Henry Purcell (Henry Purcell) |
Henry Purcell
Purcell. Kaumua (Andres Segovia)
… Mai kona ʻoluʻolu, he ʻano pōkole loa, aia ke kahawai o nā mele, hou, e puka mai ana mai ka puʻuwai, kekahi o nā aniani maʻemaʻe o ka ʻuhane Pelekane. R. Rollan
ʻO "British Orpheus" i kapa ʻia ʻo H. Purcell contemporaries. ʻO kona inoa ma ka moʻolelo o ka moʻomeheu Pelekane e kū kokoke ana i nā inoa nui o W. Shakespeare, J. Byron, C. Dickens. Ua ulu ka hana a Purcell i ke au o ka Ho'iho'i hou 'ana, i loko o ka lewa o ka ho'oki'eki'e 'ana i ka 'uhane, i ka wā i ho'iho'i 'ia ai nā ku'una kupanaha o ka 'oihana Renaissance (e like me ka la'ana o ka hale keaka, i ho'oma'au 'ia i ka manawa o Cromwell); Ua ala mai nā ʻano democratic o ke ola mele - nā ʻaha mele i uku ʻia, nā hui ʻaha mele honua, nā orchestra hou, nā hale pule, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ke ulu nei ʻo ia ma ka ʻāina momona o ka moʻomeheu Pelekania, e ʻimi ana i nā kuʻuna mele maikaʻi loa o Farani a me Italia, ua mau ka hana a Purcell no nā hanauna he nui o kona mau hoa pili i kahi kiʻekiʻe mehameha, hiki ʻole ke loaʻa.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Purcell i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi mea hoʻokani pila. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā haʻawina mele a ka mea haku mele e hiki mai ana ma ka Royal Chapel, ua akamai ʻo ia i ka violin, okana a me ka harpsichord, hīmeni ma ka papa himeni, lawe i nā haʻawina haku mele mai P. Humphrey (prev.) a me J. Blow; paʻi mau ʻia kāna mau palapala ʻōpio. Mai ka makahiki 1673 a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola ʻana, aia ʻo Purcell ma ka ʻaha hoʻokolokolo o Charles II. Ke hoʻokō nei i nā hana he nui (ka haku mele o ka 24 Violins of the King ensemble, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka orchestra kaulana o Louis XIV, ka mea hoʻokani o Westminster Abbey a me ka Royal Chapel, ka mea harpsichordist o ke aliʻi), ua haku nui ʻo Purcell i kēia mau makahiki. ʻO ka hana a ka haku mele ʻo ia kāna ʻoihana nui. ʻO ka hana koʻikoʻi, nā poho kaumaha (ua make nā keiki kāne 3 a Purcell i ka wā kamaliʻi) i hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ikaika o ka haku mele - ua make ʻo ia i ka makahiki 36.
ʻO ke akamai hana o Purcell, ka mea nāna i hana i nā hana kiʻekiʻe loa o ka waiwai noʻeau ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, ua hōʻike maopopo ʻia ma ke kahua o nā mele keaka. Ua kākau ka mea haku mele i nā mele no 50 mau hana keaka. ʻO kēia wahi hoihoi loa o kāna hana e pili pū ana me nā kuʻuna o ka hale keaka aupuni; ʻo ia hoʻi, me ke ʻano mask i kū mai ma ke alo o ka Stuarts i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMX. (ʻo ka masque he hana keaka kahi i hoʻokani ʻia ai nā hiʻohiʻona pāʻani, nā kūkākūkā i hoʻololi ʻia me nā helu mele). ʻO ka launa pū ʻana me ka honua o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ka hui pū ʻana me nā mea kākau moʻolelo akamai, hoʻopiʻi i nā ʻāpana like ʻole a me nā ʻano i hoʻoulu ʻia i ka noʻonoʻo o ka mea haku mele, ua hoʻoikaika iā ia e ʻimi i nā mea embossed a multifaceted expressiveness. No laila, ʻike ʻia ka pāʻani ʻo The Fairy Queen (kahi hoʻololi manuahi a Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, ka mea kākau o ka kikokikona, pref. E. Setl) i ʻike ʻia e kahi waiwai kūikawā o nā kiʻi mele. Allegory and extravaganza, fantasy and high lyrics, folk-genre episodes and buffoonery - ʻike ʻia nā mea a pau i nā helu mele o kēia hana kilokilo. Inā pili ka mele no The Tempest (he hana hou ʻana o ka pāʻani a Shakespeare) me ke ʻano operatic Italian, a laila, ʻoi aku ka maopopo o ke mele no King Arthur i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka lāhui (ma ka pāʻani a J. Dryden, nā kuʻuna barbaric o nā Sākona. ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hanohano a me ke koʻikoʻi o nā Britons).
ʻO nā hana keaka a Purcell, e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ke kaumaha o nā helu mele, e hoʻokokoke i ka opera a i ʻole nā hana keaka maoli me ke mele. ʻO ka opera wale nō a Purcell ma ke ʻano piha, kahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai nā kikokikona holoʻokoʻa o ka libretto i ke mele, ʻo Dido lāua ʻo Aeneas (libretto na N. Tate e pili ana i ka Virgil's Aeneid - 1689). ʻO ke ʻano koʻikoʻi o nā kiʻi lyrical, poetic, fragile, sophisticated psychological, a me nā pilina lepo hohonu me ka moʻolelo Pelekane, nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia lā (ke ʻano o ka hui ʻana o nā kupua, nā mele a me nā hulahula o nā luina) - ua hoʻoholo kēia hui i ka hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa o ka ʻO ka opera aupuni Pelekane mua, kekahi o nā hana haku mele maikaʻi loa. Ua manaʻo ʻo Purcell e hoʻokani ʻia ʻo "Dido" e nā poʻe mele ʻoihana, akā na nā haumāna kula hānai. Hōʻike nui kēia i ka hale waihona keʻena o ka hana - nā ʻano liʻiliʻi, ka nele o nā ʻāpana virtuoso paʻakikī, ka leo koʻikoʻi, hanohano. ʻO ka aria e make ana ʻo Dido, ʻo ke kiʻi hope loa o ka opera, kona lyric-tragic climax, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia e ka mea haku mele. ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hopena, ka pule a me ka hoʻopiʻi, ke kani ʻana o ke kaumaha o ke aloha i kēia mele haʻiʻōlelo hohonu. "ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o ke aloha a me ka make ʻana o Dido wale nō e hiki ke hoʻomau i kēia hana," i kākau ai ʻo R. Rolland.
Ma muli o nā kuʻuna waiwai loa o ka polyphony choral national, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana leo a Purcell: nā mele i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hōʻiliʻili posthumously paʻi ʻia ʻo "British Orpheus", nā poʻe mele mele, nā mele (nā mele ʻuhane Pelekane i nā kikokikona Baibala, nāna i hoʻomākaukau mua i nā oratorios o GF Handel. ), secular odes, cantatas, catches (canons common in English life), etc. Ma hope o ka hana ʻana no nā makahiki he nui me ka 24 Violins of the King ensemble, ua haʻalele ʻo Purcell i nā hana kupanaha no nā kaula (15 fantasies, Violin Sonata, Chaconne a me Pavane no 4 ʻāpana, 5 pawan, etc.). Ma lalo o ka mana o nā sonata ʻekolu e nā mea haku mele Italia ʻo S. Rossi lāua ʻo G. Vitali, ua kākau ʻia he 22 trio sonatas no ʻelua violins, bass a me harpsichord. ʻO ka hana clavier a Purcell (8 suites, ʻoi aku ma mua o 40 mau ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, 2 pōʻai o nā ʻano like ʻole, toccata) i hoʻomohala i nā kuʻuna o nā wahine puʻupaʻa Pelekane (ʻo virginel kahi ʻano harpsichord Pelekane).
He 2 mau kenekulia wale nō ma hope o ka make ʻana o Purcell i hiki mai ka manawa e hoʻāla hou ai kāna hana. ʻO ka Purcell Society, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1876, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo ia ke aʻo koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻoilina o ka haku mele a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka paʻi ʻana i kahi hōʻuluʻulu piha o kāna mau hana. I ke kenekulia XX. Ua ʻimi ka poʻe mele Pelekane e huki i ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu i nā hana a ke akamai mua o nā mele Lūkini; ʻO ka mea nui loa ka hana, noiʻi, a me ka hana hoʻomohala a B. Britten, he haku mele Pelekania koʻikoʻi nāna i hoʻonohonoho i nā mele a Purcell, kahi paʻi hou o Dido, nāna i hana ʻo Variations a me Fugue ma kahi kumuhana na Purcell – kahi haku mele nani, a ʻano alakaʻi i ka symphony orchestra.
I. Okhalova
