Alban Berg |

ʻO Alban Berg

Soul, pehea ʻoe e lilo ai i mea nani, hohonu ma hope o nā ʻino hau. P. Altenberg

ʻO A. Berg kekahi o nā mele mele o ke kenekulia XNUMX. - no ke kula i kapa ʻia ʻo Novovensk, i kūkulu ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia a puni ʻo A. Schoenberg, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo A. Webern, G. Eisler a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO Berg, e like me Schoenberg, ʻike pinepine ʻia i ke kuhikuhi o Austro-German expressionism (ʻo ia hoʻi, i kāna mau lālā radical) mahalo i kāna ʻimi ʻana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻōlelo mele. Ua kapa ʻia nā opera a Berg he "scream dramas" no kēia kumu.

ʻO Berg kekahi o nā mea hōʻike i ke kūlana o kona manawa - ke kūlana pōʻino o ka hui bourgeois i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua a me nā makahiki ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka fascism ma ʻEulopa. Hōʻike ʻia kāna hana e kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka nohona, ka hōʻole ʻana i ka cynicism o bourgeois mores, e like me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni o Ch. Chaplin, aloha nui i ke "kanaka liʻiliʻi". ʻO ka manaʻo o ka manaʻolana ʻole, ka hopohopo, ka pōʻino he mea maʻamau ia no ke kala ʻana o kāna mau hana. Ma ka manawa like, ʻo Berg kahi mele mele i mālama ʻia i ka makahiki XNUMX. ka hoʻomana aloha o ka manaʻo, no laila ke ʻano o ka makahiki ʻumikūmāiwa i hala. Piʻi a hāʻule nā ​​nalu o ka lyrical, ka hanu ākea o kahi orkestra nui, ka ʻōlelo kikoʻī o nā mea kani, ke ʻano o ke kani ʻana, ke mele ʻana, piha me nā nuances expressive he nui, e hana i ka kikoʻī o ke kani o kāna mele, a kūʻē kēia piha o nā mele. manaʻolana ʻole, grotesque a me ka pōʻino.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Berg i kahi ʻohana kahi i makemake ai lākou i nā puke, makemake lākou i ka hoʻokani piano, hīmeni. Ua komo ke kaikuaʻana o Charlie i ka leo, a ʻo ia ka mea nāna i haku ʻo Alban ʻōpio e haku i nā mele he nui me ka hoʻokani piano. Ke makemake nei e loaʻa kahi hoʻonaʻauao ʻoihana i ka haku mele, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Berg e aʻo ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Schoenberg, nona ka inoa he kumu kumu hou. Ua aʻo ʻo ia mai nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau, ʻoiai i ka manawa like e loaʻa ai ka hiki ke hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana hou no nā ʻano hōʻike hou. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana mai 1904 a 1910, ma hope mai ua ulu kēia kamaʻilio i loko o ka pilina pili pili loa no ke ola.

Ma waena o nā mele kūʻokoʻa mua loa a Berg i ke ʻano, ʻo ia ka Piano Sonata, i kala ʻia me ka mele mele ʻeleʻele (1908). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻāla ka manaʻo aloha o ka poʻe hoʻolohe i nā hana mua o nā haku mele; ʻO Berg, e like me Schoenberg a me Webern, ua hoʻomohala i kahi āpau ma waena o ko lākou mau manaʻo hema a me nā ʻono kahiko o ka lehulehu.

I ka makahiki 1915-18. Ua lawelawe ʻo Berg i ka pūʻali koa. I kona hoʻi ʻana mai, ua komo ʻo ia i ka hana a ka Society for Private Performances, kākau i nā ʻatikala, kaulana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kumu (ua hoʻokokoke ʻia ʻo ia, e ka loea Kelemania kaulana ʻo T. Adorno).

ʻO ka hana i hoʻohanohano ʻia ka mea haku mele ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ia ka opera Wozzeck (1921), i hoʻomaka mua ʻia (ma hope o 137 rehearsals) ma 1925 ma Berlin. I ka makahiki 1927, ua ho'okani 'ia ka opera ma Leningrad, a ua hele mai ka mea kākau i ka premiere. Ma kona ʻāina hānau, ua pāpā koke ʻia ka hana a Wozzeck - ʻo ka lewa pōʻeleʻele i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ulu ʻana o ka fascism Kelemania ua mānoanoa loa. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka opera "Lulu" (ma muli o nā pāʻani a F. Wedekind "The Spirit of the Earth" a me "Pandora's Box"), ua ʻike ʻo ia ʻaʻole pono e hoʻokau i ke kahua, ʻaʻole i pau ka hana. Me ka manaʻo nui i ka huhū o ka honua a puni, kākau ʻo Berg i kāna "swan song" i ka makahiki o kona make ʻana - Violin Concerto "In Memory of an Angel".

Ma luna o 50 mau makahiki o kona ola ʻana, ua hana ʻo Berg i nā hana liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o ia mau mea, ʻo ia ka opera Wozzeck a me ka Violin Concerto; hana nui 'ia ka opera "Lulu"; "Lyrical Suite for Quartet" (1926); Sonata no ka piano; Chamber concerto no ka piano, violin a me 13 mea kani makani (1925), aria aria "Wine" (ma ke kahua e C. Baudelaire, unuhi e S. George - 1929).

Ma kāna hana, ua hana ʻo Berg i nā ʻano hana opera a me nā mea kani. Ua kākau ʻia ka opera "Wozzeck" ma muli o ke keaka "Woizeck" na H. Buchner. "ʻAʻohe hiʻohiʻona o ka haku mele ʻana i ka palapala opera honua, ʻo ka mea koa he kanaka liʻiliʻi a hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia e hana ana i nā kūlana o kēlā me kēia lā, i huki ʻia me ka hoʻomaha kupaianaha" (M. Tarakanov). ʻO ka batman Wozzeck, ka mea a kona kāpena e hoʻohauʻoli nei, alakaʻi i nā hoʻokolohua charlatan e kahi kauka maniac, hoʻololi i ka mea waiwai nui wale nō - ʻo Marie. Ua hoʻonele ʻia ʻo Wozzeck i ka manaʻolana hope loa i kona ola ʻilihune, pepehi ʻo Wozzeck iā Marie, a ma hope iho ua make ʻo ia i loko o ke kahawai. ʻO ke ʻano o ia ʻano hoʻolālā he hana ia o ka ʻoi loa o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka lehulehu. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea o ka grotesque, naturalism, uplifting lyrics, tragic generalizations in the opera e pono ai ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano leo leo hou - nā ʻano like ʻole o ka recitative, kahi ʻenehana waena ma waena o ka hīmeni a me ka haʻiʻōlelo (Sprechstimme), ʻano haʻihaʻi i ka leo mele. ; hypertrophy o nā hiʻohiʻona mele o nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia lā - nā mele, marches, waltzes, polkas, etc., me ka mālama ʻana i ka piha ākea o ka orchestra. Ua kākau ʻo B. Asafiev e pili ana i ka kūlike o ka hopena mele ma Wozzeck me ka manaʻo ideological: “… ʻAʻole au i ʻike i kekahi o nā keaka ʻē aʻe o kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ma mua o Wozzeck, e hoʻoikaika i ka manaʻo pilikanaka o ke mele ma ke ʻano he ʻōlelo pololei o nā manaʻo. ʻOi aku hoʻi me ka manaʻo kupanaha e like me ke keaka Buechner, a me ke akamai a me ka naʻauao o ka hoʻolālā ʻana ma ke mele, e like me kā Berg i hana ai.

Ua lilo ka Violin Concerto i mea hou i ka moʻolelo o kēia ʻano - ua hāʻawi ʻia i ke ʻano pōʻino o kahi requiem. Ua kākauʻia ka concerto ma lalo o ka manaʻo o ka makeʻana o kahi kaikamahine heʻumikumamāwalu makahiki, no laila ua loaʻa iā ia ka hoʻolaʻa "In Memory of an Angel". Hōʻike nā ʻāpana o ka concerto i nā kiʻi o ke ola pōkole o ka ʻōpio a me ka make wikiwiki. Hōʻike ka prelude i kahi manaʻo o ka palupalu, palupalu a me kekahi detachment; ʻO Scherzo, e hōʻailona ana i ka hauʻoli o ke ola, kūkulu ʻia ma luna o nā leo o nā waltzes, nā mea ʻāina, aia kahi mele Carinthian folk; Hoʻokomo ka cadenza i ka hāʻule ʻana o ke ola, alakaʻi i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hana; ʻO nā ʻano mele mele e alakaʻi i kahi catharsis hoʻomaʻemaʻe, kahi i hōʻailona ʻia e ka ʻōlelo a JS Bach's chorale (mai ka cantata spiritual No. 60 Es ist genug).

He hopena koʻikoʻi ka hana a Berg i nā haku mele o ke kenekulia XNUMX. a, ma keʻano nui, ma nā Soviet - D. Shostakovich, K. Karaev, F. Karaev, A. Schnittke a me nā mea'ē aʻe.

V. Kholopova

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