Symphonism

ʻO ka Symphonism kahi manaʻo laulā i loaʻa mai ka huaʻōlelo "symphony" (e nānā i ka Symphony), akā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia me ia. Ma ka manaʻo ākea, ʻo ka symphonism ka loina noʻeau o ka noʻonoʻo dialectical philosophically generalized o ke ola ma ke ʻano mele.

ʻO Symphony ma ke ʻano he aesthetic ka loina i ʻike ʻia e ka nānā ʻana i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o ke ola kanaka i kāna decomp. nā mea (socio-historical, emotional-psychological, etc.). Ma kēia ʻano, pili ka symphonism i ka ʻaoʻao ideological a me ka ʻaoʻao o ke mele. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka manaʻo o ka "symphonism" kahi kūlana kūikawā o ka hui kūloko o muses. hana, kāna hana keaka, hana. I kēia hihia, hele mai nā waiwai o ka symphonism ma ke ʻano he ala e hiki ai ke hōʻike hohonu a me ka maikaʻi i nā kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana, ka hakakā ʻana o nā kumu kū'ē ma o intonational-thematic. nā ʻokoʻa a me nā pilina, dynamism a me ka organicity o muses. hooulu ana, kona mau ano. hopena.

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka manaʻo o "symphonism" ʻo ia ka pono o ka musicology Soviet, a ma luna o nā mea āpau ʻo BV Asafiev, nāna i hoʻopuka i mua ma ke ʻano he ʻano muses. noonoo ana. No ka manawa mua, ua hoʻolauna ʻo Asafiev i ka manaʻo o ka symphonism ma ka ʻatikala "Ways to the Future" (1918), e wehewehe ana i kona ʻano ʻano "ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ʻike mele, i ka wā ʻaʻole i hāpai ʻia kahi mea hoʻokahi a ʻike ʻia he kūʻokoʻa i waena o ke koena. ” Ma hope mai, ua hoʻokumuʻo Asafiev i nā kumu o ka manaʻo o ka symphonism i kāna mau'ōlelo e pili ana iā L. Beethoven, hana ma PI Tchaikovsky, MI Glinka, ke aʻoʻana "Musical Form as a Process", e hōʻike ana i ka symphonism he "hoʻololi nui i kaʻike a me kaʻenehana. o ka haku mele , ... ka wā o ka hoʻomohala kūʻokoʻa ma o nā mele o nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo aloha o ke kanaka "(BV Asafiev, "Glinka ", 1947). ʻO nā manaʻo o Asafiev i kumu no ka noiʻi ʻana i nā pilikia o ka symphonism e nā pueo ʻē aʻe. nā mea kākau.

Symphonism mea he mōʻaukala waeʻano i hele i loko o ka lōʻihi kaʻina hana, ho'ā 'ia i loko o ke au o ka malamalama classicism e pili ana i ka crystallization o ka sonata-symphony pōʻaiapuni a me kona typical ano. Ma kēia kaʻina hana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke koʻikoʻi o ke kula kahiko Viennese. ʻO ka lele hoʻoholo i ka naʻi ʻana o kahi ʻano noʻonoʻo hou i hana ʻia ma ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia 18 a me 19. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka manaʻo hoʻoikaika ikaika i nā manaʻo a me nā hoʻokō o ka Farani Nui. kipi o 1789-94, i ka hooulu ana. philosophy, i resolutely huli i ka dialectics (ka ulu ana o ka philosophical a me ka aesthetic manaʻo mai nā mea o ka dialectics ma I. Kant i GWF Hegel), S. noonoo i loko o ka hana a Beethoven a lilo i kumu o kāna hana. noonoo ana. S. ma ke ʻano he ʻano hana i hoʻomohala nui ʻia i nā kenekulia 19 a me 20.

ʻO S. kahi manaʻo multilevel, pili pū me kekahi mau mea hoʻonani maʻamau. a me nā manaʻo kuʻuna, a ma luna o nā mea a pau me ka manaʻo mele. hana keaka. I loko o kāna mau hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa (no ka laʻana, ma Beethoven, Tchaikovsky), hōʻike ʻo S. i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka pāʻani (contradiction, kona ulu ʻana, hele i ke kahua o ka hakakā, climax, hoʻoholo). Eia naʻe, ma ka laulā, ʻoi aku ka pololei o S. ʻO ka manaʻo nui o "dramatology", e kū ana ma luna o ka pāʻani e like me S. ma luna o ka symphony, he pilina. Symp. hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano ma o kēia a i kēlā ʻano muses. dramaturgy, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi ʻōnaehana o ka launa pū ʻana o nā kiʻi i ko lākou ulu ʻana, concretizing i ke ʻano o ka ʻokoʻa a me ka lokahi, ke kaʻina o nā pae o ka hana a me kāna hopena. I ka manawa like, i ka symphony dramaturgy, kahi i ʻole kahi kikoʻī pololei, nā huaʻōlelo-ʻano, ua mau kēia concretization i loko o ke ʻano o kahi hōʻike mele-generalized (i ka ʻole o kahi papahana, kahi kikokikona waha).

Nā ʻano mele. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka dramaturgy, akā e lawe i kēlā me kēia o lākou i ka pae o ka symphony. pono nā ʻano hana. maikaʻi. Symp. hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana ke wikiwiki a kūʻē nui a i ʻole, lohi a mālie, akā he hana mau ia o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hopena hou, e hōʻike ana i ka neʻe o ke ola ponoʻī.

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻo ia ka mea nui o S., ʻaʻole wale i kahi kaʻina hana maʻamau o ka hana hou ʻana, akā i ke ʻano o nā ʻano. nā hoʻololi o ke mele kumu. nā manaʻo (kumu a kumuhana paha), nā waiwai i loaʻa i loko. He ʻokoʻa i ka hui hui o nā kumuhana-kiʻi like ʻole, kā lākou juxtaposition, no ka symphony. Hōʻike ʻia ʻo Dramaturgy e kēlā ʻano logic (direction), me kēlā me kēia pae hope - ʻokoʻa a i ʻole ka hana hou ʻana i kahi pae hou - e hahai ana mai ka mea ma mua e like me "kona pono'ī" (Hegel), e hoʻomohala ana "i kahi spiral". Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi " kuhikuhi o ke ʻano" e pili ana i ka hopena, ka hopena, ka hoʻomau ʻana o kona hoʻokumu ʻana, "e huki iā mākou me ka luhi ʻole mai ke kikowaena a i ke kikowaena, mai ka hoʻokō a hiki i ka hoʻokō - a hiki i ka hoʻokō hope loa" (Igor Glebov, 1922). ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka symphony. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka dramaturgy i ka hui ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kumu kūʻē. Ke piʻi aʻe nei ka ʻāʻī, ka piko a me ka emi ʻana, nā ʻokoʻa a me nā ʻike, ka hakakā a me kāna hoʻoholo ʻana he ʻōnaehana dynamically integral o nā pilina i loko, ʻo ke kumu o ia mea e hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia e ka leo. ties-arches, ke ʻano o ka "exceeding" i ka climax, etc. Symptom process. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ka dialectical loa, ʻo kona loina ma lalo o ka triad: thesis - antithesis - synthesis. ʻO ka ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi o ka dialectic of symph. ʻano hana – fp. sonata No. 23 na Beethoven, he sonata-drama, i hoopihaia me ka manao o ka heroic. paio. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka ʻāpana 1 i loko o ka mana o nā kiʻi like ʻole a pau, a ma hope e komo i ka hakakā ʻana me kekahi (ʻo ke kumu o "kekahi ʻē aʻe"), a ʻo kā lākou aʻo ʻana e hana i nā pōʻai kūloko o ka hoʻomohala ʻana (hōʻike, hoʻomohala, reprise). hoʻonui akā hoʻopaʻapaʻa, e alakaʻi ana i kahi pae kiʻekiʻe - ka synthesis o nā kumu hakakā ma ke code. Ma kahi pae hou, ka loina o ka dramaturgy. ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa o ka neʻe 1st i ka haku mele ʻana o ka sonata holoʻokoʻa (ka pilina o ka sublime nui Andante me ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao o ka neʻe 1st, ka hopena o ka puahiohio me ka hapa hope). ʻO ka dialectic o ia ʻano hoʻohālikelike derivative ʻo ia ke kumu o ka symphony. ʻO ka manaʻo o Beethoven. Loaʻa ʻo ia i kahi pae kūikawā i kāna hana keaka heroic. nā symphonies - 5 a me 9. ʻO ka laʻana maopopo loa o S. ma ke kahua o ka romanticism. sonatas - ʻo Chopin's b-moll sonata, hoʻokumu pū ʻia ma o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka dramaturgy. ka hakakā o ka ʻāpana 1 i loko o ka pōʻai holoʻokoʻa (akā, me kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka papa hana maʻamau ma mua o ka Beethoven - ʻaʻole i ka hopena heroic - culmination, akā i kahi epilogue pōʻino pōkole).

E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka huaʻōlelo ponoʻī, hōʻuluʻulu ʻo S. i nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi i crystallized i sonata-symphony. kaapuni a me ke mele. nā ʻano o kona mau ʻāpana (ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻopili i nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i loko o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, variational, polyphonic), - figuratively-thematic. ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, pinepine i loko o 2 polar spheres, interdependence of contrast and unity, purposefulness of development from contrast to synthesis. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i emi iki ka manaʻo o S. i ka hoʻolālā sonata; hōʻailona. ʻaʻohe palena. nā ʻano a me nā ʻano, e like me ka hōʻike nui ʻana i nā waiwai koʻikoʻi o ke mele ma ke ʻano he kaʻina hana, ke kino kino (ʻo ka manaʻo maoli o Asafiev, ka mea i manaʻo i ke ʻano mele ma ke ʻano he kaʻina hana, he hōʻailona). ʻIke ʻo S. i ka hōʻike ma nā ʻano like ʻole. nā ʻano a me nā ʻano - mai ka symphony, opera, ballet a i ke aloha a i ʻole nā ​​​​instr liʻiliʻi. nā pāʻani (no ka laʻana, ʻo Tchaikovsky's romance "Again, as before ..." a i ʻole Chopin's prelude in d-moll e hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻonui symphonic o ka naʻau a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, e lawe ana i kahi climax), mai ka sonata, ka hoʻololi nui a hiki i ka strophic liʻiliʻi. nā puka (e laʻana, ke mele a Schubert "Palua").

Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia i kāna etudes-variations no ka piano symphonic. ʻO R. Schumann (ma hope mai ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia i kāna mau ʻano like ʻole no ka piano a me ka orkestra S. Frank). ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka symphony o nā ʻano variational e pili ana i ke kumu o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kiʻi, ʻo ia ka hopena o nā symphonies 3 a me 9 o Beethoven, ka passacaglia hope o ka symphony 4 a Brahms, ʻo Ravel's Bolero, ka passacaglia i ka sonata-symphony. nā pōʻai o DD Shostakovich.

Symp. ʻike ʻia ke ala ma ka leo nui-instr. nā ʻano; No laila,ʻo ka hoʻomohalaʻana i nā manaʻo o ke ola a me ka make ma ka h-moll mass o Bach he symphonic ma keʻano o ka manaʻo:ʻaʻole i laweʻia ka antithesis o nā kiʻi maʻaneʻi ma keʻano o ka sonata, akā naʻe, hiki i ka ikaika a me keʻano o ka intonational a me keʻano likeʻole. e hoʻokokoke aku i nā sonata. ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia i ka overture (ma ke ʻano sonata) o ka S. opera Don Giovanni a Mozart, ka dramaturgy o ka mea i hoʻopiha ʻia me kahi clash excitingly dynamic o ke aloha Renaissance o ke ola a me ka mana tragically fettering o ka pōhaku, hoʻopaʻi. Deep S. "The Queen of Spades" na Tchaikovsky, e hele ana mai ka antithesis o ke aloha a me ka makemake-pāʻani, psychologically "mau hoʻopaʻapaʻa" a alakaʻi i ka papa holoʻokoʻa o ka mea pāʻani. hoʻomohala i ka pōʻino. denouement. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kū'ē o S., i hōʻike ʻia ma o ka dramaturgy ʻaʻole o ka bicentric, akā o kahi kauoha monocentric, ʻo Wagner's opera Tristan lāua ʻo Isolde, me kāna mau ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻehaʻeha o ka naʻau, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe hoʻoholo a me nā recessions. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala holoʻokoʻa mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kani ʻana - "sprout" i hānau ʻia mai ka manaʻo kūʻē i ka "Queen of Spades" - ka manaʻo o ka hui ʻana o ke aloha a me ka make. ʻO Def. ʻO ka maikaʻi o S., i hōʻike ʻia ma ka melodic organic rare. ulu, ma kahi wok liʻiliʻi. ʻano, aia i loko o ka aria "Casta diva" mai ka opera "Norma" na Bellini. No laila, ʻo S. ma ke ʻano opera, nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoi loa o ia mea i loko o ka hana a nā mea hoʻokani opera nui - WA ​​Mozart a me MI Glinka, J. Verdi, R. Wagner, PI Tchaikovsky a me MP Mussorgsky, SS Prokofiev a me DD Shostakovich - ʻaʻole i hoʻemi ʻia i ka orc. mele. I ka opera, e like me ka symphony. prod., pili na kanawai o ka noonoo o muses. ʻO ka dramaturgy e pili ana i kahi manaʻo nui nui (no ka laʻana, ka manaʻo o ka folk-heroic ma Glinka's Ivan Susanin, ka hopena pōʻino o ka poʻe ma Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina), ka dynamics o kona hoʻolaha ʻana, ka mea i hoʻokumu i nā puʻupuʻu o ka hakakā (ʻoi loa. i nā hui) a me kā lākou hoʻoholo. ʻO kekahi o nā hōʻike koʻikoʻi a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka secularism ma ka opera ʻo ia ka hoʻokō kūlohelohe a me ka hoʻokō mau ʻana o ka loina leitmotif (e ʻike iā Leitmotif). Ke ulu pinepine nei kēia kumu i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa o nā leo hou. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana, ka launa pū ʻana a me kā lākou hoʻololi ʻana e hōʻike i nā mana hoʻokele o ka pāʻani, nā pilina kumu-a-hopena hohonu o kēia mau ikaika (e like me ka symphony). Ma kahi ʻano hoʻomohala kūikawā, symph. Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka dramaturgy ma o ka ʻōnaehana leitmotif ma nā opera a Wagner.

Hōʻike hōʻailona. ʻano, ʻokoʻa loa kona mau ʻano kikoʻī. I ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole, nā ʻano, lstorich. ʻO nā wā a me nā kula aupuni ma ka papahana 1 ʻo ia a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka symph. ʻano - ka pahū paio, ka ʻoi o nā ʻokoʻa a i ʻole ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, ka hui ʻana o nā mea kūʻē (a i ʻole ka ʻokoʻa i ka hui ʻana), ka dynamics concentrated o ke kaʻina hana a i ʻole kona hoʻopuehu ʻana, mālie. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa o ke ʻano o ka symphony. ʻike nui ʻia nā hanana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā pāʻani hakakā. a me ka monologue mele. ʻano hōʻailona. hana keaka. E kaha ana i ka laina ma waena o nā ʻano hōʻailona mōʻaukala. dramaturgy, II Sollertinsky kapaia kekahi o lakou Shakespearean, dialogic (L. Beethoven), ka 'ē aʻe - monologue (F. Schubert). ʻOiai ke ʻano maʻamau o ia ʻano ʻokoʻa, hōʻike ia i ʻelua mau mea koʻikoʻi o ka hanana: S. ma ke ʻano he keaka hakakā. hana a me S. ma ke ano he mele. aiʻole enich. moʻolelo. I kekahi hihia, ʻo ka dynamics o nā ʻokoʻa, kū'ē, aia i ka mua, i ka mea ʻē aʻe, ka ulu ʻana o loko, ka lokahi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka manaʻo o nā kiʻi a i ʻole kā lākou lālā multi-channel (epic S.); i hoʻokahi - he mea nui i nā loina o ka sonata dramaturgy, motive-thematic. ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa kūkākūkā o nā kumu kū'ē (symphonism of Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, Shostakovich), ma kekahi - ma ke ʻano like ʻole, ka germination mālie o nā intonation hou. nā hoʻokumu, e like me ka laʻana, i nā sonatas a me nā symphonies o Schubert, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui. prod. I. Brahms, A. Bruckner, SV Rachmaninov, SS Prokofiev.

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano symphony. Hoʻoholo pū ʻia ka dramaturgy e ka manaʻo o ka loiloi hana koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ke kūʻokoʻa pili o ke ʻano maʻamau o ka hoʻomohala ʻana (e like me ka laʻana, ma nā mele symphonic a Liszt, nā ballad a Chopin a me nā moemoeā i f-moll), inā paha i hoʻoili ʻia ka hana ma sonata -symphony. pōʻaiapuni a i ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kahi ʻano ʻāpana hoʻokahi (e ʻike, no ka laʻana, nā hana nui hoʻokahi hapa a Liszt). Ma muli o ka ʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mele. dramaturgy, hiki iā mākou ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka dec. ʻano o S. - dramatic, lyrical, epic, genre, etc.

Ka degere o ka concretization o ka ideological art. nā manaʻo hana. me ke kōkua o ka huaʻōlelo, ke ʻano o nā loulou pili o nā muses. ʻO nā kiʻi me nā phenomena o ke ola e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o S. i loko o ka programmatic a me ka ʻole i hoʻonohonoho ʻia, pili pinepine ʻia (symphonism e Tchaikovsky, Shostakovich, A. Honegger).

Ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻano S., he mea nui ka nīnau o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka symphony. e noʻonoʻo ana i ke kumu hana keaka - ʻaʻole wale e pili ana i nā kānāwai maʻamau o ka pāʻani, akā i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka kikoʻī, i loko o kahi ʻano o ka hoʻolālā kūloko, "fabularity" o nā symphonies. ka hoʻomohala ʻana (no ka laʻana, ma nā hana a G. Berlioz a me G. Mahler) a i ʻole ke ʻano hana keaka o ke ʻano kiʻi (symphonism na Prokofiev, Stravinsky).

Hōʻike nā ʻano o S. iā lākou iho i ka launa pū ʻana me kekahi. ʻAe, dram. S. i ke kenekulia 19. ua hoʻomohala ʻia ma nā kuhikuhi o heroic-dramatic (Beethoven) a me lyrical-dramatic (ʻo ka culmination o kēia laina ʻo Tchaikovsky's symphonism). I ka Austrian mele crystallized ke 'ano o ka lyric-epic S., e hele ana mai ka symphony ma C-dur na Schubert i ka hana. ʻO Brahms a me Bruckner. Hoʻopili ʻia ka epic a me ke keaka ma ka symphony a Mahler. ʻO ka synthesis o ka epic, ke ʻano a me nā mele ke ʻano o ka Lūkini. classic S. (MI Glinka, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Glazunov), ma muli o ka Lūkini. nat. kumuhana, mea mele. oli, kani kiʻi. Ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana. ʻano hōʻailona. dramaturgy - he ʻano e ulu nei ma ke ʻano hou i ke kenekulia 20. No laila, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka symphonism civic-philosophical a Shostakovich kokoke i nā ʻano symphonies a pau ma mua o ia. dramaturgy me ka manaʻo kūikawā i ka synthesis o ka dramatic a me ka epic. I ke kenekulia 20 S. ma ke ʻano he kumu mele. ʻike pinepine ʻia ka noʻonoʻo i nā waiwai o nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe, i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻano hou o ka pili ʻana me ka huaʻōlelo, me ka hale keaka. hana, assimilation i nā ʻenehana o ka cinematography. dramaturgy (e alakaʻi pinepine ai i ka deconcentration, ka emi ʻana o ka hapa o ka symphonic logic pono i ka hana), etc. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia i kahi ʻano unambiguous, S. ma ke ʻano he ʻano muses. Hōʻike ʻia ka noʻonoʻo i nā mea hou i kēlā me kēia manawa o kona ulu ʻana.

E hoʻomaopopo ': Serov A. N., Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, kona hāʻawi a me ka manaʻo, "Modern Chronicle", 1868, Mei 12, ka mea like ma ka ed.: Izbr. ʻatikala, etc. 1, M.-L., 1950; ʻO Asafiev B. (Igor Glebov), Ways to the Future, ma: Melos, no. 2 St. Petersburg, 1918; nona iho, Tchaikovsky's Instrumental Works, P., 1922, like, ma ka puke: Asafiev B., About Tchaikovsky's Music, L., 1972; kāna, Symphonism me he pilikia o ka musicology hou, ma ka puke: Becker P., Symphony mai Beethoven a Mahler, trans. i. A ME. Glebova, L., 1926; nona iho, Beethoven, ma ka ohi: Beethoven (1827-1927), L., 1927, like, ma ka puke: Asafiev B., Izbr. hana, ie 4, M., 1955; kona, Puka Mele ma ke ano he Kaina, Vol. 1, M., 1930, puke 2, M., 1947, (puke 1-2), L., 1971; nona iho, I ka hoomanao ana ia Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, L.-M., 1940, like, ma ka puke: Asafiev B., O Tchaikovsky's mele, L., 1972; nona iho, Ka mea haku mele-dramatist - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, ma kāna puke: Izbr. hana, ie 2, M., 1954; ʻO ia, ma ka puke: B. ʻO Asafiev, e pili ana i ke mele a Tchaikovsky, L., 1972; ʻO kāna, Ma ke kuhikuhi o ka Form ma Tchaikovsky, ma Sat: Soviet Music, Sat. 3, M.-L., 1945, nona iho, Glinka, M., 1947, like, ma ka puke: Asafiev B., Izbr. hana, ie 1, M., 1952; nona iho, "The Enchantress". ʻO Opera P. A ME. Tchaikovsky, M.-L., 1947, ka mea like, ma ka puke: Asafiev B., Izbr. hana, ie 2, M., 1954; Alschwang A., Beethoven, M., 1940; nona iho, Beethoven's Symphony, Fav. op., vol. 2, M., 1965; ʻO Danylevich L. V., Symphony as musical dramaturgy, ma ka puke: Questions of Musicology, yearbook, no. 2, M., 1955; Sollertinsky I. I., Historical types of symphonic dramaturgy, ma kāna puke: Musical and historical studies, L., 1956; ʻO Nikolaeva N. S., Symphonies P. A ME. Tchaikovsky, M., 1958; ʻo ia, ʻo Beethoven's Symphonic Method, ma ka puke: Music of the French Revolution of the XVIII century. Beethoven, M., 1967; Mazel L. A., ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka haku mele ma nā ʻano manuahi o Chopin, ma ka puke: Fryderyk Chopin, M., 1960; Kremlev Yu. A., Beethoven and the Problem of Shakespeare's Music, ma: Shakespeare and Music, L., 1964; Slonimsky S., Symphonies Prokofieva, M.-L., 1964, ch. ʻekahi; ʻO Yarustovsky B. M., Symphonies e pili ana i ke kaua a me ka maluhia, M., 1966; ʻO Konen V. D., Keaka a me ka Symphony, M., 1968; ʻO Tarakanov M. E., Ke ʻano o nā symphonies a Prokofiev. Research, M., 1968; ʻO Protopopov V. V., nā loina a Beethoven o ke ʻano mele. Sonata-symphonic cycle a i ʻole. 1-81, M., 1970; Klimovitsky A., Selivanov V., Beethoven a me ka Philosophical Revolution ma Kelemānia, ma ka puke: Nīnau o Theory and Aesthetics of Music, vol. 10, L., 1971; Lunacharsky A. V., puke hou e pili ana i ke mele, ma ka puke: Lunacharsky A. V., I ke ao mele, M., 1971; ʻO Ordzhonikidze G. Sh., Ma ka nīnau o ka dialectic o ka manaʻo o ka pōhaku i ka mele a Beethoven, ma: Beethoven, vol. 2, M., 1972; ʻO Ryzhkin I. ʻAe. ʻO Zuckerman V. A., ʻo ka ikaika o Beethoven i kona hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana, ibid.; ʻO Skrebkov S. S., Nā loina noʻeau o nā ʻano mele, M., 1973; Barsova I. A., Symphonies of Gustav Mahler, M., 1975; ʻO Donadze V. G., Symphonies of Schubert, ma ka puke: Music of Austria and Germany, book. 1, M., 1975; ʻO Sabinina M. D., Shostakovich-symphonist, M., 1976; ʻO Chernova T. Yu., Ma ka manaʻo o ka dramaturgy i ka mea kani, ma: Musical art and science, vol. 3, M., 1978; Schmitz A., “Two principles” o Beethoven …, ma ka puke: Problems of Beethoven's style, M., 1932; ʻO Rollan R. ʻO Beethoven Nā wā hoʻolālā nui. Mai "Heroic" a i "Appassionata", i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. op., vol. 15, L., 1933); ʻo ia nō, ʻo ia nō, (ch. 4) – Halepule i pau ʻole: Ninth Symphony. Hoʻopau hoʻohenehene. ʻO Coll

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