili ana i ka harpsichord mai ka makahiki 1511; ʻO ka mea hana kahiko loa o ka hana Italia i ola a hiki i kēia lā mai ka makahiki 1521.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka harpsichord mai ka psalterium (ma muli o ke kūkulu hou ʻana a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o kahi mīkini kīwī).

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, he quadrangular ke ʻano o ka harpsichord a ua like me ke ʻano he clavichord "free", ʻokoʻa me nā kaula o nā lōʻihi like ʻole (ua pili kēlā me kēia kī i kahi kaula kūikawā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kekahi leo) a me kahi ʻano kīwī paʻakikī. ʻO nā kaula o ka harpsichord i hoʻoulu ʻia e kahi kui me ke kōkua o ka hulu manu, kau ʻia ma luna o ke koʻokoʻo - kahi pahu. Ke paʻi ʻia ke kī, ala aʻe ka mea hoʻokuke, aia ma kona ʻaoʻao hope, a paʻa ka hulu i ke kaula (ma hope, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi plectrum ʻili ma kahi o ka hulu manu).

Mea lako a me ke kani

ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka pusher: 1 - string, 2 - ke koʻi o ka mīkini hoʻokuʻu, 3 - languette (mai ka French languette), 4 - plectrum (alelo), 5 - damper.

He nani ka leo o ka harpsichord, akā ʻaʻole mele (jerky) - ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i nā loli ikaika (ʻoi aku ka leo, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka clavichord), ka loli o ka ikaika a me ka timbre o ke kani. ʻaʻole hilinaʻi i ke ʻano o ka paʻi ʻana i nā kī. I mea e hoʻonui ai i ka sonority o ka harpsichord, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kaula pālua, ʻekolu a ʻehā paha (no kēlā me kēia leo), i hoʻokani ʻia i ka lokahi, octave, a i kekahi mau manawa ʻē aʻe.

Evolution

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 17, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kaula metala ma kahi o nā kaula ʻōpū, e hoʻonui ana i ka lōʻihi (mai ka treble a i ka bass). Ua loaʻa i ka mea kani ke ʻano pterygoid triangular me kahi hoʻonohonoho longitudinal (like me nā kī) o nā kaula.

I nā kenekulia 17 a me 18 e hāʻawi i ka harpsichord i kahi leo ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe, ua hana ʻia nā mea kani me 2 (i kekahi manawa 3) mau kīwī manual (manuals), i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma luna o kekahi (ʻo ka mea maʻamau ke hoʻokani ʻia ka manual luna i kahi octave kiʻekiʻe) , a me nā hoʻololi hoʻopaʻa inoa no ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā trebles, ka pālua octave o nā bass a me nā loli i ka kala kala (lute register, bassoon register, etc.).

Hoʻohana ʻia nā papa inoa e nā levers ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kīpē, a i ʻole nā ​​pihi ma lalo o ke kīpē, a i ʻole nā ​​pedals. Ma kekahi mau harpsichords, no ka ʻoi aku o nā ʻano timbre, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi kīwī 3 me kahi kala kala ʻano ʻano, e hoʻomanaʻo pinepine ana i kahi lute (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo lute keyboard).

Keʻano

ʻO waho, hoʻopau ʻia nā harpsichords me ka nani loa (ua hoʻonani ʻia ke kino me nā kiʻi, inlays, kālai ʻia). ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka mea kani i mālama ʻia me nā lako nani o ka wā Louis XV. I nā kenekulia 16 a me 17 Ua kū i waho nā harpsichords o nā haku ʻo Antwerp Ruckers no ko lākou ʻano kani a me kā lākou hoʻolālā kiʻi.

Harpsichord ma nā ʻāina like ʻole

Ua mālama ʻia ka inoa "harpsichord" (ma Farani; archichord - ma ʻEnelani, kielflugel - ma Kelemānia, clavichembalo a i pōkole cembalo - ma Italia) ua mālama ʻia no nā mea kani ʻēheu nui me ka laulā a hiki i 5 octaves. Aia kekahi mau mea kani liʻiliʻi, maʻa mau ʻāpana ʻehā ke ʻano, me nā kaula hoʻokahi a hiki i ka 4 octaves, i kapa ʻia: epinet (ma Farani), spinet (ma Italia), virginel (ma ʻEnelani).

ʻO kahi harpsichord me ke kino kūpaʻa he claviciterium. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka harpsichord ma ke ʻano he solo, chamber-ensemble a me ka mea hoʻokani pila.

ʻO ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke ʻano harpsichord virtuoso ʻo ia ka mea haku mele ʻItalia a me ka mea harpsichordist ʻo D. Scarlatti (nāna nā hana he nui no ka harpsichord); ʻo J. Chambonnière ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kula Palani o ka poʻe harpsichord (kāna mau ʻāpana Harpsichord, 2 puke, 1670, kaulana).

Ma waena o nā harpsichordists Farani o ka hopena o nā kenekulia 17 a me 18. - F. Couperin, JF Rameau, L. Daquin, F. Daidrieu. ʻO ke mele harpsichord Farani he ʻano o ka ʻono i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, nā ʻano i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, a maopopo i ka noʻonoʻo pono, e pili ana i ka loina aliʻi. ʻO ka leo palupalu a me ke anuanu o ka harpsichord i kūlike me ka "leo maikaʻi" o ka hui i koho ʻia.

Ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano ikaika (rococo) i waena o ka poʻe harpsichordists Farani. ʻO nā kumumanaʻo punahele o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (ʻo ka miniature kahi ʻano ʻano o ka rococo art) he kiʻi wahine ("Capturing", "Flirty", "Gloomy", "Shy", "Sister Monica", "Florentine" na Couperin), kahi nui. Ua noho ʻia kahi wahi e nā hula hulahula (minuet, gavotte, etc.), nā kiʻi idyllic o ke ola mahiʻai ("Reapers", "Grape Pickers" na Couperin), onomatopoeic miniatures ("Chicken", "Clock", "Chirping" na Couperin, "Cuckoo" na Daken, etc.). ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ke mele harpsichord ka nui o nā mea hoʻonani melodic.

I ka pau ʻana o ke kenekulia 18, hoʻomaka nā hana a nā harpsichordists Farani e nalo mai ka repertoire o nā mea hoʻokani. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka mea kani, nona ka mōʻaukala lōʻihi a me ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina waiwai, mai ka hana mele a pani ʻia e ka piano. ʻAʻole i koi wale ʻia, akā poina loa i ke kenekulia XNUMX.

Ua loaʻa kēia ma muli o ka hoʻololi nui ʻana i nā makemake aesthetic. ʻO Baroque aesthetics, ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma kahi manaʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia a i ʻike maopopo ʻia paha o ke kumumanaʻo o ka hopena (ʻo ke ʻano nui: hoʻokahi ʻano, hoʻokahi - hoʻokahi kala kani), no ka mea, ʻo ka harpsichord kahi ala kūpono o ka haʻi ʻana. i ka ʻike honua o ka sentimentalism, a laila i kahi ala ikaika. - Classicism a, hope loa, Romanticism. Ma kēia mau ʻano a pau, ʻo ka manaʻo o ka loli - nā manaʻo, nā kiʻi, nā naʻau - ua lilo i mea maikaʻi loa a mahiʻai. A hiki i ka piano ke hōʻike. ʻAʻole hiki i ka harpsichord ke hana i kēia mau mea a pau - ma muli o ke ʻano o kāna hoʻolālā.