Kani a me kona mau waiwai
Contents
ʻO ke kani ke ʻano o ke kino. ʻO kona kumu kahi kino elastic hiki ke hana mechanical nā haʻalulu. ʻO ka hopena, ua hana ʻia nā hawewe kani e hiki i ka pepeiao o ke kanaka ma o ka lewa. ʻIke ʻo ia i nā nalu a hoʻohuli iā lākou i mau neʻe aʻalolo i hoʻouna ʻia i ka lolo a hana ʻia e kona mau ʻāpana. ʻO ka hopena, ʻike ke kanaka i kekahi kani.
ʻEkolu mau ʻano o nā leo:
- Musical - loaʻa kahi kiʻekiʻe, leo, ʻōkuhi puka a me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe; ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻonohonoho ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia lākou e ka waiwai o ka dynamic a ʻōkuhi puka waiwai.
- Noise – nā leo nona ka leo paʻa ʻole. ʻO ia ka walaʻau kai, ka ʻōniʻoniʻo makani, ke kuʻi ʻana, ke kaomi a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
- Nā leo me ke kani ʻole .
No ka hana ʻana i nā haku mele, hoʻohana wale ʻia nā leo mele, i kekahi manawa - walaʻau.
nalu kani
ʻO kēia ka rarefaction a me ka condensation o ka leo i loko o ka elastic, a i ʻole ka hoʻokele leo, medium. I ka manawa a mechanical Ua hiki mai ka haʻalulu o ke kino, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka nalu ma o kahi mea hoʻolele kani: ea, wai, kinoea, a me nā wai like ʻole. Hana ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana ma kahi ʻano like ʻole, e pili ana i ke ʻano kikoʻī a me kona elasticity. I ka lewa, ʻo kēia hōʻailona o kahi hawewe kani he 330-340 m / s, i ka wai - 1450 m / s.
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka hawewe kani, akā hiki ke lohe ʻia e ke kanaka, no ka mea, pili ia i kona mau pepeiao. Pono ia i mea e laha ai. Ua hōʻoia ka poʻe ʻepekema i loko o kahi hakahaka, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi ākea me ka lewa ʻole, hiki ke hana i kahi hawewe kani, akā ʻaʻole hoʻolaha.
Nā mea hoʻopaʻa leo
ʻO kēia ka inoa o nā mea e ʻike ai i ka ikehu kani, e ana i nā ʻano o ka hawewe kani (ke kaomi, ka ikaika, ka wikiwiki, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) a hoʻololi iā ia i ikehu ʻē aʻe. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kani ma nā wahi like ʻole, hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau mea:
- microphones – no ka lewa ;
- geophones – no ka ʻike ʻana i nā leo o ka ʻili honua;
- hydrophones - e loaʻa ke kani i ka wai.
Aia nā mea hoʻokipa leo kūlohelohe - nā mea hoʻolohe o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona - a me nā mea ʻenehana. Ke oscillates ke kino elastic, hiki i nā hawewe hopena i nā okana lohe ma hope o kekahi manawa. Haʻalulu ka puʻe pepeiao ma ke alapine e kūlike me ke kumu kani. Hoʻouna ʻia kēia mau haʻalulu i ke aʻalolo hoʻolohe, a hoʻouna i nā manaʻo i ka lolo no ka hana hou ʻana. No laila, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau kani kani i ke kanaka a me nā holoholona.
Hoʻololi nā mea hoʻopaʻa leo ʻenehana i kahi hōʻailona acoustic i mea uila. Mahalo i kēia, hoʻouna ʻia ke kani i nā mamao like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia, hoʻonui ʻia, nānā ʻia, etc.
Nā waiwai a me nā ʻano o ke kani
kiʻekiʻe
He ʻano kēia o ke kani, ma muli o ke alapine e haʻalulu ai ke kino kino. ʻO kona ʻāpana ana he hertz ( Hz ): ka helu o nā haʻalulu kani manawa i 1 kekona. Ma muli o ka pinepine o nā haʻalulu, ʻokoʻa nā kani:
- alualu haʻahaʻa - me kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā oscillations (ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 300 Hz );
- waena -frequency - kani oscillating me ka alapine o 300-3,000 Hz ;
- puʻuwai kiʻekiʻe - me ka nui o nā oscillations ma mua o 3,000 Hz .
Duration
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kēia ʻano o ke kani, pono e ana i ka lōʻihi o nā haʻalulu o ke kino e hoʻopuka ana i ke kani. Noho ka leo mele mai 0.015-0.02 s. a hiki i kekahi mau minuke. Hoʻopuka ʻia ka leo lōʻihi e ka pedal okana.
Volume
Ma kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe, kapa ʻia kēia ʻano ʻo ka mana kani, i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka amplitude o nā oscillations: ʻoi aku ka nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kani a me ka hope. Ana ʻia ka leo nui ma nā decibels (dB). Ma ke kumumanaʻo mele, hoʻohana ʻia ka gradation e hōʻike i ka ikaika o ke kani e pono ai e hana hou i kahi haku mele:
- ikaika;
- piano;
- mezzo forte;
- piano mezzo;
- fortissimo;
- pianissimo;
- forte-fortissimo;
- piano-pianissimo, etc.
ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona e pili kokoke ana i ka leo nui o ke kani i ka hana mele - dynamics. Mahalo i nā aniani dynamic, hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi i ka haku i kekahi ʻano.
Hoʻokō ʻia lākou e ke akamai o ka mea hoʻokani, nā waiwai acoustic o ka lumi a me nā mea kani.
Nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe
ikaika hawewe
He ʻano kēia e pili ana i ka leo o ke kani. ʻO ka amplitude ka hapalua o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka nui a me ka liʻiliʻi loa.
ʻO ka haku mele ʻana
ʻO ka spectrum ka māhele ʻana o kahi hawewe kani i loko alapine (frequency) m i loko o nā haʻalulu harmonic. ʻIke ka pepeiao o ke kanaka i ke kani ma muli o nā alapine e hana ai i ka nalu kani. Hoʻoholo lākou i ka pitch: hāʻawi nā alapine kiʻekiʻe i nā leo kiʻekiʻe a me ka hope. Nui nā leo mele:
- Ka mea koʻikoʻi – he leo e pili ana i ka alapine liʻiliʻi mai ka huina alapine i hoʻonohonoho ʻia no kekahi kani.
- He leo kani he leo e pili ana i na mea a pau hapanui . Aia nā leo harmonic me hapanui ʻo ia nā paʻi o ke alapine kumu.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kani mele like ʻole ma ko lākou ʻōkuhi puka . Hoʻoholo ʻia e nā amplitudes a hapanui o ke kani, a me ka hoonui ana i ka amplitude ma ka hoomaka a me ka hope o ke kani.
Ka Pono
ʻO kēia ka inoa i hāʻawi ʻia i ka ikehu i hoʻoili ʻia e kahi hawewe kani i kekahi manawa ma o kekahi ʻili. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona e pili pono ana i ka ikaika - ka leo nui. Hoʻoholo ʻia e ka amplitude o ka oscillation i loko o kahi hawewe kani. E pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana o nā kino o ke kanaka o ka lohe, ʻokoʻa ka paepae o ka lohe - ʻo ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i loaʻa no ka ʻike kanaka. ʻO ka palena ma waho aʻe o ka hiki ʻole i ka pepeiao ke ʻike i ka ikaika o ka hawewe kani ʻole me ka ʻeha ʻole i kapa ʻia ʻo ka paepae ʻeha.
Aia nō ma muli o ke alapine leo.
Pākuʻi
A i ʻole, ua kapa ʻia ke kala kani. ʻO ka ʻōkuhi puka ua hoʻohuli ʻia e kekahi mau kumu: ʻo ke ʻano o ke kumu kani, ka mea, ka nui a me ke ʻano. ʻO ke kani kani nā loli ma muli o nā hopena mele like ʻole. Ma ka hana mele, pili kēia waiwai i ka hōʻike o ka hana. ʻO ke kani kani hāʻawi i ke mele i ke kani ʻano.
E pili ana i nā leo hiki ʻole ke lohe ʻia
E pili ana i ka ʻike e ka pepeiao o ke kanaka, nā ultrasounds (me ke alapine ma luna o 20,000 Hz ) a me nā infrasounds (ma lalo o 16 kHz). Ua kapa ʻia lākou he mea lohe ʻole, no ka mea, ʻaʻole ʻike nā mea lohe o nā kānaka. Hiki ke lohe ʻia nā kani kani a me nā infrasound i kekahi mau holoholona; hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou e nā mea kani.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka nalu infrasonic ʻo ia ka hiki ke hele ma waena o kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ʻo ka lewa, ka wai a i ʻole ka ʻōpala o ka honua e komo maikaʻi ʻole ia. No laila, laha ma kahi lōʻihi. ʻO nā kumu o ka nalu ma ke ʻano he ōlaʻi, makani ikaika, pele pele. Mahalo i nā mea hana kūikawā e hopu ana i kēlā mau nalu, hiki ke wānana i ke ʻano o ke kai eʻe a hoʻoholo i ka epicenter o kahi ōlaʻi. Aia kekahi mau kumu infrasound i hana ʻia e ke kanaka: turbines, engines, underground and ground explosion, pana pū.
He waiwai kū hoʻokahi ko nā hawewe kani kani: hana lākou i nā kaola i kuhikuhi ʻia e like me ka māmā. Mālama maikaʻi ʻia lākou e nā wai a me nā mea paʻa, maikaʻi ʻole e nā kinoea. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke alapine o ka ultrasound, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻolaha ʻana. Ma ke ʻano, ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ka hekili, i ka leo o kahi wailele, ua, makani.
Hana hou kekahi mau holoholona iā lākou iho - ʻōpeʻapeʻa, kohola, iʻa a me nā ʻiole.
Nā kani i ke ola kanaka
Paʻa loa ka pepeiao o ke kanaka ma muli o ka elasticity o ka eardrum. E hāʻule ka piko o ka ʻike hoʻolohe o nā kānaka i nā makahiki ʻōpio, i ka wā i nalowale ʻole ai kēia ʻano o ke kino auditory a lohe ke kanaka i nā leo me ke alapine o 20 kHz. I ka wā ʻelemakule, ʻike ka poʻe, me ka ʻole o ke kāne, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hawewe kani: lohe wale lākou i ke alapine ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 12-14 kHz.
Nā Mea Hoʻohanohano
- Inā he 20,000 ka paepae o luna o nā alapine i ʻike ʻia e ka pepeiao o ke kanaka Hz , a laila he 16 ka lalo Hz . Infrasounds, kahi o ka ʻo ka pinepine emi iho ma 16 Hz , a me nā ultrasounds (ma luna o 20,000 Hz ), 'a'ole 'ike ka lohe kanaka.
- Ua hoʻokumu ʻo WHO e hiki i ke kanaka ke hoʻolohe pono i kekahi leo ma ka leo ʻaʻole ma mua o 85 dB no 8 mau hola.
- No ka ʻike ʻana i ke kani e ka pepeiao o ke kanaka, pono ka lōʻihi o 0.015 kekona.
- ʻAʻole hiki ke lohe ʻia ke kani ultrasound, akā hiki ke ʻike ʻia. Inā hoʻokomo ʻoe i kou lima i loko o kahi wai e hoʻokele i ka ultrasound, a laila e loaʻa kahi ʻeha ʻoi. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka ultrasound ke hoʻopau i ka metala, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ea, a luku i nā cell ola.
Ma kahi o ka hoʻopuka
ʻO ke kani ke kumu o kēlā me kēia mele. ʻO nā waiwai o ke kani, kona mau hiʻohiʻona e hiki ai ke hana i nā mele like ʻole. Ma muli o ka pitch, lōʻihi, leo, amplitude a i ʻole ʻōkuhi puka , he mau leo like ole. No ka hana ʻana i nā hana, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā leo mele, kahi e hoʻoholo ai ka pitch.
