Sergey Alexandrovich Koussevitzky |
ʻO Serge Koussevitzky
Ua waiho ʻia kahi kiʻi ʻālohilohi o ka haku e ka mea hoʻokani cellist Lūkini ʻo G. Pyatigorsky: "Ma kahi i noho ai ʻo Sergei Alexandrovich Koussevitzky, ʻaʻohe kānāwai. ʻO nā mea a pau i keʻakeʻa i ka hoʻokō ʻana o kāna mau hoʻolālā, ua kāʻili ʻia mai ke ala a lilo i mea ikaika ʻole ma mua o kona makemake nui e hana i nā monumen mele… ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻoulu ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻomohala hou ... Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia me ka huhū a me ke ʻano ʻoluʻolu, me ke ʻano o ka hoihoi, hauʻoli, me ka waimaka, akā ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike iā ia me ka manaʻo ʻole. ʻO nā mea a pau e pili ana iā ia he mea hanohano a koʻikoʻi, ua lilo kāna mau lā i hoʻomaha. ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana he pono mau loa nona. He ʻoiaʻiʻo koʻikoʻi kēlā me kēia hana. Loaʻa iā ia kahi makana kilokilo e hoʻololi ai i kahi mea liʻiliʻi i mea e pono ai, no ka mea, ma nā mea noʻeau, ʻaʻohe mea liʻiliʻi nona.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Sergey Alexandrovich Koussevitzky ma Iulai 14, 1874 ma Vyshny Volochek, ka mokuʻo Tver. Inā loaʻa kahi manaʻo o ka "wao nahele mele", a laila ʻo Vyshny Volochek, kahi i hānau ʻia ai ʻo Sergei Koussevitzky, pili pū me ia me ka hiki. ʻOiai ʻo Tver panalāʻau i like me ke "kapita" o ka panalāʻau mai laila. ʻO ka makua kāne, he mea hana lima liʻiliʻi, ua hāʻawi i kāna aloha mele i kāna mau keiki kāne ʻehā. I ka makahiki he ʻumikūmālua, e alakaʻi ana ʻo Sergei i kahi mele, kahi i hoʻopiha ai i nā hoʻokuʻu i nā hana o ke kipa ʻana i nā hōkū panalāʻau mai Tver ponoʻī (!), A hiki iā ia ke pāʻani i nā mea kani a pau, akā ʻaʻole like ia me ka pāʻani keiki a lawe ʻia mai. he peni. Ua makemake ka makua kāne i ka hopena ʻokoʻa o kāna keiki. ʻO ia ke kumu i launa ʻole ai ʻo Sergey me kona mau mākua, a i ka makahiki ʻumikūmāhā ua haʻalele malū ʻo ia i ka hale me ʻekolu rubles i loko o kāna ʻeke a hele i Moscow.
Ma Moscou, ʻaʻohe ona kamaʻāina a me nā leka kākoʻo, hele pololei ʻo ia mai ke alanui i ke alakaʻi o ka conservatory, ʻo Safonov, a noi ʻo ia e ʻae iā ia e aʻo. Ua wehewehe ʻo Safonov i ke keikikāne ua hoʻomaka mua nā haʻawina, a hiki iā ia ke hilinaʻi i kekahi mea no ka makahiki e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka luna hoʻomalu o ka Philharmonic Society, ʻo Shestakovsky, ua hoʻokokoke ʻokoʻa i ka mea: ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo iā ia iho i ka pepeiao kūpono o ke keiki a me ka hoʻomanaʻo mele maikaʻi ʻole, a me ka ʻike pū ʻana i kona kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e hana i kahi mea hoʻokani bass pālua maikaʻi. Loaʻa mau ka hapa o nā mea pāʻani bass pālua maikaʻi i nā orchestras. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia mea kani he mea kōkua, e hana ana i kahi kāʻei kua me kona kani, a ʻaʻole pono ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e haku iā ia iho ma mua o ka violin akua. ʻO ia ke kumu i liʻiliʻi ai ka poʻe hahai holoholona - holo wikiwiki ka lehulehu i nā papa violin. ʻAe, a ua koi ʻo ia i ka hoʻoikaika kino ʻana no ka pāʻani a no ka lawe ʻana. Ua hele maikaʻi nā kī pālua a Koussevitzky. ʻElua makahiki wale nō ma hope mai, ua ʻae ʻia ʻo ia i ka opera pilikino Moscow.
He mea kakaikahi ka poʻe pāʻani virtuoso pālua-bass, ʻike ʻia lākou i hoʻokahi manawa i ka hapalua haneli, no laila ua loaʻa i ka lehulehu ka manawa e poina i ko lākou ola ʻana. Me he mea la ma Rusia, aole he hookahi mamua o Koussevitzky, a ma Europa he kanalima makahiki mamua aku o Bottesini, a he kanalima makahiki mamua ona aia o Dragonetti, nona ka Beethoven i kakau kūikawā ai i na mahele o ka 5th a me 9th symphonies. ʻAʻole naʻe i ʻike ka lehulehu iā lāua ʻelua me nā kī pālua: ua hoʻololi koke lāua ʻelua i nā kī pālua i ka pahu alakaʻi māmā. ʻAe, a lawe ʻo Koussevitzky i kēia mea kani no ka mea ʻaʻohe ona koho ʻē aʻe: haʻalele i ka pahu o ke alakaʻi ma Vyshny Volochek, hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka moeʻuhane e pili ana.
Ma hope o ʻeono mau makahiki o ka hana ma ka Bolshoi Theatre, ua lilo ʻo Koussevitzky i ka ʻaha mele o ka hui pālua pālua, a i ka makahiki 1902 ua loaʻa iā ia ka inoa o ka soloist o nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni imperial. I kēia manawa a pau, hana nui ʻo Koussevitzky ma ke ʻano he soloist-instrumentalist. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o kona kaulana iʻikeʻia e nā kono e komo i nā'ahamele o Chaliapin, Rachmaninov, Zbrueva, nā kaikuahineʻo Christman. A ma nā wahi a pau āna i hana ai - inā he mākaʻikaʻi ʻo Rūsia a i ʻole nā ʻaha mele ma Prague, Dresden, Berlin a i ʻole Lākana - ma nā wahi a pau kāna mau hana i hana ai i ka manaʻo a me ka manaʻo, e koi ana i kekahi e hoʻomanaʻo i nā haku phenomenal o ka wā i hala. ʻAʻole wale ʻo Koussevitzky i hana i kahi repertoire virtuoso double-bass, akā ua haku a hana ʻo ia i nā hoʻololi like ʻole o nā pāʻani like ʻole a me nā concerto - Handel, Mozart, Saint-Saens. Ua kākau ʻo V. Kolomiytsov, ka mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa kaulana ʻo Rūsia: "ʻO ka mea i lohe ʻole iā ia e hoʻokani ana i ka pahu pālua ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o ka leo mālie a me ka ʻēheu māmā āna i unuhi ai mai kahi mea kani like ʻole, ʻo ia wale nō ke kumu nui no kahi hui hoolele. He kakaikahi wale no ka poe cello a me ka violinists nona ka nani o ka leo a me ke akamai o ko lakou mau kaula eha.
ʻO ka hana ma ka Bolshoi Theatre ʻaʻole i hōʻoluʻolu iā Koussevitzky. No laila, ma hope o ka male ʻana i kahi haumāna pianist o ke Kula ʻo Philharmonic N. Ushkova, ka mea nona ka hui kālepa kī nui, haʻalele ka mea pena i ka orchestra. I ka hāʻule o ka makahiki 1905, e kamaʻilio ana i ka pale ʻana i nā mea pena mele, ua kākau ʻo ia: "ʻO ka ʻuhane make o ka ʻoihana mākaʻi, i komo i loko o ka wahi i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole ia he wahi, i loko o kahi o uXNUMXbuXNUMXbpure art, huli ʻia. nā mea hana kiʻi i nā mea hana lima, a me ka hana naʻauao i ka hana hoʻoikaika. hana kauā. ʻO kēia leka, i paʻi ʻia ma ka Russian Musical Newspaper, ua hoʻopiʻi nui ʻia ka lehulehu a koi aku i ka hoʻokele hale keaka e hana i nā mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kūlana kālā o nā mea pena o ka Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra.
Mai ka makahiki 1905, noho ka wahine opio ma Berlin. Ua hoʻomau ʻo Koussevitzky i ka hana ʻahamele ikaika. Ma hope o ka hana ʻana o ka concerto cello na Saint-Saens ma Kelemānia (1905), aia nā hana me A. Goldenweiser ma Berlin a me Leipzig (1906), me N. Medtner a me A. Casadesus ma Berlin (1907). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻoluʻolu ka mea hoʻokani pila a me ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hana ʻaha mele a ka virtuoso double-bass: ma ke ʻano he mea pena, ua lōʻihi ʻo ia i "ulu" mai kahi repertoire liʻiliʻi. Ma Ianuali 23, 1908, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Koussevitzky i kāna alakaʻi alakaʻi me ka Berlin Philharmonic, a ma hope iho ua hoʻokani ʻo ia ma Vienna a me Lākana. ʻO ka holomua mua i hoʻoikaika i ka alakaʻi ʻōpio, a ua hoʻoholo hope ka male e hāʻawi i ko lākou ola i ke ao mele. ʻO kahi hapa nui o ka waiwai nui o nā Ushkov, me ka ʻae ʻana o kona makuakāne, he miliona miliona philanthropist, ua kuhikuhi ʻia i nā kumu mele a me ka hoʻonaʻauao ma Rusia. Ma kēia kahua, ma waho aʻe o nā mea hana kiʻi, koʻikoʻi hoʻonohonoho a me nā mana hoʻokele o Koussevitzky, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka hale hoʻopuka mele mele Lūkini hou ma 1909, hōʻike iā lākou iho. ʻO ka hana nui i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka hale hoʻopuka mele hou, ʻo ia ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hana a nā haku mele ʻōpio Lūkini. Ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Koussevitzky, nui nā hana a A. Scriabin, I. Stravinsky ("Petrushka", "The Rite of Spring"), N. Medtner, S. Prokofiev, S. Rachmaninov, G. Catoire a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i paʻi ʻia ma aneʻi. i ka manawa mua loa.
I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo ia i kāna orkestra ponoʻī o 75 mau mea hoʻokani pila ma Moscow a hoʻomaka i nā kau ʻahamele ma laila a ma St. He laʻana kūʻokoʻa kēia o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kālā e lawelawe i nā kiʻi. ʻAʻole i loaʻa ka loaʻa kālā ma ia hana. Akā ua piʻi nui ka kaulana o ka mea hoʻokani pila.
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ke kiʻi hana a Koussevitzky he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka wā hou, kahi hoʻonui mau o nā repertoire horizons. Ma nā ʻano he nui, ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hāʻawi i ka holomua o nā hana a Scriabin, ka mea i hoʻopili pū ʻia me lākou e ka pilina pili. Ua hoʻokani ʻo ia i ka Poem of Ecstasy and the First Symphony ma Lākana i ka makahiki 1909 a me ke kau aʻe ma Berlin, a ma Rūsia ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mea hoʻokani maikaʻi loa o nā hana a Scriabin. ʻO ka hopena o kā lākou hana hui ʻana ʻo ia ka mua o Prometheus ma 1911. ʻO Koussevitzky hoʻi ka mea hoʻokani mua o ka Second Symphony na R. Gliere (1908), ka mele "Alastor" na N. Myaskovsky (1914). Me kāna ʻaha mele nui a me nā hana hoʻolaha, ua hoʻokumu ka mea hoʻokani i ke ala no ka ʻike ʻana iā Stravinsky a me Prokofiev. I ka makahiki 1914, ua hoʻomaka mua ʻia ʻo Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring a me Prokofiev's First Piano Concerto, kahi ʻo Koussevitzky ka mea hoʻokani solo.
Ma hope o ka ʻOkakopa, ua nalowale ka mea hoʻokani pila i nā mea a pau - ʻo kāna hale paʻi puke, symphony orchestra, nā hōʻiliʻili kiʻi, a me ka miliona miliona i hoʻolilo ʻia a lawe ʻia. Eia naʻe, e moeʻuhane ana e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o Rūsia, ua hoʻomau ka mea pena i kāna hana hana i nā kūlana o ka haunaele a me ka luku. Ma muli o ka hoʻowalewale ʻia ʻana e nā ʻōlelo hoʻowalewale "art to the mass", consonant me kāna mau manaʻo o ka naʻauao, ua komo ʻo ia i nā "ʻaha mele" he nui no ka lehulehu proletarian, nā haumāna, nā pūʻali koa. Ma ke ʻano he mea koʻikoʻi i ka honua mele, ʻo Koussevitzky, me Medtner, Nezhdanova, Goldenweiser, Engel, i komo i ka hana a ka ʻaha kūkā artistic ma ke keʻena ʻaha mele o ke keʻena mele o ka People's Commissariat of Education. Ma ke ʻano he lālā o nā komisina hui like ʻole, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hoʻokumu i nā hana moʻomeheu a me ka hoʻonaʻauao (me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hoʻonaʻauao mele, kope kope, ka hui ʻana o ka hale hoʻopuka mele mokuʻāina, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka State Symphony Orchestra, etc.) . Ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka orchestra o ka Moscow Union of Musicians, i hana ʻia mai nā mea pena i koe o kāna orkestra mua, a laila hoʻouna ʻia i Petrograd e alakaʻi i ka State (Former Court) Symphony Orchestra a me ka Mariinsky Opera kahiko.
Ua hoʻoikaika ʻo Koussevitzky i kona haʻalele ʻana i nā ʻāina ʻē i ka makahiki 1920 e ka makemake e hoʻonohonoho i ka hana a kahi lālā haole o kāna hale paʻi puke. Eia kekahi, pono e hana i ka ʻoihana a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kapikala o ka ʻohana Ushkov-Kusevitsky, i waiho ʻia ma nā panakō haole. Ma hope o ka ho'onohonoho 'ana i ka 'oihana ma Berlin, ua ho'i 'o Koussevitzky i ka hana ho'oikaika. I ka makahiki 1921, ma Paris, ua hana hou ʻo ia i ka hui mele, ʻo Koussevitzky Symphony Concerts society, a hoʻomau i kāna mau hana hoʻopuka.
I ka makahiki 1924, ua kono ʻia ʻo Koussevitzky e lawe i ka ʻoihana alakaʻi nui o ka Boston Symphony Orchestra. ʻAʻole koke, ua lilo ka Boston Symphony i mea hoʻokani pila, mua ma ʻAmelika, a laila ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ma hope o ka neʻe mau ʻana i ʻAmelika, ʻaʻole i uhaʻi ʻo Koussevitzky i nā pilina me ʻEulopa. No laila a hiki i ka makahiki 1930 ua hoʻomau ʻia nā kau ʻaha mele makahiki a Koussevitzky ma Paris.
E like me ko Rusia Koussevitzky i kōkua iā Prokofiev lāua ʻo Stravinsky, ma Farani a me ʻAmelika ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia i nā ala āpau e hoʻoulu ai i ka noʻonoʻo o nā mea hoʻokani pila o ko mākou manawa. No laila, no ka laʻana, no ka makahiki kanalima o ka Boston Symphony Orchestra, i hoʻolauleʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 1931, ua hana ʻia nā hana a Stravinsky, Hindemith, Honegger, Prokofiev, Roussel, Ravel, Copland, Gershwin e ke kauoha kūikawā o ka alakaʻi. I ka makahiki 1942, ma hope koke iho o ka make ʻana o kāna wahine, ua hoʻokumu ke alakaʻi i ka Musical Association (hale hoʻopuka) a me ka Foundation. Koussevitskaya.
Ma hope o Rusia, ua hōʻike ʻo Koussevitzky iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he mele mele nui a me ka lehulehu a he mea hoʻonohonoho akamai. ʻO ka helu pono ʻana o kāna mau ʻoihana e kānalua paha i ka hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kēia mau mea a pau ma muli o ka ikaika o ke kanaka hoʻokahi. Eia kekahi, ua waiho kēia mau hana i kahi hōʻailona hohonu i ka moʻomeheu mele o Rusia, Farani, a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Pono e hoʻokūpaʻa nuiʻia nā manaʻo a me nā hoʻolālā a pau i hoʻokōʻia e Sergei Alexandrovich i kona olaʻana mai Rusia. No laila, i ka makahiki 1911, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Koussevitzky e loaʻa ka Academy of Music ma Moscow. Akā ua ʻike ʻia kēia manaʻo ma ʻAmelika wale nō i kanakolu makahiki ma hope. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ka Berkshire Music Center, i lilo i ʻano mele mele ʻAmelika. Mai ka makahiki 1938, ua mālama mau ʻia kahi ʻahaʻaina kauwela ma Tanglewood (Lennox County, Massachusetts), kahi e hoʻokipa ai i hoʻokahi haneli tausani kānaka. Ma 1940, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Koussevitzky i ke kula ʻo Tanglewood Performance Training ma Berkshire, kahi i alakaʻi ai i kahi papa alakaʻi me kāna kōkua, ʻo A. Copland. Ua komo pū ʻo Hindemith, Honegger, Messiaen, Dalla Piccolo, B. Martin i ka hana. I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, ua alakaʻi ʻo Sergei Alexandrovich i ka hōʻiliʻili kālā no ka Red Army, a lilo i pelekikena o ke Kōmike no ke Kokua iā Rūsia i ke Kaua, ʻo ia ka pelekikena o ka ʻāpana mele o ka National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, a ma 1946 ua lawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he luna o ka American-Soviet Musical Society.
Ma ka ʻike ʻana i ka pono o Koussevitzky i nā hana mele a me ka pilikanaka o Farani ma 1920-1924, ua hāʻawi ke aupuni Farani iā ia i ka Order of the Legion of Honor (1925). Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nui nā kulanui i hāʻawi iā ia i ka inoa hanohano o ke kumu. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Harvard University ma 1929 a me Princeton University i 1947 iā ia i ke kēkelē Doctor of Arts hanohano.
ʻO ka ikaika pauʻole o Koussevitzky i kāhāhā i nā mea hoʻokani pila he mau hoaaloha pili me ia. I kona mau makahiki he kanahiku i Malaki 1945, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i ʻeiwa mau ʻahamele i nā lā he ʻumi. I ka makahiki 1950, ua huakaʻi nui ʻo Koussevitzky i Rio de Janeiro, i nā kūlanakauhale ʻo ʻEulopa.
Ua make ʻo Sergei Alexandrovich ma Iune 4, 1951 ma Boston.
