Nikolai Pavlovich Diletsky (Nikolai Diletsky) |
Nikolai Diletsky
Aia ʻo Musikia, ʻoiai me kona leo e hoʻohauʻoli ai i nā naʻau o ke kanaka, ovo i ka hauʻoli, ovo i ke kaumaha a me ka huikau ... N. Diletsky
Hoʻopili ʻia ka inoa o N. Diletsky me ka hoʻonui hou ʻana o nā mele ʻoihana kūloko i ke kenekulia XNUMX, i ka wā i hoʻololi ʻia ai ka oli znamenny hohonu e ke kani ākea o ka choral polyphony. ʻO ke kuʻuna kahiko o ka hīmeni monophonic i hāʻawi ʻia i ka makemake no nā ʻano like ʻole o ka papa mele. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā leo i loko o nā pāʻina i hāʻawi i ka inoa i ke ʻano hou - ʻo ka hīmeni ʻana. ʻO ka mea nui mua ma waena o nā haku o nā māhele kākau ʻo Nikolai Diletsky, he haku mele, ʻepekema, mea hoʻonaʻauao mele, alakaʻi mele (conductor). I kona hopena, ua ʻike ʻia nā pilina ola ma waena o nā moʻomeheu Lūkini, Ukrainian a me Polani, ka mea i hānai i ka ulu ʻana o ke ʻano o nā māhele.
Ua aʻo ʻia ʻo Diletsky ma ka Vilna Jesuit Academy (ʻo Vilnius i kēia manawa). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma laila ʻo ia i puka ai mai ka ʻoihana kanaka ma mua o 1675, ʻoiai ua kākau ʻo ia e pili ana iā ia iho: "Nā ʻepekema o ka haumāna manuahi." Ma hope mai, hana lōʻihi ʻo Diletsky ma Rusia - ma Moscow, Smolensk (1677-78), a laila ma Moscow. Wahi a kekahi mau moʻolelo, ua lawelawe ka mea hoʻokani pila ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi mele no nā "poʻe kaulana" o nā Stroganovs, i kaulana no kā lākou mau mele o "nā mele leo". He kanaka o ka holomua holomua, ʻo Diletsky i ka pōʻai o nā kiʻi kaulana o ka moʻomeheu Lūkini o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Ma waena o kona poʻe manaʻo like ka mea kākau o ka puke "On Divine Singing According to the Order of Musician Concords" I. Korenev, nāna i hōʻoia i ka nani o ke ʻano ʻōpio ʻōpio, ka mea haku mele ʻo V. Titov, ka mea nāna i hana i ka nani a me ka naʻau. canvases choral, nā mea kākau ʻo Simeon Polotsky a me S. Medvedev.
ʻOiai he liʻiliʻi ka ʻike e pili ana i ke ola o Diletsky, kāna mau mele mele a me kāna mau hana ʻepekema e hana hou i ke ʻano o ka haku. ʻO kāna credo ka hōʻoia o ka manaʻo o ka ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe, ka ʻike i ke kuleana o kahi mea mele: "He nui nā mea haku mele e haku me ka ʻike ʻole i nā lula, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā manaʻo maʻalahi, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke kūpono, e like me ka wā a ʻO ke kanaka i aʻo i ka ʻōlelo a i ʻole ka loina e kākau i ka poema ... ʻO ka mea hele ma ke alanui me ka ʻike ʻole i ke ala, ke hui ʻia nā alanui ʻelua, kanalua inā ʻo ia kona ala a i ʻole kekahi, e like me ka mea haku mele i aʻo ʻole i nā lula.
No ka manawa mua ma ka mōʻaukala o nā mele Lūkini, ʻaʻole hilinaʻi ka haku o nā māhele kākau i ka moʻomeheu aupuni, akā i ka ʻike o nā mea hoʻokani pila o ʻEulopa, a me nā mea kākoʻo no ka hoʻonui ʻana i kāna mau kiʻi kiʻi: "I kēia manawa ke hoʻomaka nei au i ka grammar ... ma muli o ka hana a nā mea pena akamai he nui, nā mea haku mele i ka hale pule Orthodox a me Roma, a me nā puke Latin he nui no ke mele. No laila, ʻimi ʻo Diletsky e hoʻokomo i nā hanauna hou o nā mea hoʻokani pila i ke ʻano o ke ala maʻamau o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mele ʻEulopa. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana he nui o ka moʻomeheu ʻEulopa Komohana, ua kūpaʻa ka mea haku mele i ka moʻomeheu Lūkini o ka unuhi ʻana i ka papa mele: ua kākau ʻia kāna mau mele a pau no ka papa mele a cappella, kahi mea maʻamau i nā mele ʻoihana Lūkini o ia manawa. He liʻiliʻi ka helu o nā leo ma nā hana a Diletsky: mai ʻehā a ʻewalu. Hoʻohana ʻia ka haku mele like ʻole i nā haku mele he nui, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka māhele ʻana o nā leo i 4 mau ʻāpana: treble, alto, tenor a me bass, a ʻo nā leo kāne a me nā keiki wale nō e komo i ka papa mele. ʻOiai ʻo ia mau palena, ʻokoʻa a piha ke kani ʻana o ka palette kani o nā mele partes, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā concerto papa mele. Loaʻa ka hopena o ka hoihoi i loko o lākou ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa - ke kūʻē ʻana i nā replicas ikaika o ka papa mele holoʻokoʻa a me nā ʻāpana hui aniani, ka chord a me ka hōʻike polyphonic, ʻoiai a me nā ʻano like ʻole, nā loli o nā kala tonal a me nā kala. Ua hoʻohana akamai ʻo Diletsky i kēia arsenal e hana i nā hana nui, i hōʻailona ʻia e ka dramaturgy mele noʻonoʻo a me ka lokahi o loko.
Ma waena o nā hana a ka mea haku mele, ʻo ka monumental a i ka manawa like me ka puʻuwai "Resurrection" canon e kū nei. Hoʻopiha ʻia kēia hana he nui me ka ʻoliʻoli, ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā mele, a ma kekahi mau wahi - leʻaleʻa lele. Hoʻopiha ʻia ke mele me nā mele mele, kanta a me nā hulina folk-instrumental. Me ke kōkua o ka nui modal, timbre a melodic echoes ma waena o nā ʻāpana, ua hoʻokō ʻo Diletsky i kahi kūpaʻa kupaianaha o kahi canvas choral nui. ʻO nā hana ʻē aʻe a ka mea hoʻokani pila, ua ʻike ʻia i kēia lā kekahi mau ʻāpana o nā lawelawe (liturgies), nā ʻaha mele "Ua komo ʻoe i ka halepule", "E like me kou kiʻi", "E hele mai," ka paukū hui "E loaʻa ke kino o Kristo" , "Kerubima", he mele mele "He hanu ko'u inoa malaila. Malia paha e hoʻonui hou aku ka noiʻi archival i ko mākou ʻike i ka hana a Diletsky, akā ua maopopo i kēia lā ʻo ia ka mea mele nui a me ka lehulehu a he haku nui o nā mele mele, ma kāna hana ua hiki i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka partes.
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o Diletsky no ka wā e hiki mai ana ma kāna ʻimi mele, akā ma kāna mau hana hoʻonaʻauao. ʻO kāna hopena koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i ka hana kumu "Musician Idea Grammar" ("Musician Grammar"), kahi i hana ai ka haku i nā paʻi like ʻole i ka hapa lua o nā makahiki 1670. ʻO ke akamai o ka mea hoʻokani pila, ka ʻike o nā ʻōlelo he nui, kamaʻāina me ka nui o nā ʻano mele mele kūloko a me Western European i ʻae iā Diletsky e hana i kahi kuʻikahi ʻaʻohe analogues i ka ʻepekema mele kūloko o kēlā au. No ka manawa lōʻihi, he hōʻiliʻili koʻikoʻi kēia hana o nā ʻike theoretical like ʻole a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kūpono no nā hanauna he nui o nā haku mele Lūkini. Mai nā ʻaoʻao o kahi manuscript kahiko, ʻike ʻia kāna mea kākau iā mākou i nā kenekulia, kahi i kākau ʻia ai e ka medievalist kaulana ʻo V. Metalov: ʻo kona aloha ʻoiaʻiʻo i kāna hana a me ke aloha makua kahi e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai ka mea kākau i ka mea heluhelu e ʻimi. hohonu i ke ʻano o ka mea a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e hoʻomau kapu i kēia hana maikaʻi.
N. Zabolotnaya
