George Gershwin |

ʻO George Gershwin

He aha ka ʻōlelo a kāna mele? E pili ana i nā kānaka maʻamau, e pili ana i ko lākou hauʻoli a me ke kaumaha, e pili ana i ko lākou aloha, e pili ana i ko lākou ola. ʻO ia ke kumu he lāhui maoli kāna mele… D. Shostakovich

ʻO kekahi o nā mokuna hoihoi loa i ka moʻolelo o ke mele e pili ana i ka inoa o ka mea haku mele ʻAmelika a me ka mea hoʻokani piano ʻo J. Gershwin. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o kāna hana i hui pū me ka "Jazz Age" - e like me kāna i kapa ai i ka wā o 20-30s. ʻO ke kenekulia XNUMX ma USA, ʻo ka mea kākau ʻAmelika nui loa ʻo S. Fitzgerald. He mana koʻikoʻi ko kēia ʻano hana i ka haku mele, nāna i ʻimi e hōʻike ma ke mele i ka ʻuhane o kona wā, nā hiʻohiʻona ʻano o ke ola o ka poʻe ʻAmelika. Ua manaʻo ʻo Gershwin i ka jazz he mele folk. "Ke lohe nei au i ka kaleidoscope mele o ʻAmelika - kā mākou ipu hao nui, ko mākou ... puʻupuʻu ola aupuni, kā mākou mele ..." i kākau ai ka mea haku mele.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Gershwin ma New York ke keiki a kahi malihini mai Rusia. Ua lilo kona wā kamaliʻi ma kekahi o nā ʻāpana o ke kūlanakauhale - ka ʻaoʻao Hikina, kahi o kona makuakāne nona kahi hale ʻaina liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole i hāʻawi ʻo George i kona mau mākua i kumu e noʻonoʻo ai iā ia iho he keiki akamai i ke mele. Ua loli nā mea a pau i koʻu kūʻai ʻana i piano no koʻu kaikuaʻana. ʻO nā haʻawina mele mai nā kumu like ʻole a, ʻo ka mea nui, kūʻokoʻa i nā hola he nui o ka improvisation i hoʻoholo i ka koho hope loa a Gershwin. Ua hoʻomaka kāna ʻoihana ma ka hale kūʻai mele o ka hui hoʻopuka mele ʻo Remmik and Company. Maʻaneʻi, e kū'ē i ka makemake o kona mau mākua, i ka makahiki heʻumikumamāono ua hoʻomakaʻo ia e hana ma keʻano he mea kūʻai mele-hoʻolaha. "I kēlā me kēia lā i ka hola ʻeiwa, ua noho wau ma ka piano ma ka hale kūʻai, e hoʻokani ana i nā mele kaulana no nā poʻe a pau i hele mai ..." i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo Gershwin. Ke hoʻokani nei i nā mele kaulana o E. Berlin, J. Kern a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka lawelawe, ua manaʻo nui ʻo Gershwin iā ia iho e hana i ka hana hoʻomohala. ʻO ka hoʻomaka mua o nā mele a ka mea hoʻokani mele ʻumikūmāwalu makahiki ma ke kahua o Broadway i hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka o ka lanakila o kāna haku mele. I loko o nā makahiki 8 e hiki mai ana, ua hana ʻo ia i nā mele no nā hana he 40 a ʻoi aku, ʻo 16 o ia mau mea he mau mele mele maoli. Aia i nā makahiki 20 mua. ʻO Gershwin kekahi o nā haku mele kaulana loa ma ʻAmelika a ma ʻEulopa. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻololi ʻia kona ʻano noʻonoʻo i loko o ke ʻano o nā mele pop a me ka operetta. Ua moeʻuhaneʻo Gershwin e lilo, ma kāna mau'ōlelo pono'ī, he "mea haku mele maoli" nāna i haku i nāʻano a pau, ka piha piha o kaʻenehana no ka hanaʻana i nā hana nui.

ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā Gershwin kahi hoʻonaʻauao mele hoʻonaʻauao, a ua ʻaiʻē ʻo ia i kāna mau hoʻokō āpau ma ke kahua o ka haku mele i ka hoʻonaʻauao ponoʻī a me ka pololei iā ia iho, i hui pū ʻia me ka hoihoi ʻole i nā hanana mele nui loa o kona manawa. ʻOiai he haku mele kaulana ʻo ia ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i kānalua i ka noi ʻana iā M. Ravel, I. Stravinsky, A. Schoenberg e aʻo i ka haku mele a me ka mea kani. Ua hoʻomau ʻo Gershwin i nā haʻawina piano mai ke kumu kaulana ʻAmelika ʻo E. Hutcheson no ka manawa lōʻihi.

I ka makahiki 1924, ua hoʻokani ʻia kekahi o nā hana maikaʻi loa a ka haku mele, ʻo Rhapsody in the Blues Style, no ka piano a me ka symphony orchestra. Ua hoʻokani ʻia ka ʻāpana piano e ka mea kākau. Ua hoʻāla ka hana hou i ka hoihoi nui i ke kaiāulu mele ʻAmelika. ʻO ka hoʻomaka mua o "Rhapsody", kahi lanakila nui, ua hele ʻia e S. Rachmaninov, F. Kreisler, J. Heifetz, L. Stokowski a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Ma hope o ka "Rhapsody" puka mai: Piano Concerto (1925), orchestral program work "An American in Paris" (1928), Second Rhapsody for piano and orchestra (1931), "Cuban Overture" (1932). I loko o kēia mau haku mele, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o nā kuʻuna o ka jazz Negro, ka moʻolelo ʻAmelika-ʻAmelika, nā mele pop Broadway me nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o nā mele mele ʻEulopa i loaʻa i kahi ʻano koko piha a me ka organik, e wehewehe ana i ka hiʻohiʻona stylistic nui o ka mele a Gershwin.

ʻO kekahi o nā hanana koʻikoʻi no ka mea haku mele he kipa ʻana i ʻEulopa (1928) a me nā hui me M. Ravel, D. Milhaud, J. Auric, F. Poulenc, S. Prokofiev ma Farani, E. Kshenec, A. Berg, F Lehar, a me Kalman ma Viena.

Me nā mele symphonic, hana ʻo Gershwin me ka makemake i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni. I ka makahiki 30. Noho ʻo ia i nā manawa lōʻihi ma Kaleponi, kahi āna i kākau ai i nā mele no kekahi mau kiʻiʻoniʻoni. I ka manawa like, huli hou ka haku mele i nā ʻano keaka. Ma waena o nā hana i hana ʻia i kēia wā, ʻo ia ke mele no ka pāʻani satirical ʻO I Sing About You (1931) a me Gershwin's Swan Song - ka opera Porgy and Bess (1935). Hoʻopiha ʻia ke mele o ka opera me ka hōʻike, ka nani o nā leo o nā mele Negro, ʻoi aku ka ʻakaʻaka, a i kekahi manawa ʻo ka grotesque, a ua hoʻopiha ʻia me ka mea kumu o ka jazz.

Ua mahalo nui ʻia ka hana a Gershwin e nā mea hoʻokae mele o kēia wā. Ua kākau kekahi o kāna mau ʻelele nui loa, ʻo V. Damrosh: “He nui ka poʻe haku mele i hele a puni i ka jazz e like me ka pōpoki a puni i kahi kīʻaha sopa wela, e kali ana e maʻalili iki ... ua hiki iā George Gershwin ... ke hana i kahi hana mana. ʻO ia ke aliʻi nāna i lawe iā Cinderella ma ka lima, a hoʻolaha ākea iā ia i ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano he aliʻi wahine, me ka huhū nui o kona mau kaikuahine lili.

I. Vetlitsyna