Nikolai Rubinstein (Nikolai Rubinstein) |

Nikolai Rubinstein

ʻO ka mea hoʻokani piano Lūkini, alakaʻi, kumu, mele a me ka lehulehu. Kaikuaana o AG Rubinstein. Mai ka 4 o kona mau makahiki, ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka hoʻokani piano ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a kona makuahine. I ka makahiki 1844-46, noho 'o ia ma Berlin me kona makuahine a me kona kaikunane, kahi i a'o ai mai T. Kullak (piano) a me Z. Dehn (harmony, polyphony, musical forms). I kona hoʻi ʻana i Moscou, ua aʻo ʻo ia me AI Villuan, kahi āna i hana ai i kāna huakaʻi ʻaha mele mua (1846-47). I nā makahiki 50 mua. komo i ke kumu kānāwai o Moscow University (puka i 1855). I ka makahiki 1858, ho'omaka 'o ia i ka hana 'ahamele (Moscow, Lādana). I ka makahiki 1859, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i ka wehe ʻana o ka lālā o Moscow o ka RMS, mai 1860 a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola ʻana ʻo ia ka luna a me ke alakaʻi o nā ʻaha mele symphony. ʻO nā papa mele i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ia ma RMS ua hoʻololi ʻia i ka makahiki 1866 i loko o ka Conservatory Moscow (a hiki i ka makahiki 1881 kona kumu aʻoaʻo a me ke alakaʻi).

ʻO Rubinstein kekahi o nā mea hoʻokani piano kaulana loa o kona manawa. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike iki ʻia kāna mau hana keaka ma waho o Rūsia (ʻo kekahi o nā mea ʻokoʻa ʻo kāna hana lanakila ma nā ʻahamele o ka World Exhibition, Paris, 1878, kahi āna i hoʻokani ai i ka 1st Piano Concerto na PI Tchaikovsky). Hāʻawi ka hapa nui i nā ʻahamele ma Moscow. ʻO kāna papa mele he mea hoʻomālamalama i ke ʻano, ʻike ʻia i kona ākea: nā concerto no ka piano a me ka hoʻokani pila na JS Bach, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, F. Liszt, AG Rubinstein; hana no ka piano na Beethoven a me na haku mele mele kahiko a oi loa aku hoi i ke aloha - R. Schumann, Chopin, Liszt (ua manao ka mea hope ia Rubinstein ka mea hookani maikai loa o kana "Dance of Death" a ua hoolaa i kana "Fantasy on the Themes of the Ruins of Athens" i ia). He mea hoʻolaha i nā mele Lūkini, ua hoʻokani pinepine ʻo Rubinstein i ka moʻo piano piano a Balakirev "Islamey" a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe a nā mea haku mele Lūkini i hoʻolaʻa iā ia. He ʻokoʻa ka hana a Rubinstein ma ke ʻano he unuhi ʻōlelo o ka mele piano a Tchaikovsky (ka mea hoʻokani mua o kāna mau mele), nāna i hoʻolaʻa iā Rubinstein i ka concerto 2 no ka piano a me ka orchestra, "Russian Scherzo", ke aloha "No laila! …”, kākau i ka piano trio “Memory” ma ka make ʻana o Rubinstein ka mea pena kiʻi nui.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pāʻani a Rubinstein e kona ākea, ka pono ʻenehana, ka hui pū ʻana o ka naʻau a me ka noʻonoʻo, ka hoʻopiha stylistic, ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohālikelike. ʻAʻole i loaʻa kēlā spontaneity, i ʻike ʻia ma ka pāʻani o AG Rubinshtein. Ua hana pū ʻo Rubinstein i nā hui keʻena me F. Laub, LS Auer a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

He koʻikoʻi nā hana a Rubinstein ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi. Ma luna o 250 mau ʻahamele o ka RMS ma Moscow, ua mālama ʻia kekahi mau ʻaha mele ma St. Petersburg a me nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi. Ma Moscow, ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a Rubinstein, ua hana ʻia nā oratorio nui a me nā hana symphonic: cantatas, ka nui o JS Bach, nā ʻāpana mai nā oratorio o GF Handel, nā symphonies, nā opera overtures a me Requiem na WA ​​Mozart, nā symphonic overtures, piano a me violin concertos (me ka orchestra) na Beethoven, na symphonies a pau a me na hana nui a F. Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, overtures and excerpts from operas by R. Wagner. Ua hoʻoikaika ʻo Rubinstein i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kula hoʻokani aupuni. Hoʻokomo mau ʻo ia i kāna mau papahana i nā hana a nā haku mele Lūkini - MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, AG Rubinstein, Balakirev, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov. ʻO ka nui o nā hana a Tchaikovsky i hana ʻia no ka manawa mua ma lalo o ka baton a Rubinstein: ka 1-4th symphonies (ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia ka 1st no Rubinstein), ka 1st suite, ka symphonic poem "Fatum", ka overture-fantasy "Romeo and Juliet", ka symphonic fantasy "Francesca da Rimini", "Italian Capriccio", mele no ka punawai moʻolelo e AN Ostrovsky "The Snow Maiden", a me nā mea'ē aʻe. o ka opera "Eugene Onegin" (1879). Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Rubinstein ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi e kona makemake nui, ka hiki ke aʻo koke i nā ʻāpana hou me ka orchestra, ka pololei a me ka plasticity o kāna ʻano.

Ma keʻano he kumu, ua hānaiʻo Rubinstein i nā virtuosos wale nō, akā, i nā mea mele hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi. 'O ia ka mea kākau o ka papahana, e like me ia no nā makahiki he nui i alaka'i 'ia ma nā papa piano o ka Moscow Conservatory. ʻO ke kumu o kāna aʻo ʻana he aʻo hohonu i ka kikokikona mele, ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano kiʻi o ka hana a me nā hiʻohiʻona mōʻaukala a me nā stylistic i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ia mea ma ka nānā ʻana i nā mea o ka ʻōlelo mele. Hāʻawi ʻia kahi wahi nui no ka hōʻike pilikino. Aia ma waena o nā haumāna o Rubinstein SI Taneev, AI Ziloti, E. Sauer, NN Kalinovskaya, F. Friedenthal, RV Genika, NA Muromtseva, A. Yu. Zograf (Dulova) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo Taneyev i ka cantata "John of Damascus" i ka hoʻomanaʻo o ke kumu.

ʻO nā hana mele a me ka pilikanaka a Rubinstein, e pili ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nohona o nā makahiki 50 a me 60, ua ʻike ʻia e kahi democratic, hoʻonaʻauao. I ka ho'āʻoʻana e hiki ke loaʻa nā mele i ka lehulehu o ka poʻe hoʻolohe, ua hoʻonohonohoʻo ia i ka mea i kapaʻia. ʻahamele makaʻāinana. Ma keʻano he alakaʻi o ka Moscow Conservatory, ua loaʻaʻo Rubinshtein i kaʻoihana kiʻekiʻe o nā kumu a me nā haumāna, ka hoʻololiʻana o ka conservatory i loko o kahi kula hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe loa, alakaʻi hui (ua pili nuiʻo ia i kaʻaha kūkā), ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana i nā mea hoʻokani pila i hoʻonaʻauaoʻia. nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa theoretical). No ka hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mea hoʻokani mele a me nā mea aʻoaʻo, ua hoihoi ʻo ia i ke aʻo ʻana, me Laub, B. Kosman, J. Galvani a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, Tchaikovsky, GA Laroche, ND Kashkin, AI Dyubyuk, NS Zverev, AD Aleksandrov-Kochetov, DV Razumovsky, Taneev. Ua alakaʻi pū ʻo Rubinstein i nā keʻena mele o nā hōʻikeʻike Polytechnical (1872) a me All-Russian (1881). Ua hana nui ʻo ia i nā ʻaha mele aloha, i ka makahiki 1877-78 ua hele ʻo ia i ka mākaʻikaʻi i nā kūlanakauhale o Rūsia no ka Red Cross.

ʻO Rubinstein ka mea kākau o nā ʻāpana piano (i kākau ʻia i kona wā ʻōpiopio), me ka mazurka, bolero, tarantella, polonaise, etc. a me nā helu mele, 1861, Maly Theatre, Moscow). ʻO ia ka mea hoʻoponopono o ka puke Lūkini o Mendelssohn's Complete Piano Works. No ka manawa mua ma Rusia, ua paʻi ʻo ia i nā mele (mele) i koho ʻia e Schubert lāua ʻo Schumann (1862).

Loaʻa iā ia kahi manaʻo kiʻekiʻe o ka hana, pane, disinterestedness, hauʻoli ʻo ia i ka kaulana nui ma Moscow. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, no nā makahiki he nui, mālama ʻia nā ʻaha mele e hoʻomanaʻo iā Rubinstein ma ka Conservatory Moscow a me ka RMO. I ka makahiki 1900 aia kahi pōʻai Rubinstein.

LZ Korabelnikova