Maxim Sozontovich Berezovsky |

Maxim Berezovsky

ʻO ka haku mele o ka haku mele Lūkini koʻikoʻi o ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO M. Berezovsky, me ka hana a kāna mea kaulana kaulana ʻo D. Bortnyansky, i hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi kahua hou, classicist i ka hana mele o Rusia.

Ua hānau ʻia ka mea haku mele ma ka ʻāina ʻo Chernihiv. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua loaʻa iā ia kāna hoʻonaʻauao mele mua ma ke Kula ʻo Glukhov Music, kaulana no kāna mau mele mele, a laila hoʻomau ʻia ma ka Kyiv Theological Academy. I ka hōʻeaʻana i St. Petersburg (1758), ua hāʻawiʻia ke kanaka'ōpio, mahalo i kona leo nani, i nā limahana o nā mea hoʻokani pila o ka hoʻoilina o ka noho aliʻi,ʻo Peter Fedorovich, kahi i hoʻomaka aiʻo ia e loaʻa nā haʻawina haku mele mai F. Zoppis a me nā leo. mai ke kumu Italia ʻo Nunziani. I ka manawa o ka makahiki 1750-60. Ua hana mua ʻo Berezovsky i nā hana koʻikoʻi ma nā keaka a F. Araya lāua ʻo V. Manfredini, i hana ʻia ma ke kahua hoʻokolokolo, e hoʻokūkū ana ma ke akamai a me ka maikaʻi me nā mele ʻItalia maikaʻi loa. Ma hope o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni i ka makahiki 1762, ua hoʻoili ʻia ʻo Berezovsky, e like me nā mea pena kiʻi ʻē aʻe mai ka mokuʻāina ʻo Peter III, e Catherine II i ka hui Italia. I ʻOkakopa 1763, ua male ka mea haku mele iā Franziska Iberscher, he mea hula mai ka hui. Ma ke kamaʻilio pū ʻana me nā ʻāpana hoʻokahi i nā hana keaka, hīmeni pū ʻo Berezovsky i ka Aha Choir, kahi i alakaʻi ai i ka hoihoi o ka mea haku i nā ʻano mele. Wahi a ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo P. Vorotnikov, ʻo kāna mau ʻahamele ʻuhane mua ("E hele mai e ʻike", "nā ʻōlelo a pau", "Hoʻomaikaʻi mākou i ke Akua iā ʻoe", "Ke aliʻi nei ka Haku", "E hoʻomaikaʻi iā Iēhova mai ka lani mai") ​​i hōʻike i kāna ʻano ʻokoʻa. kālena a me ka ʻike maikaʻi i nā kānāwai o ka counterpoint a me ka lokahi. I Mei 1769, ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Berezovsky i Italia e hoʻomaikaʻi i kāna mau ʻoihana. Ma ka Academy kaulana o Bologna, e like me ka moʻolelo, ua aʻo ʻo ia ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana o ke kumu aʻoaʻo koʻikoʻi a me ke kumu ʻo Padre Martini.

Ma ka lā 15 o Mei, 1771, ma hope iki ma mua o WA ​​Mozart, ua hala i ka hoʻokolokolo me ka haku mele Czech ʻo I. Myslivechek, ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Berezovsky ma ke ʻano he lālā o ka Academy. I ka makahiki 1773, ua kauoha ʻia ʻo ia no Livorno, ua hana ʻo ia i kāna opera mua a ʻo ia wale nō paha, ʻo Demofont, ʻo ka kūleʻa o ia mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka nūpepa Livorno: "Ma waena o nā hana i hōʻike ʻia i ka carnival hope loa, pono e ʻike ʻia i ka lawelawe ʻana a Her Majesty. ʻO ka Empress of All Russia, ka mea hōʻailona Maxim Berezovsky, nāna i hoʻohui i ka ola a me ka ʻono maikaʻi me ka ʻike mele. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ka opera "Demofont" i ka manawa "Italia" o ke ola o Berezovsky - ma ʻOkakopa 19, 1773, haʻalele ʻo ia iā Italia.

I ka hoʻi ʻana i Rūsia i ka poʻokela o kāna mau mana hana, ʻaʻole i hālāwai ʻo Berezovsky i ke ʻano kūpono i kāna talena ma ka ʻaha. Ma ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā palapala waihona, ʻaʻole i koho ʻia ka mea haku mele i kahi lawelawe e pili ana i ke poʻo inoa o kahi lālā o ka Bologna Academy. Ma hope o ka lilo ʻana i pili me G. Potemkin, ua helu ʻia ʻo Berezovsky no kekahi manawa ma kahi kūlana i ka Musical Academy i manaʻo ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻāina (ma waho aʻe o Berezovsky, e hele pū ana ke aliʻi iā J. Sarti lāua ʻo I. Khandoshkin). Akā ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ka papahana Potemkin, a ua hoʻomau ʻo Berezovsky i ka hana ma ka hale pule ma ke ʻano he limahana maʻamau. ʻO ka manaʻolana ʻole o ke kūlana, ʻo ka mehameha pilikino o ka mea haku mele i nā makahiki i hala aku nei i alakaʻi ʻia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka maʻi me ke kuni i Malaki 1777, ua pepehi ʻo Berezovsky i ke ola i kekahi o nā hoʻouka ʻana o ka maʻi.

He mea kupanaha ka hopena o ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina o ka haku mele: ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hana i hana ʻia a puni ke kenekulia 4 i waiho ʻia ma ka manuscript no ka manawa lōʻihi a mālama ʻia i loko o ka Hale Hoʻokolokolo. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kā mākou kenekulia, ua nalowale loa lākou. ʻO nā mea kani a Berezovsky, hoʻokahi sonata no ka violin a me ka cembalo ma C major i ʻike ʻia. Ua nalowale ka helu o ka opera "Demofont", i hana ʻia ma Italia: ʻo 1818 aria wale nō i ola a hiki i kēia lā. Ma waena o nā mele ʻuhane he nui, ʻo ka Liturgy wale nō a me kekahi mau concerto ʻuhane i mālama ʻia. Aia ma waena o lākou ʻo The Lord Reign, ʻo ia ke kumu hoʻohālike mua loa o ka puʻupuʻu mele mele ma Rūsia, a mai hōʻole ʻoe iaʻu i ka wā kahiko, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka hana a ka haku mele. ʻO kēia concerto, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hana ʻē aʻe o nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻoi aku ka hauʻoli. Ma muli o kona kaulana, ua laha a paʻi ʻia ʻelua i ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia 1841. (XNUMX, XNUMX).

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka mana o ka melody, polyphonic technique, harmony and figurative structure o ka concerto ma ka hana a nā poʻe ʻōpio o Berezovsky - Bortnyansky, S. Degtyarev, A. Vedel. Ma ke ʻano he haku mele ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka ʻaha mele "Mai hōʻole" e hōʻailona ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kahua maʻamau i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka haku mele home.

ʻO nā laʻana hoʻokahi o ka hana a Berezovsky e ʻae iā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka laulā o nā makemake ʻano o ka mea haku mele, e pili ana i ka hui ʻana i kāna mele o ke mele aupuni me nā ʻenehana pan-European a me nā ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana.

A. Lebedeva